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At least 1,351 records · Page 75Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Arsenic in drinking water and peripheral nerve conduction velocity among residents of a chronically arsenic-affected area in Inner Mongolia.

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether chronic ingestion of arsenic in drinking water affects the peripheral nervous system. We examined the effects of arsenic exposure on nerve conduction velocity using electromyography. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of a population living in an arsenic-affected village in Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia, China. A total of 134 (93.7%) of 143 inhabitants took part in the study, and 36 (76.6%) of 47 inhabitants in a low-arsenic exposed village were recruited as a control group. Of the participants, 109 inhabitants in the arsenic-affected village and 32 in the low-arsenic exposed village aged > or =18 years were used for the analyses. An expert physician performed skin examinations, and median nerve conduction velocity was examined by electromyography. Arsenic levels in tube-well water and urine were measured. A mean level of arsenic in tube-well water in the arsenic-affected village was 158.3 microg/L, while that in the low-arsenic exposed village was 5.3 microg/L. RESULTS: No significant differences in the means of the motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV) were observed in relation to arsenic levels in tube wells, urine, and the duration of tube-well use. Further, no differences in mean MCV or SCV were found between the subjects with and without arsenic dermatosis, with mean SCV of 52.8 m/s (SD 6.3) in those without and 54.6 m/s (5.2) in subjects with arsenic dermatosis (p=0.206). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that chronic arsenic poisoning from drinking water is unlikely to affect nerve conduction velocity, at least within the range of arsenic in drinking water examined in the present study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Digital Mindfulness Intervention for Pregnant Women With Affective Disorders and Acute Stress Reactions: Prespecified Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women with ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) affective or stress-related disorders face an elevated risk of perinatal depression and anxiety, yet evidence on digital nonpharmacologic interventions for this population remains limited. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week digital mindfulness-based intervention (eMBI) compared with treatment as usual (TAU) among pregnant women with ICD-10 affective or stress-related disorders participating in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHODS: This prespecified secondary analysis was conducted within a multicenter RCT in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Pregnant women aged 18 years and older with elevated depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]>9) and ICD-10-diagnosed affective or stress-related disorders were randomized 1:1 to eMBI or TAU. The intervention consisted of 8 weekly app-based mindfulness sessions (45 min each) delivered during gestational weeks 29-36, with no direct therapist contact. The primary outcome was continuous depressive symptom severity measured with the EPDS at 4-6 weeks post partum. Secondary outcomes included the EPDS at 6 months post partum, generalized anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State [STAI-S], State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait [STAI-T]), and Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised (PRAQ-R). Analyses followed the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle, using mixed models for repeated measures and multiple imputation. RESULTS: Of the 5299 screened women, 147 met the inclusion criteria for this subgroup analysis (intervention group [IG] had n=73 women and control group had n=74 women). Groups were comparable at baseline. The IG showed significantly greater reductions in EPDS scores at gestational week 34 (Δ=-2.21, P=.01), week 36 (Δ=-3.25, P=.01), and 4-6 weeks post partum (Δ=-4.81, P=.007). Treatment effects remained robust under conservative missing-data assumptions. At 4-6 weeks post partum, a higher proportion of participants in the IG achieved clinically meaningful improvement (31/73, 42.5% vs 21/74, 28.4%; adjusted odds ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.19-2.05; P=.001). Anxiety outcomes followed a similar pattern, whereas pregnancy-related anxiety did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this prespecified subgroup of pregnant women with ICD-10 affective or stress-related disorders, the eMBI was associated with clinically meaningful reductions in depressive symptoms from late pregnancy to 4-6 weeks post partum. Effects at 6 months post partum were attenuated and less stable across missing-data assumptions. These findings support eMBIs as a scalable, nonpharmacological adjunct to perinatal mental health care for women with affective or stress-related disorders, while confirmation in adequately powered trials with strategies to reduce postpartum attrition is warranted.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bond strengths of a 1-step self-etching system to caries-affected and normal dentin.

This study was designed to evaluate the bond strengths of a 1-step self-etching system and a 2-step "etch and rinse" adhesive system to caries-affected dentin and normal dentin. In addition, the micromorphology of the adhesive interfaces was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Extracted human molars with occlusal caries that had been stored frozen were ground in order to expose the caries-affected dentin and surrounding normal dentin. The teeth were then bonded using either Adper Prompt L-Pop or Single Bond (3M ESPE) and restored with Filtek Z250 (3MESPE). After storage in water for 24 hours at 37 degrees C, the teeth were sectioned, prepared for microtensile bond strength test and tested in tension at a crosshead speed of 1-mm/minute. After debonding of the interfaces, microhardness of the dentin underlying the interface of all specimens was measured. The thickness of the hybrid layers was observed under SEM. The results of this study indicate that the bond strength of Adper Prompt L-Pop adhesive was significantly higher to normal dentin than to caries-affected dentin (p<0.05) and that the bond strength of Single Bond to both normal and caries-affected dentin was not significantly different (p>0.05). Additionally, the thickness of the hybrid layers produced by both adhesive systems was thicker for caries-affected dentin.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Biochemical characterization of cartilage affected by osteochondritis dissecans in the humeral head of dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration and immunohistochemical staining characteristics of type-I, -II, and -X collagen from cartilage affected by osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in dogs. ANIMALS: 31 dogs with OCD and 11 clinically normal purpose-bred dogs. PROCEDURE: Cartilage samples were evaluated microscopically, and GAG content was determined. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for type-I, -II, and -X collagen. Sections were subjectively evaluated for location and intensity of staining. RESULTS: Cartilage affected by OCD had a variety of pathologic changes and significantly lower GAG concentrations than did normal cartilage. Normal cartilage had no detectable type-I collagen. For dogs < 9 months of age, cartilage affected by OCD had significantly more type-I collagen but significantly less type-X collagen than did control cartilage. For dogs > 12 months of age, cartilage affected by OCD contained significantly more type-I collagen than did control cartilage. There was a significant negative correlation between immunoreactivity of type-I collagen and that of type-II and -X collagen. A significant positive correlation was found between immunoreactivity of type-II and -X collagen. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cartilage affected by OCD contains less GAG, more type-I collagen, and less type-X collagen, compared with normal cartilage. A direct correlation between these changes and the etiopathogenesis of OCD was not established.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immunohistochemical determination of the expression of endothelin receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium of healthy horses and horses affected by summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVE: To immunohistochemically determine the expression of endothelin (ET) receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium of healthy horses and horses affected by summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD). SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissue specimens obtained from 8 healthy and 8 SPAOPD-affected horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were examined and assigned to healthy and SPAOPD groups. Horses were then euthanatized, and tissue specimens containing bronchi of approximately 4 to 8 mm in diameter were immediately collected from all lung lobes, fixed in zinc-formalin solution for 12 hours, and embedded in paraffin. Polyclonal primary antibodies against ET-A or ET-B receptors at a dilution of 1:200 and biotinylated IgG secondary antibodies were applied to tissue sections, followed by the addition of an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase complex. Photographs of the stained slides were digitally recorded and analyzed by use of image analysis software to determine the intensity of staining. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The left diaphragmatic lung lobe of SPAOPD-affected horses had a significantly greater area of bronchial smooth muscle that immunostained for ET-A, compared with that for healthy horses. All lung lobes of SPAOPD-affected horses, except for the right diaphragmatic lobe, had significantly greater staining for ET-B receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, compared with results for healthy horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study revealed overexpression of ET-A and, in particular, ETB receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle of SPAOPD-affected horses, which suggested upregulation of these receptors. These findings improve our understanding of the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of SPAOPD.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The relationship between collective efficacy and precompetitive affect in rugby players: testing Bandura's model of collective efficacy.

This study extended research examining Bandura's (1997) proposed model of collective efficacy. Specifically, it examined the relationships between groups' collective efficacy and the precompetitive anxiety and affect they experienced. Prior to a competitive match 66 male Rugby Union footballers from 6 teams (2 university teams and 4 county league teams) completed a single-item measure of confidence in their team winning the forthcoming match, a 10-item measure of confidence in their team performing well in the forthcoming match, the modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Stepwise (forward) multiple regression analyses indicated that scores for collective efficacy accounted for only 6.3% of the variance in the intensities of cognitive state anxiety and only 22% of the variance in the positive affect experienced prior to the rugby match. The results indicate that concerns with the team's ability to win a match were associated with high cognitive state anxiety and that doubts regarding the team's ability to perform well were related to low positive affect. Given the magnitude of predicted variances, the findings seem to give some support to Bandura's proposal that the beliefs in collective efficacy of individuals engaged in a team task are related to precompetitive affective reactions and the experience of state anxiety.

Achievement↗
PubMed1981

On the mechanism underlying facial-affective agnosia in senile demented patients.

Two experiments were conducted in which senile demented patients were shown pictures of happy, sad, and angry faces, and tested for their ability to recognize these emotional expressions. Their affect recognition was obviously impaired, as they tended to respond to the line or feature characteristics of the faces, instead of the affective meaning that was suggested by the facial expressions. This impairment was somewhat overcome either by adding verbal cues which created an affective set, or by making feature detection irrelevant to the recognition process. It was shown that if the tendency to detect features is defeated, senile people can extract emotional meaning from facial stimuli. The data suggested that the mechanism underlying facial-affect agnosia is an impairment in the associative connections between the visual impression of facial expression and affective meaning.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Visual and auditory affect recognition in singly diagnosed mentally retarded patients, mentally retarded patients with autism and normal young children.

Five groups were tested for facial and postural affect recognition by use of word and tonal prompts. Group 1 contained normal young children. Groups 2 and 3 were moderately retarded and Groups 4 and 5 were severely retarded. Retardation was complicated by autism in Groups 3 and 5. There were eight conditions. In Condition 1, happy, sad and angry faces were displayed simultaneously in each of 18 trials, with the subjects prompted verbally to point to one of the affects (e.g., the angry face) in a given trial. In Condition 2, full figures (with facial features omitted) were used instead of the faces, and emotion was conveyed by use of body position and muscle tone. The same procedure was followed as before. Conditions 3 and 4 were repeated of 1 and 2, except that descriptive word prompts were used (e.g., point to the yelling picture). Conditions 5 and 6 were the same as 1 and 2, except that affective voice intonations were used instead of word prompts. The subjects had to identify the voice tones by using affective words (e.g., happy) in Condition 7, and descriptive words (e.g., laughing) in Condition 8. An analysis of the error data indicated that retarded subjects had particular difficulty recognizing angry stimuli with both affective and descriptive word prompting. In addition, they tended to confuse happy with angry voice tones.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1993

Facial and auditory affect recognition in senile geriatrics, the normal elderly and young adults.

A group of young adults, normal elderly, and senile people were tested for the recognition of facial, auditory and musical affect, as well as nonemotional voice inflections. With respect to the affect recognition tasks, the musical stimuli generated the greatest number of errors and the facial stimuli the fewest. The senile group performed significantly more poorly than the other two groups and the normal elderly made reliably more mistakes than the young adults to affective voice tones and melodies. Also, the normal elderly made more mistakes than the young people to nonemotional voice tones. The senile group responded at chance level to these stimuli. The number of errors to emotional and nonemotional voice tones did not differ within the young and normal elderly groups. However, the senile people responded with significantly greater accuracy to the affective voice inflections. It was concluded that aging is a factor that negatively affects the recognition of tonal inflections, be they vocal or musical. In addition, the recognition of emotional and nonemotional voice inflections are independent of one another.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Visual field asymmetry in facial affect perception: moderating effects of hypnosis, hypnotic susceptibility level, absorption, and sustained attentional abilities.

Effects of hypnotic level, affect valence and cerebral asymmetry on reaction time (RT) in the discrimination of Ekman and Friesen's (1978) stimuli of angry and happy faces were studied in counterbalanced conditions of waking and hypnosis. Assessed previously on two hypnotic susceptibility scales [Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility; Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSSC)], non-depressed subjects were 16 low (0-4 SHSSC) and 17 highly (10-12 SHSSC) hypnotizable, right-handed college students. Subjects were required to identify affects of faces, presented tachistoscopically to left (LVF) or right (RVF) visual fields, by using a forced-choice RT paradigm. Highs were significantly faster than lows in angry and happy affect recognition. Hypnosis had no significant effects. For highs only, angry emotional valence was identified faster when presented to the right hemisphere (LVF), but there were no significant hemispheric effects for happy emotional valence. For lows there were no hemispheric differences. Gender was a nonsignificant factor. Significant correlations showed that faster reaction times to angry and happy stimuli, in both LVF and RVF in waking and hypnosis, were obtained by subjects who reported more deeply absorbed and extremely focused and sustained attention on the Tellegen (1982) Absorption Scale and a subscale of the Differential Attentional Processes Inventory (Grumbles & Crawford, 1981). Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (Marks, 1973) and Affect Intensity Measure (Larsen, 1985), in general, did not correlate with RTs. The potential role of the fronto-limbic attentional system in the recognition of external visual sensory affect is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Clinical and molecular characterization of a family affected with X-linked ocular albinism (OA1)

Thirty-one members of a family affected with X-linked ocular albinism (OA1) were studied to characterize the clinical phenotype and identify the disease-causing mutation. The family members were examined with ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography, and Goldmann perimetry. Linkage analysis was performed with markers from the OA1 locus. Exons 2 and 8 of the OA1 gene were assayed with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The six affected males had visual acuities ranging from 20/40 to 20/200. All had nystagmus, iris transillumination, and foveal hypoplasia. The eldest affected male had 20/40 vision and was asymptomatic. The level of the visual acuity of the affected males was not related to the degree of retinal pigmentation. All seven female carriers had normal visual function but were found to have iris transillumination defects and variable retinal pigmentary appearance ranging from minimal pigmentary disturbance, patchy and diffuse hypopigmentation, to classic 'mud-splattered' appearance. Linkage analysis was consistent with a disease-causing mutation at the OA1 locus. PCR analysis revealed a deletion which includes at least the portion of the OA1 gene between exons 2 and 8. Affected males with X-linked ocular albinism can have a visual disability that ranges from almost none to legal blindness, and the female carriers can have variable retinal pigmentary appearance. Mutation screening of the OA1 gene can be used to confirm the diagnosis in isolated males of some families, and genetic linkage analysis can be used to accurately identify carriers even when the specific mutation cannot be identified.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Clinical characteristics of patients with major affective disorders and comorbid migraine.

The present study was undertaken to examine the clinical characteristics of patients with major affective disorders and comorbid migraine. Patients (n = 102) with an index episode of either major depression or mania were interviewed with a semi-structured interview based partly on DSM-IV criteria and partly on Akiskal's criteria for affective temperaments. Compared to the patients without migraine (n = 49), the patients with comorbid migraine (n = 53) had a higher frequency of bipolar II disorder (43% vs. 10%), a lower frequency of bipolar I disorder (11% vs. 33%), an approximately equal frequency of unipolar depressive disorder (45% vs. 57%) and a higher frequency of affective temperaments (45% vs. 22%). The migraine patients also had a greater number of anxiety disorders (3.0 vs. 1.9) and a higher frequency of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Gender distribution, age, age at onset of first affective episode, number of previous episodes and symptoms during depressive episodes were similar in both groups. Based on these findings it is suggested that the presence of migraine may be used to delineate a distinct subgroup of the major affective disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Substance P and Substance P receptor antagonists in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders.

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide which is widely distributed in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS), where it is co-localised with other neurotransmitters such as serotonin or dopamine and where it acts as a neuromodulator. SP has been proposed to play a role in the aetiopathology of asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, emesis, psoriasis, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders including pain syndromes (e.g. migraine and fibromyalgia) and affective disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on the role of SP in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. It summarises the current knowledge on measurements of SP in the CSF and serum in patients with depressive disorders or fibromyalgia, effects of SP-application in humans, SP-receptor expression in postmortem brains and the modulation of SP levels in the course of antidepressant treatment. It also discusses the promise of substance P-receptor antagonists (SPA) for the treatment of affective disorders and their proposed mechanism of action. In summary, much more research is needed to elucidate the role of SP in the pathogenesis of depression. SPA are promising as future drugs for the treatment of affective disorders, but current clinical trials have yet to be completed to draw a firm conclusion. Key words: substance P, neurokinin1-receptor, affective disorders, depression, review.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Measuring and modeling facial affect.

In recent years, researchers in computer science and human-computer interaction have become increasingly interested in characterizing perception of facial affect. Ironically, this applied interest comes at a time when the classic findings on perception of human facial affect are being challenged in the psychological research literature, largely on methodological grounds. This paper first describes two experiments that empirically address Russell's methodological criticisms of the classic work on measuring "basic emotions," as well as his alternative approach toward modeling "facial affect space." Finally, a user study on affect in a prototype model of a robot face is reported; these results are compared with the human findings from Experiment 1. This work provides new data on measuring facial affect, while also demonstrating how basic and more applied research can mutually inform one another.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Shear bond strengths of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin on the gingival wall.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bonding ability of five current self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin on the gingival wall. Seventy extracted human molars with approximal dentin caries were employed in this study. In order to obtain caries-affected dentin on the gingival wall, grinding was performed under running water. Following which, specimens mounted in acrylic blocks and composite resins of the bonding systems were bonded to dentin with plastic rings and then debonded by shear bond strength. With Clearfil SE Bond, bonding to caries-affected dentin showed the highest bond strength. With Optibond Solo Plus Self-Etch, bonding to caries-affected dentin showed higher shear bond strength than AQ Bond, Tyrian SPE & One-Step Plus, and Prompt-L-Pop (p<0.05). Further, the bond strengths of Clearfil SE Bond and Optibond Solo Plus Self-Etch to sound dentin were higher than those of Prompt-L-Pop, AQ Bond, and Tyrian SPE & One-Step Plus (p<0.05). In conclusion, besides micromechanical interlocking through hybrid layer formation, bond strength of self-etch adhesives to dentin may be increased from additional chemical interaction between the functional monomer and residual hydroxyapatite. The results of this study confirmed that differences in bond strength among self-etching adhesives to both caries-affected and sound dentin were due to chemical composition rather than acidity.

Acids↗
PubMed2000

Fine mapping of IGAD1 in IgA deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency: identification and characterization of haplotypes shared by affected members of 101 multiple-case families.

To limit the region containing a mutation predisposing to selective IgA deficiency (IgAD) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 554 informative members of 101 multiple-case families were haplotyped at the IGAD1 candidate locus in the MHC. Microsatellite markers were placed onto the physical map of IGAD1 to establish their order and permit rapid haplotype analyses. Linkage analysis of this extended family set provided additional support for a strong susceptibility locus at IGAD1 with a maximum multipoint nonparametric linkage score in excess of 3. Although the transmission of maternal IGAD1 haplotypes from unaffected heterozygous parents to the affected offspring was in excess, this was not apparent in multiple-case families with a predominance of affected mothers, suggesting that this parental bias is influenced by the affection status of transmitting parents and supporting a maternal effect in disease susceptibility. Of 110 haplotypes shared by 258 affected family members, a single haplotype (H1) was found in 44 pairs of affected relatives, accounting for the majority of the IGAD1 contribution to the development of IgAD/CVID in our families. The H1 allelic variability was higher in the telomeric part of the class III region than in the distal part of the class II region in both single- and multiple-case families. Incomplete H1 haplotypes had most variant alleles in the telomeric part of the analyzed region in homozygous IgAD/CVID patients, whereas this was not observed in unaffected homozygotes. These data suggest that a telomeric part of the class II region or centromeric part of the class III region is the most likely location of IGAD1.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

V(D)J recombination frequencies can be profoundly affected by changes in the spacer sequence.

Each V, D, and J gene segment is flanked by a recombination signal sequence (RSS), composed of a conserved heptamer and nonamer separated by a 12- or 23-bp spacer. Variations from consensus in the heptamer or nonamer at specific positions can dramatically affect recombination frequency, but until recently, it had been generally held that only the length of the spacer, but not its sequence, affects the efficacy of V(D)J recombination. In this study, we show several examples in which the spacer sequence can significantly affect recombination frequencies. We show that the difference in spacer sequence alone of two V(H)S107 genes affects recombination frequency in recombination substrates to a similar extent as the bias observed in vivo. We show that individual positions in the spacer can affect recombination frequency, and those positions can often be predicted by their frequency in a database of RSS. Importantly, we further show that a spacer sequence that has an infrequently observed nucleotide at each position is essentially unable to support recombination in an extrachromosmal substrate assay, despite being flanked by a consensus heptamer and nonamer. This infrequent spacer sequence RSS shows only a 2-fold reduction of binding of RAG proteins, but the in vitro cleavage of this RSS is approximately 9-fold reduced compared with a good RSS. These data demonstrate that the spacer sequence should be considered to play an important role in the recombination efficacy of an RSS, and that the effect of the spacer occurs primarily subsequent to RAG binding.

Antibody Diversity↗
PubMed1999

A prospective one-year follow-up study of patients with bipolar affective disorder.

BACKGROUND: Patients with affective disorder often have a poorer than expected prognosis for functional outcome between episodes. Previously, these patients were thought to have a better outcome between episodes, particularly Chinese patients. The aim of our study was to prospectively monitor symptoms, and vocational and residential functions of a group of patients with bipolar affective disorder one year after hospitalization. This study compare these data with index, admission data and discuss the relationship between patients' symptoms and functional outcome. METHODS: The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Modified Manic State Rating Scale (MMS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-21 items) were used to measure the patients' general psychiatric condition, manic and depressive symptoms, respectively. A modified Vocational State Index and modified Location Code Index Scale were used to determine levels of functioning. RESULTS: One-year follow-up measurements indicated that 75% of patients were free of symptoms or had mild psychiatric symptoms and 95% of patients were asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic for affective-manic condition. There was significant improvement in symptom outcome. However, only 46% of patients were employed at the one-year follow-up assessment, and as few as 12% worked at their expected level of employment, while 42% were rated as being unable to work and remained at an incapacitated occupational function. There was a significant tendency for increased independent living at one year of follow-up (74.6% vs 45.8%). More than 40% of patients were solely responsible for themselves, while over 50% required others to be responsible for them in terms of daily living. Additionally, 70% of first-admission subjects were employed at some level at one-year follow-up assessment, compared with only 31.8% of subjects with multiple admissions; 70% of first-admission patients were living independently compared with only 40% of subjects with multiple admissions. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the symptom outcome was superior to the functional outcome. These findings indicate that variable factors other than psychotic symptoms are related to the functional outcome in Chinese patients with bipolar affective disorder. Although treatment reduced the symptom intensity of affective episodes, a long-range rehabilitative program and strategy for prevention relapse is required to help functional outcome catch up with symptomatic amelioration.

Activities of Daily Living↗