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PubMed2001

[Increase of water permeability and recovery of water impermeability of the frog urinary bladder].

The experiments carried out on the urinary bladder of the frog Rana temporaria L. have shown that the period of recovery of water impermeability after an increase of osmotic water permeability induced by arginine-vasotocin, desmopressin, or cAMP depends on the degree of increase of the osmotic permeability but not on the nature of the substance stimulating the increase of osmotic water permeability. The removal of the hormone in the absence of autacoids fails to recover the water impermeability. After cessation of the vasotocin action the water permeability decrease is delayed if phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase are inhibited by qiunacrine and voltaren, respectively. An agonist of V1-receptors has no effect on dynamics of the recovery of water impermeability. This recovery has been shown to depend on PGE2 concentration in the serosal solution after the hormone removal. The obtained results indicate that decrease of water permeability depends not only on removal of vasotocin or cAMP but also on involvement of autacoids.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Lidocaine blockage of basolateral potassium channels in the amphibian urinary bladder.

1. Basolateral membranes of the frog urinary bladder were investigated after increasing the cationic conductance of the apical membrane by the incorporation of nystatin. 2. K+ currents were recorded in the presence of a mucosa to serosa oriented K+ gradient (SO4(2-) Ringer solution). Nystatin caused a rapid rise of the short-circuit current (Isc) followed by a slow increase over a period of 1-2 h. 3. Impedance analysis showed that the apical membrane resistance was drastically reduced by nystatin. The slow increase in Isc was accompanied by a progressive increase in basolateral conductance. 4. The transepithelial current and conductance recorded in the presence of nystatin could be depressed with lidocaine added to the mucosal and serosal solution. The effects of lidocaine were completely reversible. 5. Noise analysis showed that lidocaine induced additional fluctuations in Isc. The spectrum of these fluctuations was of the Lorentzian type. This noise component is caused by the random interruption of the current through the basolateral K+ channels. The Lorentzian parameters were used to calculate the microscopic parameters of the basolateral K+ channels.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1999

Subcellular distribution of free fatty acids, phospholipids, and endogenous lipase activity of rabbit urinary bladder smooth muscle and mucosa.

OBJECTIVES: The urinary bladder wall can be separated into two major compartments: the urothelium (mucosa) and the detrusor smooth muscle. Specific dysfunctions of both layers have been linked to ischemia, which may induce significant cellular and subcellular membrane damage via the activation of selective calcium dependent and independent hydrolytic enzymes. Preliminary to investigating changes in cell membrane composition induced by ischemia, we measured the free fatty acid (FFA) and phospholipid (PL) content of normal rabbit bladder muscle and mucosal cellular and subcellular membranes, and characterized the endogenous lipase activity. METHODS: Rabbit bladders were excised and the muscle and mucosal layers separated; each layer was homogenized, then fractionated by differential centrifugation. Endogenous lipase activity of the homogenates, and FFA and PL concentrations of the homogenates and subcellular fractions were measured. RESULTS: (1) The basal FFA concentration of the mucosal homogenates was 5 times that of the muscle homogenates. (2) The basal PL concentrations of the two tissues were similar. (3) Subcellular studies: FFA concentration was greatest in the mitochondrial fraction of both compartments. In the mucosa, PL concentration was significantly greater in the mitochondria and microsomes than in the other fractions; in the smooth muscle, the PL concentration was highest in the mitochondria. (4) The maximal endogenous lipase activity was 10 times higher in the mucosal homogenates than in the muscle homogenates. CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with those of previous studies which indicate that the mucosa is metabolically more active than the resting smooth muscle, which may cause the mucosa to be significantly more sensitive than the muscle to hypoxic/ischemic damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Cell volume regulation in frog urinary bladder.

We have studied the problem of cell volume homeostasis in toad and frog urinary bladder by using electrophysiological measurements and an optical measure of cell volume. After osmotically induced swelling, urinary bladder cells spontaneously regulate their volume through a net loss of potassium, chloride, and water. During inhibition of sodium transport by amiloride the cells swell to the same extent as controls, but the volume-regulatory process is blocked. Electrophysiological results under isosmotic conditions indicate that basolateral membrane resistance increases simultaneously with the amiloride-induced rise in apical membrane resistance during transport inhibition. These independent observations indicate that inhibition of apical membrane sodium entry results in a secondary decrease in basolateral membrane potassium permeability. When cells are exposed to calcium-free, hyposmotic Ringer's solution, cell volume regulation is blocked; subsequent addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 is ineffective in restoring the regulatory process. The ionophore does induce volume regulation, however, in amiloride-inhibited, osmotically swollen cells in the presence of external calcium. Calcium thus seems to control basolateral membrane potassium permeability and may be the intracellular mediator of apical and basolateral membrane interactions.

Amiloride↗
PubMed2006

[Tumoriform endometriosis of the urinary bladder in advanced pregnancy].

A case of tumoriform endometriosis of urinary bladder immitating a tumor of the bladder during the first pregnancy of a 25-year-old patient was successfully treated by partial cystectomy allowing continuation of the pregnancy, a normal term delivery and after 5 months a second pregnancy with term delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Primary low-grade lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the urinary bladder: a case report with special reference to the use of ancillary diagnostic studies.

We report a case of primary low-grade B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type of the urinary bladder. The patient, a 77-year-old woman, presented with a sense of urinary retention. An intravenous pyelogram and cystoscopy revealed a wide-based submucosal mass measuring 3 cm in the left wall of the urinary bladder. Histological findings of the tissue obtained by transurethral resection (TUR) showed a dense, monomorphic atypical lymphoid (centrocyte-like) infiltrate with reactive lymph follicles in the subepithelial tissue. Monocytoid and plasmacytoid features were readily evident in a population of these cells. Lymphoepithelial lesions involving the urothelium were also noticed in some areas. These features were strongly suggestive of primary low-grade lymphoma of the MALT type. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical and flow cytometric studies, both of which showed a clear immunoglobulin restriction to lambda light chain and also by polymerase chain reaction-based assay using a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded TUR tissue sample, which showed a clonal Ig heavy-chain gene rearrangement. Clinical staging procedures revealed that the tumor was localized in the urinary bladder. The patient has not received chemotherapy and is alive and well with no evidence of recurrence, 3 years after TUR. This case demonstrates that these ancillary tests are worth performing for confirmation of B-cell clonality in TUR tissue samples showing dense B-lymphocytic infiltration.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Volumetry of the urinary bladder with implantable ultrasound sensors].

Experimental studies revealed that the contractile response of the urinary bladder to sacral anterior root stimulation depends on the actual bladder volume. Furthermore, no clinical relevant technique is available for continuous monitoring of the bladder wall distension respectively bladder volume in paraplegic patients. The presented study investigates the reliability of especially developed implantable ultrasound sensors as a sensoric system for continuous monitoring of the bladder volume. In six anaesthesized pigs two ultrasound sensors, one transmitter and one receiver, were implanted on the bladder wall at different locations (latero-lateral, dorsal-ventral, rostral-caudal). After closing the abdominal wall, the bladder was filled in 50 ml steps up to 250 ml. After each filling step the running time of the ultrasound signal was measured. In all experiments reproducible results and a high correlation of the measured running times with bladder volume were observed. The latero-lateral configuration of the sensors seemed to be most confidential. The presented study indicates that bladder volumetry with implantable ultrasound sensors is possible with minimal technical prerequisites. This promising technique for continuous bladder volumetry could play an important role in the development of an intelligent and autoadaptive neurostimulator of the urinary bladder in paraplegic patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Enhanced immunoreactivity of ras oncogene p21 protein in urinary bladder epithelium of rats treated with N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide.

Normal urothelium and various lesions of the rat urinary bladder induced by the dietary administration of 0.2% N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) (up to 77 weeks) or by the combination of 0.2% FANFT and the subsequent administration of 5% sodium saccharin or 2% DL-tryptophan (up to 104 weeks) were evaluated for immunoreactivity with monoclonal antibody to ras p21 by avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry. Seventy-one to 100% of transitional cell carcinomas showed strong reactivity to the antibody to ras p21 depending on treatment with long-term administration of FANFT or by 6 weeks administration of FANFT followed by sodium saccharin or DL-tryptophan. Focal reactivity to the ras p21 antibody was frequently observed in the hyperplastic (57-96%) or normal appearing urinary bladder epithelium (50-100%) in rats treated with FANFT (FANFT alone or in combination with sodium saccharin or tryptophan) but not in hyperplasia or normal epithelium in rats given sodium saccharin or tryptophan alone, without pretreatment with FANFT or in untreated controls. The present results show that there is a close association of enhanced immunoreactivity with ras p21 antibody in the urinary bladder epithelium to FANFT treatment, and that ras p21 is expressed in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the bladder of rats treated with FANFT. These results suggest that enhanced immunoreactivity with ras p21 is observed as a consequence of the treatment with FANFT but it alone does not reflect the progression from benign to malignant lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Non-epithelial tissue tumors of the urinary bladder].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experience in the diagnosis and treatment of non-epithelial tissue tumor of urinary bladder. METHODS: >From 1953 to April 2002, a total of 28 patients with non-epithelial tissue tumor in 3 925 bladder tumor cases were analyzed. RESULTS: Painless gross hematuria, pelvic mass, urinary frequency and dysuria are symptoms of non-epithelial bladder tumor. Ultrasonic examination, computed tomography (CT) scan, cystoscopy and biopsy is used for diagnosis of the tumor. Seventeen of 28 patients (61.7%) were malignant neoplasms in 7 kinds of pathologic types, which was small cell carcinoma (5 cases), rhabdomyosarcoma (4 cases), leiomyosarcoma (4 cases), lymphoma (1 case), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (1 case), liposarcoma(1 case), melanoma (1 case) respectively. Eleven of 28 patients (39.3%) were benign tumors with 4 kinds of histologic types including 2 cases of cavernous hemangioma, 1 case of fibroma, 1 case of leiomyoma, 7 cases of pheochromocytoma. All benign tumor patients were treated with partial cystectomy, transurethral bladder tumor resect (TURBT) and fulguration. In 17 malignant neoplasms patients, 7 of them received partial cystectomy, 9 received radical cystectomy, and 1 patient's tumor was unresectable. Those malignant bladder tumor patient are followed up, but 3 years survival rates is only 8/17. CONCLUSIONS: Non-epithelial tissue tumor of the urinary bladder is rare with complicated pathologic types. Malignant neoplasms are more than benign tumors with very poor prognosis, benign tumors' prognosis is good. Diagnosis rate which was confirmed before operation is low. Dip biopsy under cystoscopy may enhance the diagnosis rate. Surgical treatment is the main therapy for non-epithelial tissue tumor of the urinary bladder. Because of the aggressive biologic behavior of malignant tumors, they should be identified promptly and treated appropriately. According to the histologic appearance radiotherapy and chemotherapy is mandatory in some cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Passive NaCl transport in the flounder urinary bladder: predominance of a cellular pathway.

The urinary bladder of the winter flounder is a high-resistance epithelium that can absorb Na and Cl in an electrically silent manner. This active absorption (mucosa-to-serosa) of NaCl is, apparently uniquely, inhibited by mucosal hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). These experiments evaluated the notion that virtually all of the cellular Na and Cl permeation could be inhibited by mucosal HCTZ. Mucosal Ba2+ reduced the transepithelial conductance from 0.74 +/- 0.08 to 0.60 +/- 0.06 mS/cm2. Mucosal HCTZ reduced the serosa-to-mucosa flux (backflux) of Na from 0.70 +/- 0.08 to 0.29 +/- 0.03 mueq.cm-2.h-1 and the backflux of Cl from 1.92 +/- 0.22 to 0.38 +/- 0.03 mueq.cm-2.h-1. The treatment with these two agents caused the sum of the partial ionic conductances for Na and Cl to approximate the measured transepithelial conductance. In response to the imposition of a transepithelial voltage, the HCTZ-insensitive Na and Cl backfluxes behaved largely as predicted by the laws of simple ionic diffusion, although there was still a detectable cellular backflux. As judged from dilution voltages and tracer fluxes, the diffusional (paracellular) pathway(s) is nonselective for Na and Cl. The HCTZ-sensitive cellular Na and Cl backfluxes are dependent on the presence of mucosal Na and Cl. Neither backflux is significantly inhibited by serosal application of commonly used inhibitors of Na or Cl transport. The results demonstrate that the majority of passive Na and Cl flux is via a cellular pathway. The translocation across the apical membrane probably involves the same NaCl cotransport process responsible for NaCl absorption.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of muscarinic acetylcholine binding in the urinary bladder and submandibular gland of the rabbit.

In order to explore the possibility of heterogeneity in peripheral muscarine receptors, receptors were characterized in membrane fractions isolated from rabbit urinary bladder and submandibular gland. With [3H]QNB as radioligand, specific binding with very high affinity was found in both preparations. Although the BmaxS for binding in the two preparations were very similar, the mean KD value in the submandibular gland was significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than that in the bladder. Among the anticholinergic drugs, oxybutynin had a significantly lower value for the inhibition constant (Ki) in the submandibular gland whereas Ki for both secoverine and pirenzepine was significantly higher in this tissue than in urinary bladder. The Ki for carbacholine was about 7-fold higher in submandibular gland than in the bladder. Although quinidine and verapamil showed relatively weak binding to the muscarine receptor site, their Ki in the submandibular gland was significantly higher than that in the bladder. The results indicate that although there is a considerable similarity between muscarinic receptors in urinary bladder and submandibular gland, the differences in Ki values for different compounds in the two tissues support the argument favouring heterogeneity of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in peripheral effector organs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endorphins and the central inhibition of urinary bladder motility.

The involvement of endogenous opioid mechanisms in the central neurogenic control of urinary bladder function has been examined in anesthetized rats. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjections of beta-endorphin (0.5-2.0 micrograms) produced powerful inhibition of rhythmic bladder contractions initiated by central reflex activity. The peptide fragments gamma-endorphin and alpha-endorphin (4-16 micrograms), formed by the processing of beta-endorphin by membrane homogenates of brain, were less active than the parent compound. The inhibitory effects of beta-endorphin was reversed by ICV naloxone (1-2 micrograms) but higher doses were required to reverse gamma- or alpha-endorphin effects. ICV naloxone administered alone increased intravesicular pressure and bladder contraction frequency. These observations support the hypothesis that the endorphins have a physiological role in the central regulation of urinary bladder activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Action of steroids on H+ and NH+4 excretion in the toad urinary bladder.

This study was done to determine if steroid compounds will stimulate the urinary bladder of the toad to increase its capacity to acidify the urine and excrete NH+4. Aldosterone, 17 beta-estradiol, dexamethasone, pregnenolone, and cholesterol were tested on the bladder. All compounds tested were found to stimulate the rate of acidification by the bladder, above that of a paired control hemibladder. In contrast, only the steroids aldosterone and 17 beta-estradiol were found to stimulate NH+4 excretion in the bladder. Cycloheximide was found to block the action of aldosterone on the NH+4 excretion, but did not have a significant effect on the stimulation of acidification by aldosterone. We conclude that steroids stimulate H+ and NH+4 excretion in the toad urinary bladder. In addition, the NH+4 excretory system seems to be more specific to this effect than is the H+ excretory system.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed2005

Xanthoma of the urinary bladder.

A 55-year-old male presented with asymptomatic macroscopic hematuria. A diagnosis of xanthoma of the urinary bladder was made histologically. Xanthoma of the urinary bladder is a rare condition. Its etiology, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1998

Tachykinin NK2 receptors in the hamster urinary bladder: in vitro and in vivo characterization.

We have characterized the contractile responses produced by stimulation of the tachykinin NK2 receptor in the hamster urinary bladder in vitro and in vivo. In isolated bladder strips, neurokinin A (NKA, pD2 7.40, Emax 71% of the response to 80 mM KCl) and the synthetic tachykinin NK2 receptor selective agonist [betaAla8]NKA(4-10) (pD2 7.48, Emax 77% of the response to KCl) both induced a concentration-dependent contraction, whereas the tachykinin NK1 and NK3 receptor selective agonists, [Sar9]substance P sulfone and senktide, respectively, produced a negligible contractile effect. The bicyclic peptide antagonists MEN 11420 and MEN 10627 behaved as competitive antagonists of the response to [betaAla8]NKA(4-10) with apparent pK(B) values of 9.3 and 9.7, respectively. Comparable apparent pK(B) values were estimated against NKA (pK(B) 9.2 and 9.4 for MEN 11420 and MEN 10627, respectively). Under isovolumetric recording of the intravesical pressure, the nicotinic receptor agonist DMPP (0.6 micromol/kg i.v.) produced a phasic contraction of the hamster bladder in vivo that was abolished by hexamethonium (110 micromol/kg i.v.) or by surgical ablation of pelvic ganglia. In vivo [betaAla8]NKA(4-10) (10 nmol/kg i.v.) induced a tonic-type sustained bladder contraction with superimposed high frequency and small amplitude (<12 mmHg) phasic contractions and, in about 70% of cases examined, a few high amplitude (>20 mmHg) phasic contractions. Hexamethonium abolished the high amplitude phasic contractions, indicating their reflex origin. In animals subjected to the ablation of pelvic ganglia, the urinary bladder response to [betaAla8]NKA(4-10) was comparable to that observed after administration of hexamethonium. Moreover, hexamethonium did not affect the contractile responses to [betaAla8]NKA(4-10) in ganglionectomized animals. MEN 10627 and MEN 11420 produced a dose-dependent and long-lasting inhibition of the contractile response to [betaAla8]NKA(4-10): the least effective doses of the two antagonists were 30 and 3 nmol/kg i.v. for MEN 10627 and MEN 11420, respectively. An almost complete and long-lasting inhibition of the response to the agonist was produced at doses of 10 and 100 nmol/kg i.v. of MEN 11420 and MEN 10627. In urethane-anaesthetized hamsters the non-stop intravesical infusion of saline (50 microl/min) produced repetitive micturition cycles which were abolished by hexamethonium (110 micromol/kg i.v.) or by surgical removal of the pelvic ganglia. MEN 11420 (100 nmol/kg) had no significant effect on the volume-evoked micturition reflex in anaesthetized hamsters. In conclusion, the hamster urinary bladder is a suitable preparation for studying the action of tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonists in vivo: in this species, the stimulation of tachykinin NK2 receptors induces bladder contractions. Blockade of tachykinin NK2 receptors does not appreciably modify the volume-evoked micturition reflex in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Resistive properties of the epithelial membranes of the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus, determined using the fluorescent dye, RH160.

A technique is described for quantitative epifluorescence studies of the apical membrane of the epithelial cells of the urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus, using the lipid-soluble dye, RH160. When the urinary bladder is appropriately mounted, fluorescence signals, in response to a transepithelial voltage pulse, can be recorded from the epithelium immediately after the addition of the dye to the mucosal bath, and for some hours subsequently. The optical signal, recorded as the change in fluorescence in response to a transepithelial voltage pulse, as a fraction of resting fluorescence, was found to be a linear function of the applied voltage over the range +/- 200 mV, and was approximately 3% for a 100 mV change in transepithelial potential. The signal was enhanced by amiloride (10 mumol.l-1), reduced by bretylium (5 mmol.l-1) and abolished in the presence of nystatin (730 U.ml-1). Calculations based on these data permitted estimation of the fractional resistance of the apical membrane, which was found to be 0.85 under control conditions. Apical membrane resistance was 8.6 k omega.microF, and the basolateral membrane resistance was 1.5 k omega.microF. These findings support the conclusion that the apical membrane of toad urinary bladder epithelial cells is of high resistance, thus resembling other sodium-transporting epithelia.

Amiloride↗
PubMed2004

Determination of main low molecular weight antioxidants in urinary bladder wall using HPLC with electrochemical detector.

The aim of the present work was to develop validated HPLC method using electrochemical detector for simultaneous detection of low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) in urinary bladder. Furthermore, the method was applied to study the distribution of LMWA in urinary bladder wall. The ascorbic acid (AA), glutathione in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) form and uric acid (UA) were resolved by isocratic elution from C18 reversed-phase column. The bladder tissue sample preparation involved extraction with meta-phosphoric acid solution for LMWA stabilization. The AA, GSH and UA tissue peak was identified by different approaches. The obtained method validation parameters were in acceptable range: intra-day precision (<4.4%), intra-day accuracy (<8.4%), inter-day precision (<9.4%) and inter-day accuracy (<15.6%). Additionally, the method provided good linearity (r2>0.99) and recoveries (98.9-112.6%). The distribution of LMWA in urinary bladder was determined by measuring their concentration in bladder wall layers: urothelium, lamina propria, muscularis and serosa. The validated method was able to quantify the reduced form of all three LMWA in all four bladder wall layers. The LMWA concentrations were decreasing from urothelium to serosa except of UA. The developed HPLC method with electrochemical detection of LMWA is simple, fast and can be used for simultaneous quantification of LMWA in tissues, which contain low concentrations of antioxidants.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Osteoclast-like giant cell tumour of the urinary bladder.

We report two cases of osteoclast-like giant cell tumour of urinary bladder associated with papillary transitional cell tumours. Both cases were morphologically identical to giant cell tumour of bone. The giant cells stained strongly for acid phosphatase which was resistant to tartrate digestion, a staining reaction typical of osteoclasts. In view of the ability of urinary bladder to induce metaplastic and neoplastic bone, we believe that these tumours may represent extraosseous giant cell tumours of bone.

Acid Phosphatase↗