Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “subordinate behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Young women's lifestyle behaviours and their bone mineral density changes: a grounded theory analysis.

BACKGROUND: Only limited information is available on healthy young women's perspective of their own lifestyle behaviours. By lifestyle behaviours, e.g. smoking and physical activity, individuals have the possibility to influence bone mineral density (BMD). The aim of this study was to generate a theoretical model of lifestyle behaviours among young women with different BMD changes. METHODS: Data were collected by interviewing with 11 women, and the material was analysed by means of the grounded theory. FINDINGS: Two core categories were generated: (i) the respondents' outlook on life and (ii) their life situation. The respondents' outlook on life was either 'rigid' or 'relaxed'. Respondents who had a rigid outlook on life adjusted with others and had a decreased BMD while those with a relaxed outlook on life were doing things for fun and had an increased BMD level. Life situation also consisted of two categories: 'stagnation' and 'development'. Respondents in a static life situation did not pursue any active actions while in a developing life situation, the respondents were actively striving towards a goal. Four dimensions which characterized the respondents' outlook on life in relation to their life situation emerged: subordinating and enduring with a decreased BMD level or compromising and discerning with an increased BMD level. CONCLUSION: It seems as if the outlook on life has a greater influence than the acted lifestyle behaviour for bone development. Further research is needed to generalize the findings of this study and to explore the importance of the outlook on life among women of all ages.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A partial solution to the homonym problem: parents' linguistic input to young children.

During early word learning, children may assume a unique form-meaning relationship: that a unique form corresponds to each meaning (Clark, 1987) and vice versa (Slobin, 1985). Homonyms appear to violate this one-to-one mapping, and therefore might prove problematic; for example, all things labeled bat might be put into the odd category 'things that fly and are used to play ball.' We asked whether parents' descriptions of homonyms to their young children provide linguistic information that could help children to differentiate conceptually and linguistically these cases. Fifteen parents described pictured sets of concrete object homonyms and categorically related objects to their young children. Parents described homonyms by using explicit statements of category inclusion, subordinate forms (compounds, e.g., kiwi-bird), and specific forms that flagged the unusual homonym relationship. Parents especially provided distinctive alternating forms for homonym pairs (e.g., iceskate vs. skate-fish) suggesting that they were attempting to preserve the unique form-meaning relationship violated by homonyms. We discuss how such linguistic information might be used by children to differentiate homonyms.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1996

Odor preferences of female house mice (Mus domesticus) in seminatural enclosures.

Preferences for male odors by female house mice (Mus domesticus) were examined with respect to age, dominance status, and spatial relationships. Mice were free living in 6 field enclosures. Estrous or nonestrous females were placed in an aquarium with soiled bedding from live traps as the odor source. Females were tested for preferences between (a) adult and juvenile male odors, (b) dominant and subordinate male odors, and (c) "near" and "far" male odors. In dominance odor tests, estrous females preferred odors from dominant males; nonestrous females exhibited no significant preferences. In adult-juvenile and spatial odor tests, there were no significant differences between odor preferences of estrous and nonestrous females. However, most females preferred odors from adult and "near" males. Male dominance status appears to be the strongest influence on female odor preference in these seminatural enclosures.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Infanticide and infant defence by males--modelling the conditions in primate multi-male groups.

Infanticide by primate males was considered rare if groups contain more than one adult male because, owing to lower paternity certainty, a male should be less likely to benefit from infanticide. Guided by recent evidence for strong variation of infanticide in primate multi-male groups, we modelled the conditions for when infanticide should occur for a group with a resident and an immigrant male. Setting the parameters (e.g. infant mortality, reduction of interbirth interval, life-time reproductive success, genetic representation) to fit the conditions most commonly found in nature, we develop a game-theoretic model to explore the influence of age and dominance on the occurrence of infanticide and infant defence. Male age strongly impacts the likelihood of an attack which is modified by the father's defence. If the new male is dominant he is likely to attack under most circumstances whereas a subordinate male will only attack if the father does not defend. These model scenarios fit the conditions under which infanticide is known to occur in primate multi-male groups and offer an explanation why infanticide is common in some multi-male groups and rare in others. Overall, the benefits for infanticidal males are strongly governed by a reduced interbirth interval while advantages via improved genetic representation in the gene pool contribute but a minor fraction.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Construal levels and self-control.

The authors propose that self-control involves making decisions and behaving in a manner consistent with high-level versus low-level construals of a situation. Activation of high-level construals (which capture global, superordinate, primary features of an event) should lead to greater self-control than activation of low-level construals (which capture local, subordinate, secondary features). In 6 experiments using 3 different techniques, the authors manipulated construal levels and assessed their effects on self-control and underlying psychological processes. High-level construals led to decreased preferences for immediate over delayed outcomes, greater physical endurance, stronger intentions to exert self-control, and less positive evaluations of temptations that undermine self-control. These results support a construal-level analysis of self-control.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Environmental dependence of inbreeding depression in cultured Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): aggressiveness, dominance and intraspecific competition.

We evaluated the effects of inbreeding on traits related to territorial dominance and tested whether the magnitude of inbreeding depression (ID) was modified by social environment in Coho salmon. Evaluation of behaviour in paired contests between juvenile salmon with different inbreeding (low, LI=9.5%; medium, MI=29.6%), did not show significant differences between their capacities for establishing territorial dominance (mean aggressiveness score, LI=20.0+/-22; MI=16.7+/-23 or for feeding attempts, LI=18.3+/-12; MI=21.1+/-12). However, fish with low inbreeding (LI) showed almost twice the aggressive pursuit of fish with medium inbreeding (MI), and had a higher specific growth rate (SGR) in culture (SGR(MI)=1.83+/-0.58; SGR(LI)=2.20+/-0.67). Additionally, we found evidence that the magnitude of ID was modified by social environment: (1) Masking: In small groups of fish (N=20), large dominant fish of MI, cultivated with small subordinate fish of LI, showed the same SGR as dominant fish of LI cultivated with small subordinate fish of MI. (2) Magnifying: A significant effect of ID on juvenile survival was detected only in high-density competitive environments. Thus, the number of lethal equivalents was 2.70 at high-density, and only 0.24 in a low-density environment. Our results show that differences in size associated with territorial dominance may mask deleterious effects of inbreeding under certain conditions, and support the concept that intraspecific competition usually magnifies the deleterious effects of inbreeding.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Modelling dominance hierarchy formation as a multi-player game.

Animals who live in groups need to divide available resources amongst themselves. This is often achieved by means of a dominance hierarchy, where dominant individuals obtain a larger share of the resources than subordinate individuals. This paper introduces a model of dominance hierarchy formation using a multi-player extension of the classical Hawk-Dove game. Animals play non-independent pairwise games in a Swiss tournament which pairs opponents against those which have performed equally well in the conflict so far, for a fixed number of rounds. Resources are divided according to the number of contests won. The model, and its emergent properties, are discussed in the context of experimental observations.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effect of differential survivorship on the stability of reproductive queueing.

Queues, in which individuals inherit resources in a predictable, temporally stable order, are widespread in animal social groups. We develop an analytic model to explore the effect of differential survivorship on the stability of a reproductive queue. We show that unless fighting for dominance is potentially fatal, future direct benefits are not alone sufficient to stabilize a queue of non-relatives under constant (age-independent) mortality rates, regardless of whether a dominant becomes an isolate or remains a dominant on the death of the first subordinate. In the absence of fatal fighting, stabilization of such a queue by future direct benefits alone requires either the dominant or the subordinate to have age-dependent mortality rates. Even when the queue is stabilized by present direct reproduction, however, the shape of the lifespan distribution can make a significant difference to the size of the required incentive. In contrast to non-relatives, queues of relatives can be stable without age-dependent mortality, so long as relatedness exceeds a critical value; however, age-dependent mortality can lower this critical value.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Language development and emergent literacy in preschool.

To promote school readiness, preschool and Head Start teachers are incorporating more emergent literacy activities into their curriculum. This article argues that emergent literacy is subordinate to oral language development, rather than language development being subordinate to emergent literacy. Literature on components of emergent literacy is reviewed and a framework for a preschool curriculum that promotes oral language development and emergent literacy is presented. The article concludes with the recommendation that phonologic sensitivity and letter knowledge be taught in developmentally appropriate ways within the context of a language-rich preschool environment that specifically targets vocabulary enrichment.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2004

Dominance hierarchy influences adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.

Many mammalian species form dominance hierarchies, but it remains unknown whether differences in social status correspond to structural differences in the brain. Stressful experiences may arise naturally during the establishment of dominance, and stress has been linked to adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. To determine whether position in a dominance hierarchy leads to changes in adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus, we examined the brains of rats housed in a visible burrow system (VBS), a seminaturalistic environment with opportunities for social interaction. Dominance hierarchies emerged among the males in all colonies within 3 d of living in the VBS. Although cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus did not differ between the groups, more new neurons were observed in the dentate gyrus of the dominant males compared with both subordinates and controls. Dominant and subordinate animals showed similar basal, stress, and recovery from stress levels of corticosterone, as well as similar thymus, adrenal gland, and body weights, suggesting that variables other than stress are responsible for the observed changes in adult neurogenesis. The differences in brain structure persisted among the animals that had no access to the burrow system after the dominance hierarchy stabilized, suggesting that social status rather than living in a complex environment accounts for the effect of dominance on adult neurogenesis.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2006

Impacts of chronic stress and social status on various physiological and performance measures in pigs of different breeds.

Pigs typically experience various environmental stressors, which can negatively affect performance. Cortisol concentrations and various immune and performance measures are influenced by breed, but few data exist describing the impact of breed on stress responsiveness in pigs. The objective of this experiment was to determine if certain physiological responses to chronic stressors differed among 3 breeds and 2 commercial lines of pigs. The pigs were Landrace (n = 36), Meishan (n = 30), Yorkshire (n = 32), or 1 of 2 commercial lines (Line-A and Line-B; both n = 36). All pigs were weaned at 17 to 21 d and kept in a common nursery. At 49 d of age, pigs were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: stress (heat, crowding, and mixing) or control (no stress treatment). Pigs were allocated to groups of 3 pigs per pen of the same sex. Control pigs were kept with their littermates. At the onset of the experiment, stressed pigs were mixed with 2 unfamiliar pigs once, and heat and crowding stressors were implemented simultaneously for 14 d. Pigs allocated to the stress treatment were video-recorded for 24 h following initiation of mixing to determine social status: dominant, intermediate, or submissive. Blood samples were taken at d 0 (baseline), 1, 7, and 14 to assess cortisol concentrations and immune measures. Breed and treatment affected cortisol, immune, and performance measures, but no significant breed x treatment interactions were found. In general, pigs subjected to the chronic stressor had lower (P < 0.001) BW and ADG (P < 0.001) than did control pigs. Plasma cortisol was lower (P < 0.001) among stressed pigs at d 7 and 14. Regardless of breed, lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation (P < 0.01) and natural killer (NK; P < 0.005) cytotoxicity were greater in stressed pigs compared with controls. Furthermore, among stressed pigs, dominant pigs had a greater total white blood cell count (P < 0.005), NK (P < 0.05), and phagocytosis (P < 0.05) than the subordinate pigs. The results indicate that pig breed did not influence the physiological responses to the chronic concurrent stressors imposed for 14 d in this study, but social status did influence the immune responsiveness of these pigs to heat, crowding, and mixing.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ease of remarriage for females: a cross-cultural test of competing explanations.

Using data on the relative status of women in 93 societies, the authors attempt "to identify and test two explanations for the existence of sex biases in norms governing remarriage. These explanations focus on the benefits derived from imposing restrictions on women's opportunities in the remarriage process and the countervailing power women command to resist subordination and the limitation of their freedom." Results of a multiple classification analysis indicate that "both theories taken together do predict cross-cultural variation in sex biases in remarriage norms. In general, women experience more difficulty than men in remarriage in societies where females have little power in domestic contexts, there is low value attached to women's economic contribution and women have little control over property, control of female sexual expression is high, and the levirate is practiced."

Behavior↗
PubMed1986

Patterns of marital interaction associated with marital dissatisfaction and depression.

This research compared couples reporting high and low levels of marital interactions in which one spouse responds ineffectually to the rights-infringing behavior of the mate. The results of planned comparisons indicated that high frequencies of such interactions were associated with reports of marital dissatisfaction and depression in husbands and marital dissatisfaction in wives. When both spouses described their mates as transgressive and themselves as ineffectual responders to transgression, the dysfunction reported by both spouses was pronounced. Examination of partial correlation, coefficients indicated that each spouse's role in the interaction pattern contributed to its dysfunctional nature.

Depression↗
PubMed2006

Testing mechanisms of coexistence among two species of frugivorous primates.

1. We examined mechanisms of coexistence between two congeneric species of frugivorous primates, the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) and the red-tailed monkey (C. ascanius). 2. We used giving-up densities (the amount of food which animals leave in a patch) in fruit trees to measure foraging efficiency and to evaluate possible mechanisms of coexistence. Animals with higher giving-up densities are less likely to persist in the company of those with lower giving-up densities because the former are not able to exploit food patches used previously by the latter. We climbed trees to estimate giving-up densities by counting the fruit which primates left behind. 3. We tested five possible mechanisms of coexistence. Three mechanisms proposed that each frugivorous species has a lower giving-up density than the other in at least one of the following: (1) different tree species, (2) within-tree foraging zones or (3) seasons. The fourth mechanism predicted that the socially dominant species exploits resources first and that the subordinate species has lower giving-up densities. The final mechanism predicted that one species would find resources more quickly than the other, which would in turn have a lower giving-up density. 4. Four of the five mechanisms received no support from our data. Only a trade-off between interspecific dominance and giving-up densities was supported. 5. We discuss the generality of our results and possible interactions with other factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of toloxatone on behaviour of primates.

1. The effects of (3-methyl)-3-phenyl-5-hydroxy-methyl-2-oxazolidinone (toloxatone) were studied on the behaviour of three species of primates: baboon, rhesus monkeys and chimpanzee. 2. The activity against reserpine-induced depression is observed in baboon as in rodents. 2. The administration of toloxatone induces three effects which probably have the same origin: suppression of feeding inhibition of the subordinate baboon, improvement of escape reaction in the conditioned chimpanzee, increase in general activity and the active component of social behaviour in grouped rhesus monkeys. These three effects can be interpreted as resulting from the stimulating effect of toloxatone, or more precisely from a disinhibiting effect. 4. Contrary to amphetamine, toloxatone does not induce, even at high or repeated doses, behavioural disturbances.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Beyond the basics: preschool children label objects flexibly at multiple hierarchical levels.

Although preschoolers typically accept the basic level label for an object (e.g. dog) and tend to resist all others (e.g. collie, animal), this tendency is not inviolable. Under certain circumstances, children accept more than one label per object. In this experiment, with 20 three- and 20 four-year-old children, we extended this body of research in three ways. We examined (I) children's production of multiple, hierarchically related labels; (2) the pragmatic consequences of the inherent asymmetry of inclusion relations; and (3) the influence of morphology (modifier+noun constructions vs. simple lexemes) at the subordinate level. Children labelled objects most frequently at the basic level, but also readily produced many non-basic level terms. Children, like adults, may prefer to label objects at the basic level, but they exhibit no general prohibition against also labelling at other, non-basic levels. Their performance challenges the notion that the ability to label objects flexibly at multiple levels is beyond the young child's capacity.

Child Language↗
PubMed2005

Clearing the air: identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women's leadership aspirations.

Exposing participants to gender-stereotypic TV commercials designed to elicit the female stereotype, the present research explored whether vulnerability to stereotype threat could persuade women to avoid leadership roles in favor of nonthreatening subordinate roles. Study 1 confirmed that exposure to the stereotypic commercials undermined women's aspirations on a subsequent leadership task. Study 2 established that varying the identity safety of the leadership task moderated whether activation of the female stereotype mediated the effect of the commercials on women's aspirations. Creating an identity-safe environment eliminated vulnerability to stereotype threat despite exposure to threatening situational cues that primed stigmatized social identities and their corresponding stereotypes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The evolution of cooperative breeding through group augmentation.

Some individuals (helpers) in cooperatively breeding species provide alloparental care and often suppress their own reproduction. Kin selection is clearly an important explanation for such behaviour, but a possible alternative is group augmentation where individuals survive or reproduce better in large groups and where it therefore pays to recruit new members to the group. The evolutionary stability of group augmentation is currently disputed. We model evolutionarily stable helping strategies by following the dynamics of social groups with varying degrees of subordinate help. We also distinguish between passive augmentation, where a group member benefits from the mere presence of others, and active augmentation, where their presence as such is neutral or harmful, but where helping to recruit new group members may still be beneficial if they in turn actively provide help for the current reproductives ('delayed reciprocity'). The results show that group augmentation (either passive or active) can be evolutionarily stable and explain costly helping by non-reproductive subordinates, either alone or leading to elevated help levels when acting in concert with kin selection. Group augmentation can thus potentially explain the weak relationships between relatedness and helping behaviour that are observed in some cooperatively breeding species. In some cases, the superior mutualistic performance of cooperatively behaving groups can generate an incentive to stay and help which is strong enough to make ecological constraints unnecessary for explaining the stability of cooperatively breeding groups.

Animals↗