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PubMed1998

The clinical longevity of porcelain veneers: a 48-month clinical evaluation.

The authors evaluated the clinical longevity of a brand of porcelain veneers and the accompanying cementation system. Fifty-nine porcelain veneers were prepared and placed in 12 patients by one practitioner and evaluated by two evaluators using modified Ryge criteria at baseline and 12 months. Fifty-three veneers were evaluated similarly at 48 months. Plaque index and gingival index scores were recorded as well. At 48 months, the veneers had stable color, all margins were clinically acceptable, there was no secondary caries and the patients reported no sensitivity.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1993

Long-term follow up of ventricular endocardial pacing leads. Complications, electrical performance, and longevity of 561 right ventricular leads.

Five hundred and sixty-one endocardial pacing leads implanted in the right ventricle of 502 patients between 1971 and 1990 were followed for up to 17 years regarding their complications, stimulation threshold behavior, and overall longevity. Lead tip dislodgment occurred in 16 leads (2.9%), in 14 of which dislodgement occurred within 2 months after implantation. The incidence of dislodgement was significantly smaller in tined leads than in nontined leads. Lead conductor fracture occurred in 19 leads (3.4%), in 15 of which fracture occurred within 5 years after implantation. Two particular sites of lead fracture were identified; i.e., one within the pacemaker pocket and the other at a particular point in the subclavian vein between the clavicle and the first rib. Fixation ligature in the former site and the venopuncture point for lead insertion in the latter site are thought to be related to lead fracture. Other complications included insulator break in 3 leads (0.5%), exit block in 7 leads (1.2%), and poor sensing in 2 leads (0.4%). The cumulative survival of leads was 94.1 +/- 2.7% (mean +/- 95% confidence interval) at 5 years, 86.3 +/- 6.3% at 10 years, and 74.2 +/- 14.0% at 15 years after implantation. The minimal stimulation threshold, lead impedance and R wave amplitude were all found to be stable for up to 10 years, and there were no tendencies toward higher stimulation threshold during the observation period of this study.

Electrodes, Implanted↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of the association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular risk factors in an elderly population with longevity.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the allelic and genotypic frequencies related to apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism and association of the genotypes with risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity in an elderly population with longevity. METHODS: We analyzed 70 elderly patients aged 80 years or more who were part of the Projeto Veranópolis. We used the gene amplification technique through the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and cleavage with the restriction enzyme Hha I to identify the ApoE genotypes. The most frequent genotypes were compared considering biological variables and cardiovascular risks and morbidity. RESULTS: The frequencies of the E2, E3, and E4 alleles were 0.05, 0.84, and 0.11, respectively, and of the genotypes were as follows: E3E3 (0.70), E3E4 (0.22), E2E3 (0.06), and E2E2 (0.02). Individuals with the E3E4 had a mean age greater than those with the E3E3. No association was observed between the genotypes and the variables analyzed, except for obesity, which was associated with the E3E3 genotype. Individuals with the E3E4 genotype had high levels of LDL-cholesterol and fibrinogen as compared with those with the E3E3 genotype. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the E4E4 genotype may be associated with early mortality. A balance between the protective or neutral factors and the cardiovascular risk factors may occur among the individuals with different genotypes, attenuating the negative effects of the E4 allele.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Effects of atrazine on cercarial longevity, activity, and infectivity.

Susceptibility of free-living infective stages of parasites to contaminants is relatively understudied compared with independent effects on measures of host health or immunity, but may be important in affecting prevalence and intensity of parasite infections. We investigated whether atrazine, an herbicide commonly used in North America, affected the cercariae of 4 different species of digenetic trematodes, and found that effects of atrazine concentration on mortality and activity of cercariae varied among species. Mortality of Echinostoma trivolvis increased in a 200 microg/L atrazine solution, and a species of Alaria showed both decreased activity and increased mortality. We also examined whether the ability of E. trivolvis to infect the second intermediate host, larval amphibians, was compromised by atrazine exposure. Longevity and prevalence of E. trivolvis cercariae was affected at 200 microg/L atrazine, whereas intensity of infection in Rana clamitans tadpoles was reduced at both 20 microg/L and 200 microg/L atrazine. Our results indicate that the viability of cercariae of some species is compromised by exposure to atrazine, emphasizing the importance of considering the influence of contaminants on free-living stages of parasites in addressing how environmental degradation may relate to host parasitism.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Eye examinations at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences--Longitudinal Study of Aging: NILS-LSA.

The National Institute for Longevity Sciences--Longitudinal Study of Aging (the NILS-LSA) started in 1997, and involves many kinds of examination. The objective of this paper is to outline the eye examinations in the NILS-LSA. The eye examinations consist of checks on refractometry, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, contrast sensitivity, kinetic visual acuity, visual fields, fundus photography, and lens estimation. The subjects were 1,077 men and women aged 40-79 years who participated in the first year examination of the NILS-LSA. All subjective measurements (distant visual acuity, kinetic visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and mean sensitivity of visual field) declined significantly from the 50s. Age-related structural changes in the lens or hypertensive and arteriosclerotic changes in retinal vessels began at least in the 40s. It is suspected that aging affects the subjective visual functions from the 50s. However, changes in the structure of eye may begin before the 40s. The data from the eye examinations of the NILS-LSA are useful to assess the aging effects on vision and to investigate the relationship between visual function and physical or psychosocial health problems among the elderly.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Distribution of geriatric disease-related genotypes in the National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA).

Phenotypes of various genes related to geriatric diseases and the aging process were assessed in the National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA). The subjects were 1,297 participants in the NILS-LSA. They were community-living males and females aged 40 to 79 years who were randomly selected from the area of the NILS. Genotypic and allelic frequencies of genes in the subjects were analyzed. Age and gender differences in the distribution of genotypes were also tested. The genotypic frequencies were as follows: (1) Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype was I/I 46.2%, I/D 38.3% and D/D 15.5%. (2) alpha 1-adrenoreceptor genotype was C/C 84.4%, C/T 12.7%, and T/T 3.0%. (3) Apolipoprotein E genotype was epsilon 2/epsilon 2 0%, epsilon 2/epsilon 3 7.9%, epsilon 3/epsilon 3 70.0%, epsilon 3/epsilon 4 20.8%, epsilon 2/epsilon 4 0%, and epsilon 4/epsilon 4 1.4%. (4) Cholecystokinin type-A receptor (CCKAR) nucleotide-81 (nt-81) genotype was A/A 59.1%, A/G 35.1%, and G/G 5.9%. The CCKAR nucleotide-128 genotype (nt-128) was G/G 74.3%, G/T 23.6%, and T/T 2.2%. The combination of nucleotide (nt-81, nt-128) was (A/A, G/G) 59.1%, (A/G, G/G) 14.1%, (G/G, G/G) 1.1%, (A/G, G/T) 21.0%, (G/G, G/T) 2.6%, and (G/G, T/T) 2.1%. There were no subjects with (A/A, G/T), (A/A, T/T) or (A/G, T/T) genotypic combinations. (5) beta 3-adrenoreceptor genotype was T/T 66.8%, T/A 28.5%, and A/A 4.7%. (6) Dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (DLST) nucleotide 19117 genotype was A/A 25.1%, A/G 49.7%, and G/G 25.1%. The DLST nucleotide 19183 genotype was C/C 55.8%, C/T 38.2%, and T/T 5.9%. The combination of nucleotide (nt19117, nt19183) was (A/A, C/C) 6.7%, (A/G, C/C) 24.1%, (G/G, C/C) 25.1%, (A/G, C/T) 25.6%, (A/A, T/T) 5.9%, and (A/A, C/T) 12.6%. There were no subjects with (A/G, T/T), (G/G, T/T) or (G/G, T/C) genotypic combinations. (7) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 genotype T/T 35.2%, T/C 44.6%, and C/C 20.2%. (8) The platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase genotype was M/M 71.7%, M/m 27.2%, and m/m 1.2%. The mitochondria DNA 5178 genotype A was 42.1% and C was 57.9%. There were no significant gender or age differences in tested genotypic and allelic distribution except for the DLST and apolipoprotein E. Differences in the genotypic frequencies of distribution using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were significant in the ACE and alpha 1-adrenoreceptor genotypes.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Frequencies and circumstances of falls in the National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA).

Frequencies and circumstances of falls were assessed among 1030 middle-aged and elderly people who participated in the NILS-LSA (National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Longitudinal Study of Aging) from November, 1997 to March, 1999 and responded to the questionnaires. The variables analyzed in the present study were demography and history of falls in the past one year. Circumstances of falls, e.g. time, location, activities associated with falls, cause of falls and degree of injury due to falls were asked when the subjects experienced a fall. Fear of falling was also investigated in all subjects. The prevalence of falls was 12.9% in the middle-aged group (40-59 yr.) and 16.5% in the elderly group (60-79 yr.). The distribution of time, location, activity associated with falls, cause and injury due to falls corresponded with previous fall studies among community-dwelling elderly people. The incidence of falls was extremely high during the daytime and outdoors. Falls occurred most frequently while walking. The majority of falls were due to extrinsic factors. About 40% of all falls caused no injury. As to the fear of falling, about 30% of the middle-aged subjects and about 60% of the elderly subjects reported that they were fearful. Our results suggested that fall accidents are not rare, even in middle-aged people.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1990

Active immunization of beef heifers against luteinizing hormone: III. Evaluation of dose and longevity.

Objectives were to evaluate the dose (Exp. 1) and purity of LH preparations (Exp. 2) on the anti-LH antibody response in heifers. Experiment 3 evaluated the longevity of LH immunization on sterility in heifers. In Exp. 1, 115 crossbred heifers were injected every 3 wk for 6 wk with .1, .33, 1.0, 3.0 or 9.0 mg of LH-ovalbumin. Concentrations of anti-LH antibodies generated were quantified by determining the percentage of binding of [125I]LH in serum. Mena LH binding over wk 0 to 12 was greater in heifers immunized with 1.0 mg conjugate than in heifers immunized with other doses (P less than .05). In Exp. 2, LH-ovalbumin conjugates were made from either LH-1, LH-2 or LH-3, which had relative immunological potencies of 2.1, 1.5 and 1.2 x NIH-LH-S1 units/mg, respectively. Forty-eight crossbred beef heifers were immunized against one of these three LH-ovalbumin conjugates, against LH conjugated without ovalbumin (LH-LH), or against ovalbumin alone (Oval). Estrous cycle activity was monitored by measuring serum progesterone concentration. Potency of the LH preparation used in the LH-ovalbumin conjugate was correlated (r = .94) with its ability to produce LH antibodies. In Exp.3, heifers were injected with 1 mg antigen every 2 wk for 10 wk. Five LH-1 heifers and five control heifers were slaughtered for examination of ovaries 10 wk after the last booster injection. The remaining five LH-I and five control animals were placed with a bull 8 wk after the last booster. All five control heifers conceived by 4 +/- 1 wk after placement with the bull whereas the LH-immunized heifers remained acyclic for 42 to 96 wk.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Restorative treatment pattern and longevity of amalgam restorations in Denmark.

A survey has been made of the reasons for placement and replacement of 6052 amalgam restorations in Denmark. In patients more than 16 years of age 48% of all restorations were made because of primary caries, and 52% were replacements of failed restorations. In primary teeth 64% and in permanent teeth of children 83% of the restorations were made because of primary caries. The reasons for replacement of restorations were dependent on dentition, age of the patient, and type of restoration. Secondary caries was the most frequent reason for replacement of failed restorations in permanent teeth, comprising a third of all replacements. Marginal discrepancies and bulk fracture of fillings were the other two major reasons. In primary teeth fracture and loss of fillings were the two major reasons for replacement of amalgam restorations, whereas secondary caries caused less than a quarter of all restorations to be replaced. The age of the restorations replaced ranged from 0 to 38 years, and half of the restorations replaced in permanent teeth of adults were less than 7 years old. A shorter longevity of failed restorations was noted in primary teeth and permanent teeth of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Placement and longevity of amalgam restorations in Denmark.

A survey has been made of the reasons for placement of 4932 amalgam restorations in Denmark. In patients more than 16 years of age 39% of all restorations were made because of primary caries, and 61% were replacements of failed restorations. In children 74% of the restorations in primary teeth and 84% of those in permanent teeth were inserted because of primary caries. The reasons for replacement of restorations depended on dentition, age of the patient, and type of restoration. Secondary caries was the most frequent reason for replacement of failed restorations in permanent teeth and accounted for 38% of all failures. Marginal discrepancies and bulk fracture of fillings were the other two major reasons. In primary teeth fracture and loss of fillings were the commonest reasons, whereas secondary caries accounted for only a quarter of all restorations replaced. The age of the restorations replaced ranged from 0 to 46 years, and half of the failed restorations in permanent teeth of adults were more than 8 years old. A shorter longevity of failed restorations was noted in primary teeth and permanent teeth of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Coimmunization with IL-15 plasmid enhances the longevity of CD8 T cells induced by DNA encoding hepatitis B virus core antigen.

AIM: To test the feasibility of delivering a plasmid encoding IL-15 as a DNA vaccine adjuvant for improving the immune responses induced by hepatitis B virus core gene DNA vaccine. METHODS: We used RT-PCR based strategies to develop IL-15 expression constructs. We first confirmed that the gene could be expressed in Escherichia coli due to the poor expression of IL-15. Then the bioactivity of IL-15 plasmid expression product was identified by CTLL-2 proliferation assay. One hundred micrograms of DNA from each of the IL-15 eukaryotic expressed plasmid and the recombinant plasmid harboring DNA encoding the 144 amino acids of the N-terminus of HBV core gene (abbreviated pHBc144) was used to co-immunize C57 BL/6 mice. The titer of anti-HBcIgG was detected by ELISA and the antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells (CD8(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells) were detected by intracellular cytokine staining at different time points. RESULTS: After co-immunization by pIL-15 and pHBc144 DNA vaccine the antigen-specific CD8(+) cells of mice increased gradually, the first peak of immune response appeared 14 d later, then the number of antigen-specific CD8(+) Ts cells decreased gradually and maintained at a steady level in 3 mo. After boosting, the number of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells reached the second peak 10 d later with a double of the 1st peak, then the number of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells decreased slowly. IL-15 as a gene adjuvant had no significant effect on humoral immune responses induced by hepatitis B virus core gene DNA vaccine, but increased the memory antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells induced by hepatitis B virus core gene DNA vaccine. CONCLUSION: DNA vaccine constructed by HBc Ag 1-144 amino acid induces effective cell immunity, and cytokine plasmid-delivered IL-15 enhances the longevity of CD8(+) T cells.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

Professional resilience, practice longevity, and Parse's theory for baccalaureate education.

New nurses seem unable to find a means of flourishing professionally in acute care practice and, consequently, exit far earlier than expected. Worldviews of baccalaureate students have changed from previous generations; yet, the approaches to nursing education remain essentially the same. Just as clinical settings benefit from nursing theory as the basis for nursing practice and scientific inquiry, the science of nursing education would benefit from nursing theory as a basis for guiding educational practice. Parse's human science theory, the Human Becoming School of Thought, is a fitting theoretical framework for a model of teaching-learning for undergraduate baccalaureate nursing education. In addition, as a theory of dynamic relational synchrony, Parse's work provides an appropriate framework with which to promote professional resilience and career longevity by purposefully engaging students within student-faculty dyads to explore personal meanings and philosophies of caring, and to create strong professional identities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Clonality and longevity of CD4+CD28null T cells are associated with defects in apoptotic pathways.

CD4(+)CD28(null) T cells are oligoclonal lymphocytes rarely found in healthy individuals younger than 40 yr, but are found in high frequencies in elderly individuals and in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. Contrary to paradigm, they are functionally active and persist over many years. Such clonogenic potential and longevity suggest altered responses to apoptosis-inducing signals. In this study, we show that CD4(+)CD28(null) T cells are protected from undergoing activation-induced cell death. Whereas CD28(+) T cells underwent Fas-mediated apoptosis upon cross-linking of CD3, CD28(null) T cells were highly resistant. CD28(null) T cells were found to progress through the cell cycle, and cells at all stages of the cell cycle were resistant to apoptosis, unlike their CD28(+) counterparts. Neither the activation-induced up-regulation of the IL-2R alpha-chain (CD25) nor the addition of exogenous IL-2 renders them susceptible to Fas-mediated apoptosis. These properties of CD28(null) T cells were related to high levels of Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1-converting enzyme-like inhibitory protein, an inhibitor of Fas signaling that is normally degraded in T cells following activation in the presence of IL-2. Consistent with previous data showing protection of CD28(null) cells from spontaneous cell death, the present studies unequivocally show dysregulation of apoptotic pathways in CD4(+)CD28(null) T cells that favor their clonal outgrowth and maintenance in vivo.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The role of bone marrow-derived stromal cells in the maintenance of plasma cell longevity.

Protective circulating Abs originate primarily from long-lived plasma cells in the bone marrow. However, the molecular and cellular basis of plasma cell longevity is unknown. We investigated the capacity of primary bone marrow-derived stromal cells to maintain plasma cell viability in vitro. Plasma cells purified from the bone marrow or lymph nodes died rapidly when plated in media, but a subpopulation of plasma cells survived and secreted high levels of Ab for up to 4 wk when cocultured with stromal cells. Ab secretion was inhibited by the addition of anti-very late Ag-4 to plasma cell/stromal cell cocultures indicating that direct interactions occur and are necessary between stromal cells and plasma cells. The addition of rIL-6 to plasma cells cultured in media alone partially relieved the sharp decline in Ab secretion observed in the absence of stromal cells. Moreover, when stromal cells from IL-6(-/-) mice were used in plasma cell/stromal cell cocultures, Ab levels decreased 80% after 7 days as compared with wild-type stromal cells. Further, IL-6 mRNA message was induced in stromal cells by coculture with plasma cells. These data indicate that bone marrow plasma cells are not intrinsically long-lived, but rather that plasma cells contact and modify bone marrow stromal cells to provide survival factors.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

OX40-OX40 ligand interaction through T cell-T cell contact contributes to CD4 T cell longevity.

Signals through the OX40 costimulatory receptor on naive CD4 T cells are essential for full-fledged CD4 T cell activation and the generation of CD4 memory T cells. Because the ligand for OX40 is mainly expressed by APCs, including activated B cells, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells, the OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40L) interaction has been thought to participate in T cell-APC interactions. Although several reports have revealed the expression of OX40L on T cells, the functional significance of its expression on them is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Ag stimulation induced an increase in the surface expression and transcript levels of OX40L in CD4 T cells. Upon contact with OX40-expressing T cells, the cell surface expression of OX40L on CD4 T cells was markedly down-regulated, suggesting that OX40-OX40L binding occurs through a novel T cell-T cell interaction. To investigate the function of this phenomenon, we examined the proliferative response and survival of OX40L-deficient CD4 T cells when challenged with Ag. In vitro studies demonstrated markedly less CD3-induced proliferation of OX40L-deficient CD4 T cells compared with wild-type CD4 T cells. When using TCR transgenic CD4 T cells upon Ag stimulation, survival of OX40L-deficient T cells was impaired. Furthermore, we show that upon antigenic stimulation, fewer OX40L-deficient CD4 T cells than wild-type cells survived following transfer into wild-type and sublethally irradiated recipient mice. Taken together, our findings indicate that OX40L-expressing T cells have an autonomous machinery that provides OX40 signals through a T cell-T cell circuit, creating an additional mechanism for sustaining CD4 T cell longevity.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Longevity of Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica and mosquito infection acquired from a patient with low level parasitemia.

Two cases are reported which illustrate important epidemiological aspects of lymphatic filariasis--prolonged longevity of the adult parasite and the possibility of transmission by individuals with ultra-low level microfilaremia. These cases demonstrate that people can remain carriers of microfilariae in the peripheral blood for many years without reinfection, and even those with a low level microfilaremia can constitute a significant reservoir of mosquito infection. Such cases represent one of the most serious obstacles to the eradication of lymphatic filariasis in regions where control is based on chemotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Large kindred with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV due to a point mutation (G571S) in the COL3A1 gene of type III procollagen: low risk of pregnancy complications and unexpected longevity in some affected relatives.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) type IV is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder. Early morbidity and mortality results from rupture of vessels and internal organs. A large kindred with EDS type IV was studied clinically, and the biochemical defects and underlying mutation in the COL3A1 gene that encodes the chains of type III procollagen were identified. A G-->A transition results in a single amino acid substitution, G571S, in the triple helical domain of the products of one COL3A1 allele. Although the clinical findings seen on examination are characteristic of EDS type IV, longevity is longer than that seen in many families and there is less pregnancy-associated morbidity or mortality than in some families. This suggests that some clinical aspects of EDS type IV may be related to the nature of the mutation and its effect on the behavior of the protein.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome↗