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PubMed1987

Initial effects of the New York State auto safety belt law.

New York State began enforcing a mandatory automobile safety belt use law on January 1, 1985. We present a preliminary analysis of its effect on fatalities and injuries. Applying a Poisson statistical model to pre- and post-law belt usage rates together with counts of fatalities and injuries in 12 metropolitan areas, we estimate the first six months' application of the law averted 220 fatal, 1,500 severe, 4,600 moderate, and 2,600 light injuries across the state. The Poisson approach gives estimates of injuries averted considerably greater than simple year to year comparisons, indicating that media announcements have understated the efficacy of requiring safety belt usage.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1983

Total body potassium determination using a whole-body counter.

A scanning bed whole-body counter with two NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors was used for total body potassium determination with 40K for clinical application. For the calibration an in vivo dilution technique with 42K was used. The present counting method effectively minimised effects of redistribution and body build. For routine use the (W/H)1/2 calibration curve is suggested instead of the more complicated individual 42K calibration.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1999

Control of fleas on pets and in homes by use of imidacloprid or lufenuron and a pyrethrin spray.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate imidacloprid and the combination of lufenuron and pyrethrin to control flea infestations in households with pets. ANIMALS: 37 dogs and 19 cats in 34 flea-infested households. PROCEDURE: Households were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups. Pets in group 1 were treated topically with imidacloprid on day 0, then once a month for 90 days. Pets in group 2 were given lufenuron orally on day 0 and at monthly intervals for 90 days and also were treated topically with a pyrethrin spray every 1 to 2 weeks throughout the study. Flea numbers in homes were assessed by use of intermittent light traps, and flea burdens on pets were assessed using visual area counts done once a week during the first month, then every other week. RESULTS: One application of imidacloprid reduced flea burdens on pets by 96 and 93.5% on days 7 and 28, respectively, compared with day-0 burdens. Following 3 applications, flea burdens on pets and in homes were reduced by 98.8 and 99.9%, respectively. Lufenuron and pyrethrin spray reduced flea numbers on pets by 48.9 and 91.1% on days 7 and 28, respectively. By the end of the study, this combination reduced flea burdens on pets and in homes by 99.2 and 99.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Imidacloprid applied topically or lufenuron administered orally along with a topically applied pyrethrin spray were effective in eliminating fleas on pets and in homes. Flea control can be achieved with topical application of adulticides or oral administration of insect growth regulators without concomitant treatment of the surroundings.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anemia in chronic renal insufficiency--case report].

INTRODUCTION: Chronic renal insufficiency is a clinical syndrome including increased urea in the serum and creatinine concentration with or without decrease of urine production. Numerous diseases may induce chronic renal insufficiency. In developed countries these are most often diabetes mellitus, glomerulonephritis and hypertension, whereas in developing countries these are bacterial infections, gall stone, tuberculosis and some parasitic diseases. Chronic renal insufficiency leads to functional disorders of all systems in the body, including hematopoiesis. Anemia is a common complication, while its degree depends on the degree of creatmemia. It is normocytic and normochromic. Anemia is caused by several factors, decreased erythropoietin synthesis being the most important. The stimulus for its secretion is tissue hypoxia. Erythropoietin synthesis is regulated by mechanism of negative retroaction and it stimulates proliferation. It also prevents apoptosis--programmed cell death. Other important factors causing anemia are uremic toxins, which decrease proliferation of erythroid progenitors, damage erythrocytes and shorten their life. Changes in the microvascular system of kidneys also cause anemia mechanically damaging erythrocytes and hemolysis. Patients with chronic renal insufficiency are susceptible to hemorrhages (erosions and duodenal ulcers) being one of the factors causing anemia. Recombinant erythropoietin production and its application in treatment of chronic renal insufficiency patients is of great importance. It is applied subcutaneously and intravenously, whereas the dosage and length of treatment are individual. CASE REPORT: A female patient, (M. R.) 69 years of age, has been treated at the Department of Internal Diseases of the Hospital in Senta 22 times during the last 30 years. Chronic renal insufficiency was caused by chronic pyelonephritis and hypertension. Up to two years ago she had several transfusions and received 7.480 ml of deplasmatic erythrocytes. The last transfusion was in May 1997, due to hemoglobin values lower than 80 g l. In August 1997, the patient acquired recombinant erythropoietin and was hospitalized and treated in our institution by subcutaneous application of erythropoietin (50 mu kg) every other day, with monitoring of hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocyte count increase and values of serum iron. The therapeutic response was good. 14 months later she was hospitalized again and the therapy was repeated. The last outpatient follow-up was on January 5, 1999, and hemoglobin was 92 g l. CONCLUSION: Our case report shows that recombinant erythropoietin gives good results in treatment of anemia: correction of anemia, improvement of general status and there is no need for frequent transfusions and thus there are less complications.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thymic humoral factor-gamma 2 augments immune cell response and exerts antitumor activity in murine model systems.

The immunomodulatory and antimetastatic/antitumor activity of thymic humoral factor-gamma 2 (THF-gamma 2) was evaluated in BALB/c-mice. Daily subcutaneous applications (7 consecutive days, 20, 200 ng of THF-gamma 2 per injection/mouse) upregulated counts of thymocytes and peripheral blood cells in tumor bearing mice. To check the influence of THF-gamma 2 treatment on the growth of experimental metastases, RAW 117 H10 lymphosarcoma cells or L-1 sarcoma cells were intravenously inoculated into BALB/c-mice to establish liver or lung metastases, respectively. Local tumor growth was induced by subcutaneous injection of L-1 sarcoma cells. THF-gamma 2 was subcutaneously administered daily for 7 consecutive days starting 24 hrs after tumor cell challenge. Organ colonization as well as local tumor growth were investigated on day 14 after tumor cell inoculation and demonstrated a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction of experimental liver and lung metastases and local tumor growth for THF-gamma 2 treated mice.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Calendar methods of fertility regulation: a rule of thumb.

"[Many] illiterate women, particularly in the third world, find [it] difficult to apply usual calendar methods for the regulation of fertility. Some of them are even unable to make simple subtractions. In this paper we are therefore trying to evaluate the applicability and the efficiency of an extremely simple rule which entails only [the ability to count] a number of days, and always the same way." (SUMMARY IN ITA)

Contraception↗
PubMed2002

Protection of potassium channel inhibitors against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced death of cultured hippocampal neurons.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of potassium channel inhibitors on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced death of cultured hippocampal neurons. METHODS: Cultured 8 d in vitro, hippocampal neurons were exposed to hypoxia (in mixture of 95% N2 and 5% CO2) for 6 h, and then reoxygenated till the 72nd hour. Different potassium channel inhibitors were applied to the culture solution separately after reoxygenation. Neuron death was analyzed with cell counting and MTT assay. RESULTS: Hypoxia/reoxygenation procedure induced a delayed death of cultured hippocampal neurons. Application of tetraethylammonium (TEA) offered concentration-dependent protection of the neurons against death. Selective high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BK) inhibitor iberiotoxin (IbTX) showed significant neuron protection (P<0.001). However, A-type potassium channel inhibitor 4-aminopyridine presented no protection against neuron death (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Following hypoxia/reoxygenation, enhanced activity of potassium channel, especially BK channel, may induce neuron death.

4-Aminopyridine↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of weak direct current with silver electrodes on bacterial growth].

The author studied the effect of weak direct current on bacterial growth in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, electric current was applied 20 or 100 micro A/cm2 of direct current using electrode of carbon, silver or platinum. Its inhibitory effect was observed on the growth curve of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the anode bath respectively. A silk thread that adsorbed Staphylococcus aureus was inserted into the intramedullary space of the tibia of Wistar rats to induce osteomyelitis. Silver electrodes were placed to apply 100 microA/cm2 of direct current for two weeks. The therapeutic effect was then evaluated in terms of X-ray findings, histological findings and changes in the viable count of Staphylococcus aureus in the intramedullary space of the tibia. It was found that application of electric current using a silver electrode was most effective for the inhibition of bacterial growth both in vivo and in vitro, and seemed to be clinically useful for treating osteomyelitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Assessment of bone mineral. Part 2.

A number of different techniques are available to study bone mineral. Those based on radiographs are helpful as an initial approach to the symptomatic patient with advanced disease, but they do not have the sensitivity to detect early bone loss, to assist in the estimation of fracture risk, or to monitor effects of treatment in controlled drug studies. A radiograph of the spine and hip, however, should be the first step before other tests are ordered. Photon absorptiometry methods or CT-based tests are currently most attractive as second-line approaches. Of these, photon absorptiometry is more widely tested clinically and allows studies of predominantly cortical or trabecular bone sites and total skeletal calcium. Although all of this cannot be done reliably with one instrument under routine laboratory conditions at present, it may well become possible in the near future. Of the CT-based procedures, the forearm scanner is very attractive because of its high precision and accuracy and the fact that it allows measurement of trabecular bone only. The technique is restricted to the forearm and may not be versatile enough for modern clinical requirements. A similar comment may be applicable to neutron-activation techniques of the hand, forearm, or spine. Low-level counting and the handling of neutron sources are not widely known techniques in many laboratories, and this will restrict their use in clinical practice. At this time there is no optimal technique available for mass screening for early osteoporosis. Dual-photon absorptiometry of the spine has been in use in our institution as the method of choice in selected patients for early detection of osteoporosis. However, for screening purposes the radius is still a very attractive bone to measure. At the currently used measuring sites, however, it does not have the sensitivity required to indicate spinal bone loss. Perhaps measurements closer to the distal end, where the trabecular-to-cortical bone ratios approach that in the spine, could be more sensitive. The difficulty of relocating the arm for photon absorptiometry can perhaps be solved for photon absorptiometry, or may be resolved by CT of the forearm. Correlation of the extreme distal radius with the spine is necessary to answer this question.

Activation Analysis↗
PubMed1982

[The effect of PSK on laryngeal cancer].

In order to examine effects of PSK (polysaccharide Kureha) on laryngeal cancer, clinical results of 28 patients treated by PSK were compared with those of 31 of the historical control group. Three months after treatments, the PSK group showed a higher cumulative survival rate and better results in immunological parameters such as counts of peripheral lymphocyte, PPD and PHA skin reaction. However, these differences between the PSK group and the control group were not significant statistically, except peripheral leucocyte counts. The side effect was found in one patient who complained of stomach discomfort after applicating PSK.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1993

Studies on lymphocyte characteristics in patients with homozygous alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor deficiency during substitution therapy.

Alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) has been demonstrated to suppress mitogen-induced lymphocyte response in vitro. To evaluate the effect of intravenous application of human alpha 1-PI (Prolastin HS) on cellular immunity, we determined total lymphocyte count, lymphocyte subsets and lymphocyte response to concanavalin A, before and 24 h after infusion of 60 mg.kg-1 body weight alpha 1-PI in eight patients with homozygous alpha 1-PI deficiency (PiZ phenotype). The results were compared with two blood samples from seven healthy controls. After infusion, serum alpha 1-PI levels were increased from 0.98 +/- 0.24 to 2.68 +/- 0.51 g.l-1. No significant differences were found for total lymphocyte count, lymphocyte subsets and lymphocyte response between both groups in both samples. Maximum 3H-thymidine incorporation before and after infusion showed no significant difference; the same was true for the two control samples. However, additional incubation in vitro with alpha 1-PI 5 g.l-1 led to a significant (p < 0.03) decrease of lymphocyte proliferation in samples after infusion. Our data indicate that alpha 1-PI substitution therapy does not lead to a major suppression of lymphocyte response to concanavalin A in PiZ individuals in vivo, although a suppressive effect was found after additional in vitro incubation with alpha 1-PI.

Homozygote↗
PubMed1993

Bone marrow toxicity by silver sulfadiazine.

The effect of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) on the production of granulocytes and macrophages was studied in a murine model of cutaneous injury. Application of SSD daily to mice receiving a 10 percent full-thickness total body surface area burn injury failed to demonstrate consistent suppression of the bone marrow at one, four or seven days postinjury. Mice undergoing a 10 percent full-thickness skin excision (SE) and daily SSD application (SE plus SSD) had a near 50 percent reduction in total peripheral blood leukocyte counts in comparison with a control group and untreated mice that were skin-excised (SE-U) (p < 0.03) to 0.002) on day one postinjury and maintained this reduction compared with SE-U at days four and seven postinjury. The absolute number of granulocytes in SE plus SSD was only 10 percent of control or SE-U (p < 0.04 to 0.002) at day one postinjury and remained less than SE-U at four and seven days postinjury. Femoral bone marrow assay of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) revealed a marked reduction in nucleated bone marrow cells for SE plus SSD compared with respect to control at days one and seven and SE-U at days four and seven (p < 0.02 to 0.001). GM-CFC were significantly depressed in SE plus SSD on day one compared with C and SE-U and day four compared with SE-U (p < 0.01 to 0.001), but returned to control values by day seven. When SSD (0.5 to 500.0 micrograms per milliliter) was added to culture plates containing maximally stimulated normal murine or human bone marrow cells, the colony count was depressed in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro SSD is directly cytotoxic to myelopoietic tissue, and in vivo, alters the myeloid cell compartment. These observations in combination may explain the transient leukopenia frequently observed in patients receiving topical chemoprophylaxis with SSD.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dye-mediated bactericidal effect of He-Ne laser irradiation on oral microorganisms.

Little attention has been given to the bactericidal effect of laser irradiation, particularly using low-power energy lasers. It has been demonstrated that He-Ne laser light has an inhibitory action on dental plaque. The purpose of this study was to investigate the bactericidal effect of He-Ne laser irradiation on cariogenic microorganisms. The bactericidal effect was determined by the formation of a growth-inhibitory zone or by the counting of viable bacterial colonies. Streptococcus sobrinus AHT that is a Gram-positive microorganism was sensitive to He-Ne laser light, but Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative microorganism, was resistant. The effect of several dyes necessary to instigate a bactericidal action was also examined. A growth-inhibitory zone was observed using 10 kinds of blue, purple, or green dyes, which were mainly phenylmethane dyes. The leakage of potassium from S. sobrinus AHT following laser irradiation was determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The leakage began to increase following irradiation for 2 min, and reached a plateau following irradiation for 30-60 min. Moreover, to examine some changes in the dye itself following laser irradiation in the absence of bacteria, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and 1H NMR spectra were recorded. In this study, it was indicated that the bactericidal effect on cariogenic bacteria by He-Ne laser irradiation was efficient only in the presence of specific dyes. It is suggested that this laser may be suitable for clinical applications in preventive dentistry.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of a tractor cab using real-time aerosol counting instrumentation.

Aerosol instrumentation was used to evaluate air infiltration into tractor cabs that are used to protect the agricultural worker during pesticide applications. Preliminary surveys were conducted on three different manufactured agriculture enclosures. The results of these preliminary surveys indicated that aerosols are entering the cab through leak sources or are being generated inside the cab. These results identified the need for in-depth field evaluations of tractor cabs to identify any leak sources. To evaluate the ability of tractor cabs to reduce operator air contaminant exposure, field evaluations were conducted on two tractor cabs. Specifically, we evaluated: 1) the particle size distribution and the effectiveness of the filter system; and 2) air infiltration into the cab. These evaluations were also conducted to demonstrate the ease and practicality of using optical particle counters to evaluate the ability of cabin filtration systems. Pesticide particle size distribution during an air blast spray operation was also evaluated during the study. The field tests were conducted on a John Deere 7000 series tractor cab (tractor manufacturer's cab) and a Nelson spraycab (retrofit cab). Both cabs were equipped with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter media which were assumed to be 99.97 percent efficient at removing the test aerosol, atmospheric condensation nuclei. Thus, the major source of aerosols inside the cab was assumed to be leakage around filters at the seals. Using a portable dust monitor (PDM), the ratio of the outside to inside aerosol measurements was used to calculate a cab protection factor. During the evaluations, one PDM was placed inside the tractor cab (near the tractor operator) and one PDM was placed outside (near the air intake) to count particles. During the evaluations, the instruments were switched to prevent instrument bias from affecting the findings. The ratio of the two measurements (i.e., protection factor = outside concentration / inside concentration) was used to calculate how efficient the tractor cab was at removing aerosols. The John Deere cab was more than 99 percent efficient at removing aerosols larger than 3.0 microm in diameter and had protection factors greater than 260 for particles larger than 3.0 microm (indicated by the PDM results). The Nelson cab was more than 99 percent efficient at removing aerosols larger than 3.0 microm in diameter and had protection factors greater than 200 for particles larger than 3.0 microm (indicated by the PDM results). For aerosols smaller than 1.0 microm in diameter (indicated by a PortaCount Plus instrument), the John Deere cab provided a mean protection factor of 43 and the Nelson cab provided a mean protection factor of 16. The results from this study indicate that tractor cabs can be effective at removing different size aerosols depending on the seals and filters used with the enclosure. This study has also demonstrated the practical use of real-time aerosol counting instrumentation to evaluate the effectiveness of enclosures and to help identify leak sources. The method used in this study can be applied to various cabs used in different industries including agriculture, construction, and manufacturing.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1995

[Applications of luminescence reactions in life science].

Bioluminescence and chemiluminescence have emerged in the last decade as a major tool for biochemical and biological studies. Several very sensitive assays have been developed in our laboratory such as enzymatic assays, immunoassays and detection of nucleic acids. The use of a new instrumentation allowing to dimensional photon counting has permit the emergence of new investigations at the cellular level. In addition to the advantages of sensitivity and the real-time non-invasive nature of this detection system, the imaging potential of using low-light and photon counting video cameras has been particularly influential in establishing its ascendence over more traditional systems. This review provides a reflection in this field through several applications in life sciences.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1991

A test procedure for evaluating surgical hand disinfection.

A technique for assessing the immediate and prolonged efficacy of surgical scrubs and alcoholic hand rubs is described. A mean baseline count is obtained from all volunteers and logarithmic reductions in resident skin flora immediately after one or more applications, and after wearing gloves for 3 h, are measured. Loose-fitting surgical gloves are used for sampling resident flora. Preparations were applied using a standard technique for 2 min, apart from one test with 70% isopropanol (IPA) in which the application time was 30 s. Two studies are described, one of which compared four chlorhexidine scrubs, and the second 70% IPA, 7.5% povidone-iodine scrub, 2% triclosan cleanser and unmedicated bar soap. In spite of their constituent similarity, the four chlorhexidine scrubs varied considerably in efficacy and user acceptability. A 2 min application of 70% IPA was the most effective treatment, and gave log10 reductions of 1.65 for immediate and 1.58 for prolonged effect. This was marginally more effective than a 30 s application, but the difference was not significant. 'Hibiscrub' was the most effective aqueous formulation and gave reductions of 1.01 for immediate effect and 1.16 for prolonged effect. The test described could be used by reference centres and manufacturers to assess the efficacy of new and existing surgical hand disinfection formulations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Thrombopoietin: Biology and Clinical Applications.

Thrombopoietin (also called c-Mpl ligand, megakaryocyte growth and development factor, megapoietin) has recently been purified and cloned. This molecule is indeed the long-sought-after hematopoietic factor that controls platelet production. Thrombopoietin levels increase within 24 h after the onset of thrombocytopenia and are inversely and exponentially proportional to the platelet count. Injection of thrombopoietin into animals stimulates the number, size and ploidy of bone marrow megakaryocytes and increases the platelet count up to ten-fold. Although human studies with several different forms of recombinant thrombopoietin have just begun, animal studies suggest a wide range of potential clinical applications. In animals, recombinant thrombopoietin reduced radiation- and chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, enhanced platelet recovery after bone marrow transplantation and increased the number of megakaryocyte precursor cells in stem cell harvests. Active at very low concentrations, thrombopoietin appears to have few adverse effects in animals. At very high doses, reversible marrow fibrosis has occasionally been seen, but despite platelet counts up to ten times normal, there is no evidence that it increased the risk of thrombosis. There is little likelihood that thrombopoietin will stimulate tumor growth since receptors for thrombopoietin have not been detected on solid tumors. Therefore, thrombopoietin promises to be a specific and effective stimulator of platelet production and will soon join erythropoietin and G/GM-CSF in the clinical armamentarium. Although thrombocytopenia is uncommon in most chemotherapy protocols, ongoing clinical studies will determine the role of thrombopoietin in the prevention and treatment of thrombocytopenia in oncology patients.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Automated immunofluorescence for enumeration of selected taxa in supragingival dental plaque.

The present study investigated a recently developed automated image analysis technique for its applicability to the enumeration of selected bacteria in supragingival dental plaque. Following initial calibration, the system is capable to count fluorescence-labeled target cells in up to 48 samples without user interference. Test samples contained a characteristic mixture of planktonic bacteria, small almost planar bacterial aggregates, and large, virtually indisruptable clumps with cells from multiple species. Due to their complex composition, these samples provided a challenging validation step for the image analysis system. Automated enumeration of target bacteria was compared with visual counting of the fluorescence-labeled bacteria. Results are shown for six taxa (Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia/Prev. nigrescens, Streptococcus gordonii/Strep. oralis/Strep. sanguis, Strep. sobrinus, and Veillonella dispar/ V. parvula) with characteristic differences in abundance, cell morphology and aggregation behavior. Results revealed good correspondence between the two enumeration techniques (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.77 to 0.92) provided that the portion of target bacteria exceeded 0.05% of the total bacterial cell number. This work demonstrates the applicability and usefulness of fully automated immunofluorescence to analyze such complex ecosystems as supragingival dental plaque.

Actinomyces↗