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PubMedDate not supplied

[Temperament and Character Inventory Revised (TCI-R). Standardization and normative data in a general population sample].

INTRODUCTION: The revised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R), a tool designed by C. R. Cloninger for the evaluation of the seven dimensions defined in his psychobiological model of personality, was translated and adapted to Spanish. The aim of the study was to obtain normative data and scales with T-scores in a incidental sample of the general Spanish population. METHODS: After adaptation to Spanish, the tool was administered to 400 subjects from several areas of Spain. The sample is stratified according to age and gender according to the year 2001 Spanish population census. We have studied the differences between men and women and the association between age and dimensions. We have checked the normal distribution of the traits, and proceeded with the standardization and normalization of the scores. RESULTS: We present the mean and standard deviation according to sex for each of the main dimensions and subscales. The scores of the main dimensions obtained for general population according to gender show a normal distribution that has allowed us to standardize them into T-scores. The reliability of the dimensions is high. There are differences in the means depending on gender: women scored higher in Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness. Men scored higher in Persistence. There were no high correlations between age and the dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the new TCI-R is an adequate tool for the study of personality dimensions of normal population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Impairment-oriented training and adaptive motor cortex reorganisation after stroke: a fTMS study.

In a sample of 28 subacute anterior circulation ischemic stroke patients with severe arm paresis, reduced motor cortex excitability (increased motor thresholds, reduced MEP amplitudes, reduced number of active points) and a reduced conduction velocity in the corticospinal system were found in the affected hemisphere. At the same time motor cortex topology for the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) representation was comparable for the affected and non-affected hemisphere. Considerable arm motor recovery (Fugl-Meyer test) was observed when assessed four weeks later after a period of rehabilitation intervention. Motor cortex excitability and conduction velocity in the corticospinal system improved in the affected hemisphere. In addition, APB representation showed a medial shift in patients with such a representation at pre test (n=14). Multiple stepwise regression indicated that of all transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters only the medial shift of the motor cortex map predicted motor recovery. Assessing the effect of training time (non-intensified vs. intensified therapy) and type of arm training (Bobath approach vs. Arm BASIS training) with a randomised controlled design revealed that the impairment-oriented Arm BASIS training improved motor control more than the control conditions. In addition, patients of the group receiving the Arm BASIS training with an APB representation at pre test showed a medial shift of the motor cortex map and improved conduction times. In conclusion, changes in motor cortex topology were likely to be relevant for motor recovery and might have been induced by the impairment-oriented training.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP): temporal stability and predictive validity of the diagnostic scales.

The authors investigated the test-retest reliability and predictive validity of the diagnostic scales from the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Participants were identified from a sample of 240 undergraduates who completed the SNAP and the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS-SR) at Time 1. The authors selected 50 people who met criteria for a personality disorder (PD) based on the SNAP and 50 who did not qualify for a diagnosis. Eighty-three of these people completed the SNAP and the SAS-SR for a second time approximately 9 months after initial screening. SNAP PD scales were relatively stable over time. Test-retest correlation coefficients ranged from .58 to .81. Scores on diagnostic scales for paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal PD were inversely related to self-reported levels of adjustment for social roles concerned with work as a student, leisure activities, and relationships with family. The results provide some evidence for the validity of the SNAP

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous adipose tissue biopsy by mini-liposuction for metabolic studies.

BACKGROUND: Large fat-biopsy samples are necessary for extensive simultaneous assays. Subcutaneous adipose tissue is generally obtained either by needle-biopsy aspiration (approximately 1 g) or by open surgical biopsy for larger samples. We propose a reliable technique that permits the removal of large adipose tissue samples percutaneously. METHODS: A vertical 5-mm slit was made in the abdominal skin of 15 obese patients, and a liposuction mini-cannula (10 cm x 3 mm) attached to a 20-mL sterile plastic syringe was inserted. A vacuum was created by withdrawing the syringe plunger and fixing it with a specially adapted clamp. RESULTS: We obtained 3- to 15-g samples of adipose tissue without conspicuous scarring or visible contour changes. A significant correlation between the body mass index and the amount of adipose tissue was observed (r = .50, p < .05). Isolated adipocytes remained highly viable, as evidenced by glucose transport under both basal and maximal insulin-stimulated conditions. The mini-liposuction procedure was fast, and once the mini-cannula was removed from the wound, patients could immediately move about freely. CONCLUSION: The new technique described here for fat biopsy using a mini-cannula is less traumatic than open surgical biopsy, and it permits the removal of larger adipose tissue samples than do the usual biopsy techniques. Furthermore, adipose cells are removed intact, and the simplicity of the method facilitates repeat biopsies.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Shame coping styles and psychopathic personality traits.

The convergent validity of the primary and secondary psychopathy scales of the Levenson, Kiehl, and Fitzpatrick (1995) Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRPS) were investigated by contrasting correlations between the two SRPS scales and self-report adaptive and maladaptive shame coping scales. The results, from a sample of 305 undergraduates, supported the convergent validity of the SRPS primary (selfish, uncaring, manipulative interpersonal style) and secondary (impulsivity and self-defeating behavior) scales; both possessed small but significant negative relationships with adaptive shame coping and small but significant positive relationships with externalizing shame coping. An opposing pattern of convergent validity was evidenced by partial correlations (controlling for SPRS scale covariance) that indicated the SRPS primary scale had a negative relationship and the secondary scale had a positive relationship to internalizing shame coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1982

Temperature adaptations in the terminal processes of anaerobic decomposition of yellowstone national park and icelandic hot spring microbial mats.

The optimum temperatures for methanogenesis in microbial mats of four neutral to alkaline, low-sulfate hot springs in Yellowstone National Park were between 50 and 60 degrees C, which was 13 to 23 degrees C lower than the upper temperature for mat development. Significant methanogenesis at 65 degrees C was only observed in one of the springs. Methane production in samples collected at a 51 or 62 degrees C site in Octopus Spring was increased by incubation at higher temperatures and was maximal at 70 degrees C. Strains of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were isolated from 50, 55, 60, and 65 degrees C sites in Octopus Spring at the temperatures of the collection sites. The optimum temperature for growth and methanogenesis of each isolate was 65 degrees C. Similar results were found for the potential rate of sulfate reduction in an Icelandic hot spring microbial mat in which sulfate reduction dominated methane production as a terminal process in anaerobic decomposition. The potential rate of sulfate reduction along the thermal gradient of the mat was greatest at 50 degrees C, but incubation at 60 degrees C of the samples obtained at 50 degrees C increased the rate. Adaptation to different mat temperatures, common among various microorganisms and processes in the mats, did not appear to occur in the processes and microorganisms which terminate the anaerobic food chain. Other factors must explain why the maximal rates of these processes are restricted to moderate temperatures of the mat ecosystem.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Adaptive estimation of latency changes in evoked potentials.

Changes in latency of evoked potentials (EP) may indicate clinically and diagnostically important changes in the status of the nervous system. A low signal-to-noise ratio of the EP signal makes it difficult to estimate small, transient, time-varying changes in latency, or delays. Here, we present an adaptive algorithm that estimates small delay (latency change) values even when EP signal amplitudes are time-varying. When the delay is time invariant, the adaptive algorithm produces an unbiased estimate with delay estimation error less than half of the sampling interval. A lower estimation error variance is obtained when, in a pair of signals, the adaptive algorithm delays the signal with the higher SNR. The adaptive algorithm delays the signal with the higher SNR. The adaptive delay estimation algorithm was tested on intra-operative recordings of somatosensory EP, and analysis of those recordings reveals that the anesthetic etomidate produces a step change in the amplitude and latency of the EP signals.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

Left ventricular hypertrophy and geometry in a population sample of elderly males.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that left ventricular geometric adaptation to hypertension is complex. The spectrum of geometric adaptations in a general population and its relationship to systolic and diastolic function has, however, not been investigated. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: This echocardiographic and Doppler study investigated the relationships between left ventricular geometric shape (normal, concentric remodelling, concentric hypertrophy and eccentric hypertrophy) and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in a population sample of 584 males aged 70 in Uppsala, Sweden. The influences of hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus were also evaluated. RESULTS: Sixteen percent of the healthy population (n = 167) demonstrated the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (mainly eccentric). Subjects with hypertension (n = 115) showed an increased left ventricular mass (eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy 31%, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy 15%), when compared with healthy subjects (P < 0.001). Subjects with coronary heart disease (n = 32) without hypertension also showed an increased left ventricular mass (most often eccentric) (P < 0.05). Using Doppler determinations of cardiac index, no differences were found in cardiac index between the geometric groups. Raised total peripheral resistance, increased blood pressure and enlarged left atrium were found in both concentric and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (P < 0.01-0.05). Disturbed diastolic function was seen with a prolongation of the isovolumic relaxation time in eccentric (P < 0.01) and increased atrial-dependent left ventricular filling in concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Alterations in left ventricular geometry were common in this population-based study of elderly males, both in healthy subjects and in subjects with hypertension or coronary heart disease. Raised total peripheral resistance and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction were common findings in both concentric and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Sampling and interpolation of the a-wave of the electroretinogram.

UNLABELLED: This study was undertaken (a) to determine the minimum sampling frequency required to record a-waves evoked by flashes of very high energy without significant distortion and (b) to demonstrate that data sampled at a minimally adequate frequency can be interpolated to reconstruct the original waveform. METHODS: Dark-adapted ERGs from two anaesthetized macaque monkeys and an adult human were studied. Responses evoked by high-energy flashes that produced a-waves peaking as early as 5 or 6 ms after the flash were sampled at 5 kHz and transformed to obtain their discrete Fourier spectra. The amplitude of all spectral components above some cut-off frequency (e.g., 400 Hz) was then set to zero and the modified spectra transformed back into the time domain. The resulting computed responses, which contained no Fourier components above the cut-off frequency, were compared with the original recorded samples. To assess the validity of one method of interpolation, sample sets consisting of every fifth point of records sampled at 5 kHz (i.e., sets of 1 kHz samples) were subjected to Fourier transformation to give spectra with a frequency range of 0-500 Hz. These spectra were extended from 500 Hz up to a much higher frequency (e.g., 8 kHz) by adding zeros. The extended spectra were transformed back into the time domain to provide sets of interpolated samples at twice the chosen spectral frequency limit (i.e., 16 kHz). RESULTS: Removing all Fourier components above 400 or 500 Hz had no significant effect upon the leading edge or peak of the a-wave. However, removing Fourier components above 500 Hz gave rise to slight distortion of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) that appeared just after the a-wave peak on the leading edge of the b-wave. Except for this small distortion, the original 5 kHz data samples corresponded very well with the interpolated curves that had been generated as described above from a 1 kHz subset of the samples. This provides further confirmation that dark-adapted ERG a-waves evoked by flashes of up to about 50,000 sc. Td sc do not contain Fourier components with frequencies above 500 Hz. CONCLUSION: Human and macaque a-waves are completely represented by 1 kHz samples and Fourier methods can be used to reconstruct the original continuous waveform. However, to capture the OPs with complete fidelity, a higher sampling rate is necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effects of cadmium in feed, and its amelioration with zinc, on element balances in sheep.

The effects of feeding Cd to sheep at a level that is typical of polluted regions were investigated, as well as possible amelioration by adding Zn to the diet. Welsh Mountain ewes (n = 24) were fed herb-age and concentrate in metabolism crates, with four supplement treatments in a two-factor factorial design: no supplement, Cd supplement only, Zn supplement only, and a combination of both the Cd and Zn supplement. Cadmium (286 microg/kg of feed DMI) and Zn (8.6 mg/kg feed DMI) were added as sulfates. Food and water intakes and element balances were recorded over 20 d after 7 d dietary adaptation, and element concentrations were determined in wool samples. Neither metal affected DMI or digestibility (P > 0.15), but water intake (P = 0.001) and urine output (P = 0.03) were decreased when only the Zn supplement was added. Water retention was increased by the Cd supplement (P = 0.04). In wool, the Cd supplement greatly increased the K concentration if no Zn supplement was fed (P = 0.02), and the Zn supplement decreased Mn concentration (P = 0.02). Cadmium in feed increased the Cd balance and produced several mineral disturbances, in particular a decrease in Na balance that is typical of renal tubular disorders. Adding Zn as well as Cd to feed returned the Cd balance to a level similar to that of sheep receiving neither Cd nor Zn, which suggests that Zn status is critical in determining whether Cd in feed increases the Cd balance in sheep. Feeding Cd also increased urinary K, Fe, Mo, Cr, B, and Ca concentrations, even when supplementary Zn was fed. It is concluded that low levels of Cd in sheep feed can increase the Cd balance if adequate Zn is not provided, which can lead to subclinical mineral disturbances and changes in the mineral concentrations in wool.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Long-term light adaptation in photoreceptors of the housefly, Musca domestica.

The photoreceptors of many animals adapt, when illuminated, by reducing their sensitivities to light and improving their response speeds. Light adaptation is usually considered to be rapid and complete within minutes. However, under bright light conditions, I show that functionally significant improvements in impulse response amplitude and speed continue over the course of an hour in photoreceptors of the fly, Musca domestica. After sustained illumination, the average information rate, a measure of signalling performance, improved by 28% in a sample of sixteen photoreceptors. This long-term light adaptation is a robust phenomenon across animals and is repeatable within the same cell when light-adapting sessions are separated by a period of darkness. White-noise analysis of voltage responses to light and current stimuli indicate that much of the long-term changes observed are attributable to an improvement in the reliability with which photoreceptors register the timing of photon absorptions. It is also found that the impedance amplitude of the photoreceptor increases during long-term adaptation, suggesting that the area of the photoreceptor's membrane is reduced.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2006

Short- and long-term variations of norovirus concentrations in the Meuse river during a 2-year study period.

Faecally impacted surface waters used for drinking water production may encompass risk for norovirus infections. To be able to assess a possible health risk, noroviruses should be quantified and fluctuations identified. In 2001, norovirus concentrations in the river Meuse displayed a seasonal distribution with high peaks during wintertime as determined by RT-PCR on serially diluted RNA. An intensified day-by-day sampling scheme in the winter of 2002/2003 revealed that the winter peak consisted of several peaks of varying duration and magnitude, possibly due to contamination events in the catchment. The highest estimated concentration was 1700 PCR-detectable units per litre (95% CI 250-8000), which if coinciding with failing treatment could lead to significant numbers in drinking water. Adaptive dynamic filtering was shown to adequately predict subsequent sample concentrations. If valid, such analyses could prove to be useful as early warning systems in risk management of water sources.

Netherlands↗
PubMed2001

Use of alternative/complementary therapy in breast cancer patients--a psychological perspective.

The objectives of this study were to assess the additional use of alternative (complementary) therapies in patients with breast cancer who were receiving conventional treatment and to compare patients using alternative therapies with patients receiving only conventional treatment with special reference to psychological adaptation, causal attribution and quality of life. A sample of 117 female out-patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer filled in the following assessment instruments: FQCI (Freiburg Questionnaire for Coping with Illness), PUK (Causal Attribution Questionnaire), EORTC QLQ-C30 (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire), POMS (Profile of Mood States), and a self-developed questionnaire on alternative therapies. Nearly half the patients (47%, n = 55) reported that they had used alternative therapies in addition to conventional treatment. The methods applied most frequently were nutrition-related measures (special drinks, vitamin preparations and whole-foods - each applied by about 50% of users), mistletoe preparations (49%), trace elements (47%), and homeopathy (31%). Compared with patients receiving only conventional treatment, the users of alternative therapy were younger and better educated. Users developed a more active style of illness coping than nonusers and showed more religious involvement. Patients using a large number of alternative therapies (>3) tended to adopt a more depressive coping style than those using only a small number (< or =3). For a substantial proportion of cancer patients alternative therapies apparently fulfil an important psychological need. However, a subgroup of patients using many alternative therapies seem to have considerable adjustment problems. In dealing with cancer patients the treatment team should be aware of both these groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Radiation-induced apoptosis in human tumor cell lines: adaptive response and split-dose effect.

Irradiation of human ovarian carcinoma cells (OVCAR 3) and myeloma cells (RPMI 8226) with graded doses of 137Cs-gamma-rays led to a 35-40% increase in time-dependent apoptosis 72 hr after 6-8 Gy irradiation. Large individual variations in sensitivity to radiation-induced apoptosis were noted in human lymphocytes obtained from 5 donors. Pretreatment of OVCAR 3 and RPMI 8226 cells with 0.01 Gy increased their resistance to apoptosis after subsequent 6 Gy irradiation several hours or 48 and 72 hr later. A dose of 4 or 8 Gy given in 2 equal fractions at an interval of a few hours produced a low level of apoptosis compared to that resulting from a single administration of the same total dose. Adaptive response was demonstrated in 2 out of 3 samples of human lymphocytes isolated from different donors, and no split-dose effect for apoptosis was noted in 2 other donors. In split-dose experiments, there was no correlation between the sensitivity of cells to apoptosis and their position in the cell cycle, after the first half-dose. No G1 block was observed in irradiated cell lines. Adaptive response and split-dose effect were prevented by 3-aminobenzamide and okadaic acid which inhibit poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and protein phosphatase, respectively. These results imply a common mechanism for acquired resistance to radiation-induced apoptosis in adaptive response and the split-dose effect.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2005

Personality subtypes in eating disorders: validation of a classification in a naturalistic sample.

BACKGROUND: Research has identified three personality subtypes in patients with eating disorders: emotionally dysregulated, constricted and high-functioning/perfectionistic. AIMS: To see whether the subtypes are distinguished in ways indicative of valid classification, notably in patterns of adaptive functioning, comorbidity, treatment response and therapeutic interventions. METHOD: A random sample of experienced clinicians provided data on 145 patients with bulimic symptoms, including data on eating disorder symptoms, DSM-IV comorbidity, personality pathology, treatment response and treatment interventions. RESULTS: Patients categorised as dysregulated had the poorest functioning, most comorbidity and worst outcome, followed by patients in the constricted and high-functioning groups. The three subtypes elicited different therapeutic interventions and accounted for substantial incremental variance in outcome, holding constant the severity of eating disorder symptoms and presence of other Axis I disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The data provide accumulating evidence for the validity of three personality subtypes in patients with eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Effects of virginiamycin and monensin plus tylosin on ruminal protein metabolism in steers fed corn-based finishing diets with or without wet corn gluten feed.

Six ruminally cannulated steers (345 +/- 20 kg initial BW) were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square to evaluate effects of diet and antibiotics on ruminal protein metabolism. Two diets and three antibiotic treatments were arranged factorially. One diet contained (DM basis) 72% dry-rolled corn, 12% soybean meal, 10% alfalfa hay, and 4% molasses (SBM), and the other contained 63% dry-rolled corn, 30% wet corn gluten feed, and 5% alfalfa hay (WCGF). Antibiotic treatments included control, virginiamycin (175 mg/d; VM), and monensin/tylosin (250 and 100 mg/d, respectively; MT). Steers were fed at 12-h intervals at a rate of 2.4% of empty BW daily. Each period included 18 d of adaptation and 3 d of ruminal fluid collections. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h after the morning feeding on d 19 and 20. On d 21, rumens were dosed 2 h after the morning feeding with 350 g of solubilized casein to evaluate in vivo ruminal protease and deaminase activities. Ruminal fluid samples were collected 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h after the casein dose. On d 19 and 20, antibiotics had no effect on ruminal pH or concentrations of VFA, lactate, ammonia, ciliated protozoa, alpha-amino nitrogen (AAN), or peptide N, but VM reduced (P < 0.01) the concentration of isovalerate compared to MT and control. After casein dosing (d 21), peptide N concentration was unaffected by antibiotics, but AAN were higher (P < 0.01) for VM than MT and control. Relative to MT and control, VM reduced ruminal isovalerate (P = 0.05) and increased ruminal propionate (P < 0.01) on d 21. Ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.01) in steers fed SBM than in steers fed WCGF, but lactate concentrations were unaffected by diet. Steers fed SBM had higher (P < 0.05) ruminal concentrations of total VFA and propionate. Ammonia concentrations were lower before feeding and higher after feeding for steers fed WCGF (P < 0.01). Steers fed WCGF had higher counts of total ciliated protozoa than steers fed SBM (P < 0.05) due to greater Entodinium sp. (P < 0.05). Steers fed WCGF had higher (P < 0.01) ruminal AAN and peptide N concentrations than those fed SBM on d 19 and 20. After casein dosing, ruminal peptide N concentrations were similar, but AAN were lower (P < 0.01) for WCGF than SBM. Overall, VM appeared to depress ruminal deaminase activity, and MT had minimal effects on ruminal fermentation products. The protein in WCGF appeared to be more readily degradable than that in SBM.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1997

[Severe streptococcal complications in varicella].

BACKGROUND: An increase in the incidence of group A beta hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections in children has been recently noted with a frequent association with varicella. CASE REPORTS: Two children, 3 and 4.5 years old, developed varicella. The first one was febrile and presented a phlyctene on his left foot. Few hours after his admission, he presented a septic shock; GABHS was isolated from blood. Despite immediate adapted antibiotherapy, he developed a right tibial osteomyelitis with abscess. The second child also developed varicella and was hospitalized because of fever, bad general condition, right cervical adenitis and edema on the left wrist. Edema rapidly extended to the hand and upper arm. One purulent lesion was noted on the upper arm from whom Staphylococcus aureus and GABHS were isolated. Blood samples were sterile. The clinical course was favorable with adapted antibiotherapy. A cutaneous desquamation was observed on the 9th day and we concluded that it was a GABHS cellulitis. CONCLUSION: These two cases confirm the recent report of increase in GABHS infections associated with varicella. Such complications must be looked for in patients with varicella remaining abnormally febrile and/or presenting unusual manifestations.

Chickenpox↗
PubMed2001

Saliva as a medium for investigating intra- and interindividual differences in sex hormone levels in premenopausal women.

Repeated measurement of ovarian steroids in saliva could provide an advantage in studies estimating long-term sex steroid exposure in premenopausal women, by reducing the measurement error associated with collection of serum or urine samples. We previously reported on characteristics of ultrasensitive RIAs adapted for extraction-free measurement of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PG) in saliva. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the consistency of E2 and PG levels in saliva in the same women across menstrual cycles, and to compare this with the variation observed between women. We also evaluated the effect of altering the number of consecutive daily samples considered and the method for locating a particular cycle day in relation to ovulation (day 0). Study participants included 12 healthy women who provided daily saliva samples for two consecutive, ovulatory menstrual cycles. A single midluteal serum sample was collected 7-8 days after detection of a luteinizing hormone (LH) peak in urine. We plotted individual cycle profiles and computed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for various definitions of peak and cumulative daily hormone level. For peak PG, determined as the maximal running 3-day mean, ICC was 0.68. For cumulative PG, based on 8 consecutive cycle days (+2 to +9), ICCs were 0.72-0.76 when reverse dating LH peak or rise in salivary PG determined day 0. For E2, ICCs ranged from 0.74 to 0.79 by various dating methods for the 5 preovulatory days (-4-0), and from 0.85 to 0.92 for the 15 days about the center of the cycle (-6 to +8). With exclusion of just the first 5 days of the cycle, the ICC for E2 was 0.91. For both E2 and PG, selection of 5 or 7 days for the estimation of the midluteal mean level provided separation of within and between subject variance that was comparable with a LH-timed serum sample. These results indicate that daily saliva samples can be combined to clarify the interindividual differences in E2 and PG levels in premenopausal women, and that these interindividual differences may be greater than previously imagined.

Adult↗