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PubMed2002

Microbeams: a potent mix of physics and biology. Summary of the 5th International Workshop on Microbeam Probes of Cellular Radiation Response.

Single-cell microbeam irradiators are of increasing interest to the biological community. The 5th International Workshop on Microbeam Probes of Cellular Radiation Response, which took place in Stresa, Italy, in May 2001, was attended by about 120 registrants, roughly evenly divided between physicists and biologists. Many new microbeam devices are now under development, and there has been a significant diversification of the biological questions addressed. Most current uses of microbeams have been to address radiobiological questions, but the advent of sub-micrometre targeting capabilities, and the development of new single-cell assays, point to the potential for microbeams to make an important contribution to biological, and not just radiobiological, studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Report of a workshop on issues in brain tissue acquisition.

In the recent past the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has been interested in developing a research initiative to stimulate human brain research on the biological characteristics of schizophrenic brain tissue. The Schizophrenia Research Branch of the Division of Clinical Research of NIMH sponsored a workshop to study the issues of impediments to research on human brain tissue and develop recommendations for solving some of these problems. This article is the first implementation of one of these recommendations, that is, to provide information to the scientific community that brain tissue donations are important and that appropriate means must be taken in order for a donation to proceed.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

A summary of the FDA-NIMH-MATRICS workshop on clinical trial design for neurocognitive drugs for schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: On April 23, 2004, a joint meeting of the FDA, NIMH, MATRICS investigators, and experts from academia and the pharmaceutical industry was convened to develop guidelines for the design of clinical trials of cognitive-enhancing drugs for neurocognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: Experts were asked to address specific questions relating to clinical trial design of adjunctive/co-treatment and broad spectrum agents. At the workshop, experts reviewed relevant evidence before offering the discussion panel proposed guidelines for a given subset of questions. The discussion panel, which consisted of presenters and representatives from FDA, NIMH, academia, and industry, deliberated to reach consensus on suggested guidelines. When evidence was insufficient, suggested guidelines represent the opinion of a cross-section of the presenters and discussion panel. RESULTS: Guidelines were developed for inclusion criteria, the use of co-primary outcome measures, and statistical approaches for study design. Consensus was achieved regarding diagnostic and concomitant medication inclusion criteria and on the use of cognitive screening measures. A key guideline was to limit the trial to patients in the residual phase of their illness, who have a predefined level of positive, negative, and affective symptoms. The most difficult issues were the feasibility of including a co-primary measure of functional improvement and the choice of comparator agent for a trial of a broad spectrum agent (with antipsychotic and cognitive-enhancing effects). CONCLUSIONS: The suggested guidelines represent reasonable starting points for trial design of cognitive-enhancing drugs, with the understanding that new data, subsequent findings, or other methodological considerations may lead to future modifications.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2000

Cognitive tests: interpretation for neurotoxicity? (Workshop summary).

The appropriate use and interpretation of cognitive tests presents important challenges to the toxicologist and to the risk assessor. For example, intelligence cannot be measured directly; rather intelligence is quantified indirectly by scoring responses (i.e., behaviors) to specific situations (problems). This workshop, "Cognitive Tests: Interpretation for Neurotoxicity?" provided an overview on the types of cognitive tests available and described approaches by which the validity of such tests can be assessed. Unlike many tools available to the toxicologist, cognitive tests have a particular advantage. Being noninvasive and species-neutral, the same test can be performed in different mammalian species. This enhances one's ability to assess the validity of test results. Criteria for test validity include comparable responses across species as well as similar disruption by the same neurotoxicant across species. Test batteries, such as the Operant Test Battery, have indicated remarkable similarity between monkeys and children with respect to performance of certain tasks involving, for example, short-term memory. Still, there is a need for caution in interpretation of such tests. In particular, cognitive tests, especially when performed in humans, are subject to confounding by a range of factors, including age, gender, and, in particular, education. Moreover, the ability of such tests to reflect intelligence must be considered. Certain aspects of intelligence, such as the ability to plan or carry out specific tasks, are not well reflected by many of the standard tests of cognition. Nonetheless, although still under development, cognitive tests do hold promise for reliably predicting neurotoxicity in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Harmonization of cancer and noncancer risk assessment: proceedings of a consensus-building workshop.

Significant advancements have been made toward the use of all relevant scientific information in health risk assessments. This principle has been set forth in risk-assessment guidance documents of international agencies including those of the World Health Organization's International Programme on Chemical Safety, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Health Canada. Improving the scientific basis of risk assessment is a leading strategic goal of the Society of Toxicology. In recent years, there has been a plethora of mechanistic research on modes of chemical toxicity that establishes mechanistic links between noncancer responses to toxic agents and subsequent overt manifestations of toxicity such as cancer. The research suggests that differences in approaches to assessing risk of cancer and noncancer toxicity need to be resolved and a common broad paradigm for dose-response assessments developed for all toxicity endpoints. In November 1999, a workshop entitled "Harmonization of Cancer and Noncancer Risk Assessment" was held to discuss the most critical issues involved in developing a more consistent and unified approach to risk assessment for all endpoints. Invited participants from government, industry, and academia discussed focus questions in the areas of mode of action as the basis for harmonization, common levels of adverse effect across toxicities for use in dose-response assessments, and scaling and uncertainty factors. This report summarizes the results of those discussions. There was broad agreement, albeit not unanimous, that current science supports the development of a harmonized set of principles that guide risk assessments for all toxic endpoints. There was an acceptance among the participants that understanding the mode of action of a chemical is ultimately critical for nondefault risk assessments, that common modes of action for different toxicities can be defined, and that our approach to assessing toxicity should be biologically consistent.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Workshop overview: approaches to the assessment of the allergenic potential of food from genetically modified crops.

There is a need to assess the safety of foods deriving from genetically modified (GM) crops, including the allergenic potential of novel gene products. Presently, there is no single in vitro or in vivo model that has been validated for the identification or characterization of potential food allergens. Instead, the evaluation focuses on risk factors such as source of the gene (i.e., allergenic vs. nonallergenic sources), physicochemical and genetic comparisons to known allergens, and exposure assessments. The purpose of this workshop was to gather together researchers working on various strategies for assessing protein allergenicity: (1) to describe the current state of knowledge and progress that has been made in the development and evaluation of appropriate testing strategies and (2) to identify critical issues that must now be addressed. This overview begins with a consideration of the current issues involved in assessing the allergenicity of GM foods. The second section presents information on in vitro models of digestibility, bioinformatics, and risk assessment in the context of clinical prevention and management of food allergy. Data on rodent models are presented in the next two sections. Finally, nonrodent models for assessing protein allergenicity are discussed. Collectively, these studies indicate that significant progress has been made in developing testing strategies. However, further efforts are needed to evaluate and validate the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of many of these assays for determining the allergenicity potential of GM foods.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Workshop overview: reassessment of the cancer risk of dichloromethane in humans.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) classifies dichloromethane (DCM) as a "probable human carcinogen," based upon its risk assessment conducted in the late 1980s (http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0070.htm). Since that time, cancer risk-assessment practices have evolved, leading to improved scientifically based methods for estimating risk and for illuminating as well as reducing residual uncertainties. A new physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed, using data from human volunteers exposed to low DCM levels, that provides new information on the human to human variability in DCM metabolism and elimination (L. M. Sweeney et al., 2004, Toxicol. Lett. 154, 201-216). This information, along with data from other published human studies, has been used to develop a new cancer risk estimation model utilizing probabilistic methodology similar to that employed recently by U.S. EPA for other chemicals (ENVIRON Health Sciences Institute, 2005, Development of population cancer risk estimates for environmental exposure to dichloromethane using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Final Report to Eastman Kodak Company). This article summarizes the deliberations of a scientific peer-review panel convened on 3 and 4 May 2005 at the CIIT Centers for Health Research in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, to review the "state of the science" for DCM and to critically evaluate the new information for its utility in assessing potential human cancer risks from DCM exposure. The panel (Melvin E Andersen, CIIT Centers for Health Research, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; A. John Bailer, Miami University, Scripps Gerontology Center, Oxford, OH 45056; Kenneth S. Crump, ENVIRON Health Sciences Institute, Ruston, LA 71270; Clifford R. Elcombe, University of Dundee, Biomedical Research Centre, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom; Linda S. Erdreich, Exponent, 420 Lexington Avenue, Suite 1740, New York, NY 10170; Jeffery W. Fisher, University of Georgia, Department of Environmental Health Science, Athens, GA 30602; David Gaylor, Gaylor and Associates, LLC, Eureka Springs, AR 72631; F Peter Guengerich, Vanderbilt University, Department of Biochemistry, Nashville, TN 37232; Kenneth Mundt, ENVIRON Health Sciences Institute, Amherst, MA 01004; Lorenz R Rhomberg, Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, MA 021138; Charles Timchalk, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352), chaired by M.E.A., was composed of experts in xenobiotic metabolism and carcinogenic mechanisms, PBPK modeling, epidemiology, biostatistics, and quantitative risk assessment. Observers included representatives from U.S. EPA, CIIT, and Eastman Kodak Company (Kodak), as well as several consultants to Kodak. The workshop was organized and sponsored by Kodak, which employs DCM as a solvent in the production of imaging materials. Overall, the panel concluded that the new models for DCM risk assessment were scientifically and technically sound and represented an advance over those employed in past assessments.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed1996

Report of the Workshop on Nasal and Related Extranodal Angiocentric T/Natural Killer Cell Lymphomas. Definitions, differential diagnosis, and epidemiology.

A workshop jointly sponsored by the University of Hong Kong and the Society for Hematopathology explored the definition, differential diagnosis, and epidemiology of angiocentric lymphomas presenting in the nose and other extranodal sites. The participants concluded that nasal T/natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma is a distinct clinicopathologic entity highly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In situ hybridization for EBV an be very valuable in early diagnosis, especially if tissue is sparse. The cytologic spectrum is broad, ranging from small or medium-sized cells to large transformed cells. Histologic progression often occurs with time. Necrosis is nearly always present, and angioinvasion by tumor cells is seen in most cases. Nasal T/NK cell lymphoma has a characteristic immunophenotype: CD2-positive, CD56-positive, but usually negative for surface CD3. Cytoplasmic CD3 can be detected in paraffin sections. Clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangement is not found. Tumors with an identical phenotype and genotype occur in other extranodal sites, most commonly in the skin, subcutis, and gastrointestinal tract, and should be referred to as nasal-type T/NK cell lymphomas. The differential diagnosis includes lymphomatoid granulomatosis, blastic or monomorphic NK cell lymphoma/leukemia, CD56-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1987

Impact of workshop on students' and physicians' rejecting behaviors in patient interviews.

The "dehumanization" process is often documented among medical students during their clinical clerkship and among physicians. This dehumanization is characterized by an increase in rejecting behaviors (manifested by sarcasm, verbal rejection, contempt, evading eye contact, and ignoring patients' verbal or nonverbal cues) and a decrease in supporting, empathic behaviors. In the study reported here, the authors observed rejecting behaviors during medical interviews and determined that participation in a workshop on supporting behaviors in the medical interview resulted in long-term decrease or abolishment of rejecting behaviors among medical students and physicians.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Estimating the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Report of a workshop on methodological issues Ghent (Belgium), 17-20 February 1992. The Working Group on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV.

PURPOSE: In the last 8 years, numerous cohort studies have been conducted to estimate the rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Many of these have faced problems in data collection and analysis, making it difficult to compare transmission rates between studies. This workshop on methodological aspects of the study of MTCT of HIV-1 was held in Ghent (Belgium) in February 1992. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Fourteen teams of investigators participated, representing studies from Central (five) and Eastern Africa (three), Europe (two), Haiti (one) and the United States (three). A critical evaluation of the projects was carried out, under four headings: (1) enrollment and follow-up procedures, (2) diagnostic criteria and case definitions, (3) measurement and comparison of MTCT rates and (4) determinants of transmission. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS: Reported transmission rates ranged from 13 to 32% in industrialized countries and from 25 to 48% in developing countries. However, no direct comparisons could be made because methods of calculation differed from study to study. Based on this review, a common methodology was developed. Agreement was reached on definitions of HIV-related signs/symptoms, paediatric AIDS and HIV-related deaths. A classification system of children born to HIV-1-infected mothers according to their probable HIV infection status during the first 15 months of life, allowed the elaboration of a direct method of computation of the transmission rate and of an indirect method for studies with a comparison group of children born to HIV-seronegative mothers. This standardized approach was subsequently applied to selected data sets. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology can now be applied to all studies with sufficient follow-up and comparisons made between transmission rates. This step is essential for assessing determinants of transmission and for the development of a common approach for the evaluation of interventions aimed at reducing or interrupting MTCT of HIV.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunologic monitoring of cancer vaccine therapy: results of a workshop sponsored by the Society for Biological Therapy.

The Society for Biological Therapy held a Workshop last fall devoted to immune monitoring for cancer immunotherapy trials. Participants included members of the academic and pharmaceutical communities as well as the National Cancer Institute and the Food and Drug Administration. Discussion focused on the relative merits and appropriate use of various immune monitoring tools. Six breakout groups dealt with assays of T-cell function, serologic and proliferation assays to assess B cell and T helper cell activity, and enzyme-linked immunospot assay, tetramer, cytokine flow cytometry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays of T-cell immunity. General conclusions included: (1) future vaccine studies should be designed to determine whether T-cell dysfunction (tumor-specific and nonspecific) correlated with clinical outcome; (2) tetramer-based assays yield quantitative but not functional data (3) enzyme-linked immunospot assays have the lowest limit of detection (4) cytokine flow cytometry have a higher limit of detection than enzyme-linked immunospot assay, but offer the advantages of speed and the ability to identify subsets of reactive cells; (5) antibody tests are simple and accurate and should be incorporated to a greater extent in monitoring plans; (6) proliferation assays are imprecise and should not be emphasized in future studies; (7) the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay is a promising research approach that is not ready for widespread application; and (8)there is a critical need to validate these assays as surrogates for vaccine potency and clinical effect. Current data and opinion support the use of a functional assay like the enzyme-linked immunospot assay or cytokine flow cytometry in combination with a quantitative assay like tetramers for immune monitoring. At present, assays appear to be most useful as measures of vaccine potency. Careful immune monitoring in association with larger scale clinical trials ultimately may enable the correlation of monitoring results with clinical benefit.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Metal on metal total hip replacement workshop consensus document.

The objective of this workshop was to provide a forum to discuss the reintroduction of metal on metal bearings for clinical use in total hip arthroplasty. Approximately 100 researchers clinicians, and industry representatives presented the state of the art interpretation of the metal on metal total hip replacement's past performance, and the clinical, tribologic, and biologic considerations of all metal bearings. Based on the scientific presentations at the symposium, the extant literature, the clinical experience of the panelists, and the current regulatory, legal, and economic environment, consensus statements were developed.

Alloys↗
PubMed1988

Self-management "additives" for improving work productivity of mentally retarded workers in sheltered workshops.

This study compared the effects of "typical" staff supervision to "typical" staff supervision plus one of two self-management strategies for improving work productivity of eight mentally retarded workers in a sheltered workshop. The first self-management strategy consisted of self monitoring plus one minute goal setting at the beginning of each half-day of work plus one minute of back-up social contigencies at the end of each half-day of work. The second self-management strategy was the same as that described above, plus a monetary bonus system for productivity. Procedural reliabilities were obtained on the components of the "typical" staff supervisory strategy and the self-management strategies. Both self-management strategies produced an increase in worker productivity, and there was little to recommend one over the other. Some limitations of existing research on self-management procedures for improving productivity of mentally retarded workers were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pathways to improved radiologic research. An NIH workshop.

In summary, the workshop recommended two years of research training as being essential for radiologists to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to begin a successful research career in today's funding and academic environment. Many pathways can combine two years of research training and provide fulfillment of existing requirements to achieve specialty certification and subspecialty credentialing. Departments of radiology supporting the beginning qualified investigator should allow him or her approximately 75% research time for the first three years of the academic appointment. Departmental research time accorded faculty members may best be concentrated on a few individuals, providing them sufficient time to be competitive for peer-reviewed grants and enabling research advances to provide a solid foundation for the future of radiologic imaging.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Stanford Health Partners: rationale and early experiences in establishing physician group visits and chronic disease self-management workshops.

Chronic disease is a major public health problem. The day-to-day management of a chronic illness requires accurate patient reporting and timely medical response. Patient group visits with the primary care physician and lay-led patient education workshops improve the provider-physician relationship, promote patient self-efficacy and self-management of chronic diseases, and facilitate positive health care outcomes. This article describes how group visits are being integrated into the clinical routine of a health care system.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The Professional Transitions Workshop. Cornerstones of practice.

The Professional Transitions Workshop is a new program that integrates the Professional Advancement Program (clinical ladder) and the Professional Model of Practice (primary nursing). Together, these two programs provide the philosophical and structural foundations of professional practice and empower nurses to articulate the defining features of their clinical experiences. Educating staff members about these programs emphasizes critical thinking and storytelling as important skills for the professional nurse. The authors describe the advantages, processes, and outcomes of this change.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed1993

Examining issues in health care delivery for asthma. Background and workshop overview.

There have been recent increases in asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality in the United States. There is substantial evidence that problems in health care delivery may be contributing to these recent trends. Because of these recent changes, a reduction in asthma-related morbidity has been identified as a new national health objective for the year 2000. This article reviews some of the key aspects of patterns of asthma care in the United States, presents an overview of issues that may play a prominent role in the delivery of care, and provides an overview of the organization of the workshop.

Asthma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A mini publication workshop for students.

A mini workshop on publishing is one teaching strategy that has been successfully used to teach a research class how to disseminate research findings. By taking students step by step through the publication process, using specific examples from faculty members' publishing experiences, some of the mystery behind publishing is lifted. Also, nursing students become more confident in their own ability to publish manuscripts.

Education, Nursing↗