Suedohomofoan effects in visual word recognition: evidence for phonological processing.
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Form Perception↗
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The Palmer notation system and its use with personal computer applications.
The arguments for and against the Palmer dental notation system are briefly discussed, including the perceived difficulty of reproducing this on personal computers. Some technical solutions to the problems encountered in everyday Windows-based programs are outlined, with suggestions as to possible future applications.
Computer Communication Networks↗
Speech recognition in fluctuating and continuous maskers: effects of hearing loss and presentation level.
Listeners with normal-hearing sensitivity recognize speech more accurately in the presence of fluctuating background sounds, such as a single competing voice, than in unmodulated noise at the same overall level. These performance differences are greatly reduced in listeners with hearing impairment, who generally receive little benefit from fluctuations in masker envelopes. If this lack of benefit is entirely due to elevated quiet thresholds and the resulting inaudibility of low-amplitude portions of signal + masker, then listeners with hearing impairment should derive increasing benefit from masker fluctuations as presentation levels increase. Listeners with normal-hearing (NH) sensitivity and listeners with hearing impairment (HI) were tested for sentence recognition at moderate and high presentation levels in competing speech-shaped noise, in competing speech by a single talker, and in competing time-reversed speech by the same talker. NH listeners showed more accurate recognition at moderate than at high presentation levels and better performance in fluctuating maskers than in unmodulated noise. For these listeners, modulated versus unmodulated performance differences tended to decrease at high presentation levels. Listeners with HI, as a group, showed performance that was more similar across maskers and presentation levels. Considered individually, only 2 out of 6 listeners with HI showed better overall performance and increasing benefit from masker fluctuations as presentation level increased. These results suggest that audibility alone does not completely account for the group differences in performance with fluctuating maskers; suprathreshold processing differences between groups also appear to play an important role. Competing speech frequently provided more effective masking than time-reversed speech containing temporal fluctuations of equal magnitude. This finding is consistent with "informational" masking resulting from competitive processing of words and phrases within the speech masker that would notoccur for time-reversed sentences.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Extended communication samples of augmented communicators. I: A comparison of individualized versus standard single-word vocabularies.
Vocabulary selection for linguistically intact augmented communicators is a growing clinical concern. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the relative benefits of word lists that were individualized for these augmented subjects to word lists selected from standard vocabulary sources. Communication samples were collected for 14 consecutive days from 10 subjects who used augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices. These samples were analyzed to determine the frequency of single word occurrence, and the results were compared with those obtained from analysis of standard vocabulary lists. The conclusions of the study were (a) that when vocabulary lists are individually created, based on the frequency of word occurrence in natural communication samples, relatively short lists can represent a large proportion of the total communication sample; (b) that individualized word lists are more efficient than standard vocabulary lists, if efficiency is defined as a large proportion of the total sample represented by a small list; and (c) that if used in their entirety, standard lists are not efficient because they contain a large number of words that are rarely used.
Adolescent↗
Extended communication samples of augmented communicators. II: Analysis of multiword sequences.
The three primary purposes of this project are (a) to identify those word sequences that occur frequently across a group of 10 linguistically intact augmented communicators, (b) to determine the communality with which the various augmented communicators use specific word sequences, and (c) to evaluate the usefulness of word sequences in providing keystroke savings for users of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices as compared to letter-by-letter spelling or single-word retrieval. Communication samples were collected for 14 consecutive days from 10 subjects who used AAC devices. These samples were analyzed with custom software to determine the frequency of occurrence of one-, two-, three-, four-, and five-word sequences. The results revealed that three-, four-, and five-word sequences occurred very infrequently within and across communication samples. Two-word sequences occurred much more frequently than the longer sequences. The authors concluded that clinicians should continue to encourage linguistically intact clients to select long messages (three words or more) for their AAC devices based on message content and the urgency with which messages need to be delivered rather than relying exclusively on statistical analysis. However, statistically based multiword analysis should not be abandoned. Frequently occurring one- and two-word sequences may be an important source of messages that will increase communication efficiency when stored and retrieved in an AAC device.
Adolescent↗
Children's performance on a binaural fusion task.
Binaural auditory fusion of 108 children (4, 6, and 8 years old) was studied using three lists of monosyllable words (WIPI) presented at two sensation levels (30 and 40 dB). The words were processed to produce three bandwidth conditions (100, 300, 600 Hz) and were administered via three presentation modes (binaural fusion 1, diotic, binaural fusion 2). Results showed improved discrimination scores with increasing age, sensation level, and filter bandwidth. Diotic scores were better than the widest bandwidth (600 Hz) condition. The results confirmed the contention that prior research results were equivocal due, in large measure, to procedural variability. Methods for reducing such variability and enhancing the clinical viability of binaural fusion tasks are suggested.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
The effect of text orientation, visual meridian, and inter-character spacing on word identification in the retinal periphery.
Previous research has demonstrated that the masking effects of flankers about a target in the peripheral retina are not isotropic. Rather, regions of lateral interaction are ellipsoid in shape with the major axis oriented radially along a meridian through the fovea. This finding leads to the counterintuitive prediction that horizontal text positioned to the right of fixation might be read more slowly than similarly positioned text oriented diagonally or vertically. Similarly, vertically oriented text above fixation might be read more slowly than horizontally or diagonally oriented text above fixation. We investigated the effect of text orientation and inter-character spacing on word identification in the retinal periphery. Text was presented by rapid serial visual presentation. Words were centered 3 degrees from fixation along four visual field meridians (VM) (right horizontal, upper-right diagonal, vertical, and upper-left diagonal). Regardless of VM identification, performance was best for horizontal text, declining slightly for orientations between +60 degrees and -60 degrees and declining more quickly for acute orientations. A weak effect of VM was observed for text with normal inter-character spacing. Performance was best for text centered along the horizontal meridian and declined slightly along the other VM. Finally, identification rates increased by approximately 33 words min(-1) with the addition of one character space between adjacent letters. The word-recognition processes are very tolerant of text orientation, exhibiting a modest decline for orientations within +/- 60 of horizontal regardless of VM.
Adult↗
Minimal neuropsychological assessment of MS patients: a consensus approach.
Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet patients seen in MS clinics and neurologic practices are not routinely assessed neuropsychologically. In part, poor utilization of NP services may be attributed to a lack of consensus among neuropsychologists regarding the optimal approach for evaluating MS patients. An expert panel composed of neuropsychologists and psychologists from the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Australia was convened by the Consortium of MS Centers (CMSC) in April, 2001. Our objectives were to: (a) propose a minimal neuropsychological (NP) examination for clinical monitoring of MS patients and research, and (b) identify strategies for improving NP assessment of MS patients in the future. The panel reviewed pertinent literature on MS-related cognitive dysfunction, considered psychometric factors relevant to NP assessment, defined the purpose and optimal characteristics of a minimal NP examination in MS, and rated the psychometric and practical properties of 36 candidate NP measures based on available literature. A 90-minute NP battery, the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS (MACFIMS), emerged from this discussion. The MACFIMS is composed of seven neuropsychological tests, covering five cognitive domains commonly impaired in MS (processing speed/working memory, learning and memory, executive function, visual-spatial processing, and word retrieval). It is supplemented by a measure of estimated premorbid cognitive ability. Recommendations for assessing other factors that may potentially confound interpretation of NP data (e.g., visual/sensory/motor impairment, fatigue, and depression) are offered, as well as strategies for improving NP assessment of MS patients in the future.
Cognition Disorders↗
Effect of keyswitch design of desktop and notebook keyboards related to key stiffness and typing force.
This study aimed to compare and analyse rubber-dome desktop, spring-column desktop and notebook keyboards in terms of key stiffness and fingertip typing force. The spring-column keyboard resulted in the highest mean peak contact force (0.86N), followed by the rubber dome desktop (0.68N) and the notebook (0.59N). All these differences were statistically significant. Likewise, the spring-column keyboard registered the highest fingertip typing force and the notebook keyboard the lowest. A comparison of forces showed the notebook (rubber dome) keyboard had the highest fingertip-to-peak contact force ratio (overstrike force), and the spring-column generated the least excess force (as a ratio of peak contact force). The results of this study could aid in optimizing computer key design that could possibly reduce subject discomfort and fatigue.
Adult↗
The effects of different pause types on neck and shoulder EMG activity during VDU work.
Surface electromyographic recordings on the right side from the descending part of the trapezius muscle and from the levator scapulae muscle and discomfort ratings were assessed for twelve female word processor operators. The operators were studied during three work periods of 30 min each. Three different kinds of pauses, active pauses with pause gymnastic movements, passive pauses with rest and diverting pauses, were introduced into the work every six minutes. The static muscular load was low and about the same for the three work periods. High contraction levels with a duration of at least 1% of the registration time differed significantly between the three types of pauses, reflecting the activity during the pauses itself. Active pauses could thus change the muscle activity pattern. There was a tendency to prefer pauses with activity to passive pauses.
Adult↗
Electromyographic activity during typewriter and keyboard use.
This study investigated how ergonomic design influences neck-and-shoulder muscle strain, through keyboard assessment. Muscular activity was measured electromyographically (EMG) from six muscles in the forearm and shoulders of eight experienced typists using each of five different types of keyboard: one mechanical, one electromechanical, and one electronic typewriter; one personal computer/word processor (PC-XT) keyboard; and one angled at 20 degrees in the horizontal plane. The impact on muscular activity of using a palmrest was also studied. The mechanical typewriter induced a higher strain in the forearm and finger muscles than did the modern typewriters and keyboards. These induced no different strain on the neck-and-shoulder muscles, except for the right shoulder muscle, which was more active with the electronic typewriter than with the other machines. Using a palmrest did not decrease the strain on the muscles investigated. Use of the 'angled' PC-XT keyboard did not influence the measured muscular load on the forearm and finger muscles compared to typing on an ordinary PC-XT keyboard, but decreased the extensor muscular strain compared to the electronic typewriter.
Adult↗
Connected speech processes in developmental speech impairment: observations from an electropalatographic perspective.
This paper uses a combination of perceptual and electropalatographic (EPG) analysis to explore the presence and characteristics of connected speech processes in the speech output of five older children with developmental speech impairments. Each of the children is shown to use some processes typical of normal speech production but also to use a range of more unusual processes at word junctures, with both inter- and intra-speaker variability apparent in the data. The findings suggest that the traditional focus on single word production in the assessment of developmental speech disorders needs to be modified to allow more extensive consideration of speech production in spontaneous speech.
Adolescent↗
Biomechanical stresses in computer-aided design and in data entry.
A study of the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) of the upper limbs was carried out on 2 populations, 1 performing a computer-aided design (CAD) task and the other performing a data entry task. A questionnaire on MSD complaints and working life was completed by a sample of each population. Biomechanical measurements of the forces, the angles, and the repetitiveness of movements of the upper limbs were carried out on some operators in each sample. It emerged that complaints of the upper limbs seem to be linked to the use of input devices. The grip forces exerted when using the keyboard and mouse were higher in CAD than in data entry.
Adult↗
Orthographic and phonological priming in the two cerebral hemispheres.
The patterns of activation invoked in the two cerebral hemispheres by written words may be different. Two lexical decision experiments investigated several aspects of such activation patterns. Experiment 1 tested phonological and orthographic priming in the hemispheres, manipulating two levels of phonological and two levels of orthographic similarity. Orthographic priming in the left visual field (LVF) was significantly larger than in the right visual field (RVF). In Experiment 2, primes were phonologically identical to the targets (homophones) but differed in their orthographic similarity. For LVF targets, only orthographic priming was significant, whereas for RVF targets, the phonological primes were effective regardless of their orthographic similarity. The results imply that orthographic activation, though maintained by both hemispheres, is more characteristic of right hemisphere word recognition processes, whereas phonological priming is more characteristic of left hemisphere processes.
Journal Article↗
The impact of letter detection on eye movement patterns during reading: Reconsidering lexical analysis in connected text as a function of task.
A comparison was made between reading tasks performed with and without the additional requirement of detecting target letters. At issue was whether eye movement measures are affected by the additional requirement of detection. Global comparisons showed robust effects of task type with longer fixations and fewer word skippings when letter detection was required. Detailed analyses of target words, however, further showed that reading with and without letter detection yielded virtually identical effects of word class and text predictability for word-skipping rate and similar effects for different word viewing duration measures. The overall oculomotor pattern suggested that detection does not substantially shift normal reading movements in response to lexical cues and thereby indicated that detection tasks are informative about word and specifically word class processing in normal reading.
Eye Movements↗
CHROMA: consensus-based colouring of multiple alignments for publication.
CHROMA annotates multiple protein sequence alignments by consensus to produce formatted and coloured text suitable for incorporation into other documents for publication. The package is designed to be flexible and reliable, and has a simple-to-use graphical user interface running under Microsoft Windows. Both the executables and source code for CHROMA running under Windows and Linux (portable command-line only) are freely available at http://www.lg.ndirect.co.uk/chroma. Software enquiries should be directed to CHROMA@lg.ndirect.co.uk.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Genquire: genome annotation browser/editor.
UNLABELLED: We present a software package, Genquire, that allows visualization, querying, hand editing, and de novo markup of complete or partially annotated genomes. The system is written in Perl/Tk and uses, where possible, existing BioPerl data models and methods for representation and manipulation of the sequence and annotation objects. An adaptor API is provided to allow Genquire to display a wide range of databases and flat files, and a plugins API provides an interface to other sequence analysis software. AVAILABILITY: Genquire v3.03 is open-source software. The code is available for download and/or contribution at http://www.bioinformatics.org/Genquire
Chromosome Mapping↗