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PubMed1983

Drusen-associated visual field defects and hemorrhages.

Retinal hemorrhages and visual field defects can occur as complications of optic nerve drusen. The visual defects of optic drusen are of three types: (1) concentric constriction of the field, (2) enlargement of the blind spot, and (3) nerve fiber bundle defects. Retinal hemorrhages also fall into three categories: (1) splinter hemorrhages overlying the disk, (2) vitreous hemorrhages, and (3) subretinal hemorrhages. The unusual disk vasculature associated with drusen is probably responsible for the retinal hemorrhages and may be the primary defect in the pathogenesis of drusen. Altered axoplasmic transport and abnormal axonal calcium metabolism have also been thought to be significant in the pathogenesis of drusen.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of visual field defects in the low-tension glaucomas with those in the high-tension glaucomas.

We compared the visual fields of 79 eyes (48 patients) with low-tension glaucoma (intraocular pressure less than 21 mm Hg) to the visual fields of 106 eyes (74 patients) with high-tension glaucoma (intraocular pressure greater than 30 mm Hg). Both groups had similar amounts of total field loss as determined by computerized threshold perimetry. Scotomas in the low-tension group had a steeper slope (P less than .001), were significantly closer to fixation (P less than .001), and had greater depth (P less than .001) than those in the high-tension group. These findings suggested that more than one causative factor is important in the production of optic nerve damage in glaucoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Severe myopia as a risk factor for progressive visual field loss in primary open-angle glaucoma.

The optic nerve head in severely myopic eyes may be particularly vulnerable to glaucomatous damage. To study this hypothesis, we examined 122 primary open-angle glaucoma eyes with fair to good control of the intraocular pressure and a sign of baseline optic nerve damage. Then, parameters for the progression of the visual field defects were evaluated by multivariate analysis. A high mean intraocular pressure (p = 0.007) and a large refractive error (p = 0.023) were significant risk factors for subsequent visual field loss. A high baseline cup-to-disk ratio (p = 0.100) was a marginal risk factor. Nonsignificant parameters included patient age (p = 0.692), the use of beta-adrenergic antagonists (p = 0.384), gender (p = 0.831) and left versus right side (p = 0.977). When the refractive error was used to subclassify patients into severely myopic (< or = -4 dpt), mildly myopic (-0.25 to -4 dpt), or emmetropic and hyperopic (> or = 0 dpt), only severe myopia was a significant risk factor for progressive visual field loss. Severe myopia, but not mild myopia, is a significant risk factor for subsequent visual field loss in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Visual-field function in pseudophakia.

An automated perimeter (Octopus 2000) was used to examine visual-field function in 52 pseudophakic eyes. Threshold sensitivity was reduced throughout the visual field by from 0.4 to 20.0 decibels from that of threshold sensitivity in age-matched normal eyes. This reduction was comparable to that seen in contact-lens-corrected aphakic eyes.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Visual field dependence in elderly fallers and non-fallers.

Two tests of visual field dependence (a measure of reliance upon the spatial framework provided by vision in the perception of the upright)--roll vection and the rod and frame test--were administered to 136 participants aged fifty-nine to ninety-seven years. It was found that the fifty-nine participants who had experienced one or more falls in the past year were significantly more visually field dependent in both tests compared with the seventy-seven participants who had not fallen. Mean error in perception of the true vertical in the rod and frame test was 20.7 degrees for the fallers and 17.2 degrees for the non-fallers. Mean error in perception of the true vertical in the roll vection test was 6.6 degrees for the fallers and 3.6 degrees for the non-fallers. The test of roll vection was the better discriminator between fallers and non-fallers, which may be due in part to less misunderstanding of the required task by the participant. The results suggest that tilted or rolling visual stimuli may be factors leading to postural instability and falls in the elderly. The findings support the claim that greater dependence on visual information shown by fallers may be the result of reduced proprioceptive and vestibular function resulting from increased age and chronic health problems.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1990

Detection of glaucomatous visual field defect using a screening program of Humphrey Field Analyzer.

To evaluate its clinical efficacy, we report the results of Armaly central field screening test in comparison with those of central 30-2 threshold test of Humphrey Field Analyzer. In 83 cases of normotensives, ocular hypertensives, and glaucoma patients with open-angle or narrow-angle enrolled in this study, a total of 143 eyes were examined. Fifty-four out of 61 patients (88.5%) and 73 out of 81 eyes (90.1%) with visual field defects were detected by the Humphrey Field Analyzer screening test. Eight eyes out of 81(9.9%) with visual field defects detected by the screening test were confirmed as false positive. All points of false positive were solitary, which tended to occur more frequently on superior visual field. A false negative of eight eyes out of 62 (12.9%) detected by the screening test was confirmed by the threshold test, which was more frequent on superior field and shown to be located more peripherally from the fixation point. There was no significant difference in either central sensitivity or age of the false positive and negative.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Long-term grating acuity and visual-field development in preterm children who experienced bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Grating acuity, visual-field extent, and recognition acuity were examined in 77 children who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 101 children who had hyaline membrane disease (HMD), and 77 healthy preterm (HPT) children. None of the subjects had significant retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) or neurological abnormalities. Grating acuity and field extent were tested at 0 to 1, 4, 9, 12, 17, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months corrected age and recognition acuity was tested at 36 and 48 months corrected age. Ophthalmological examinations indicated that a greater proportion of subjects in the BPD group than in the HMD or in the HPT group had strabismus or high refractive error. However, grating acuity and field extent in the BPD group did not significantly differ from the HMD group or from the HPT group at any test age. Recognition acuity was poorer in the BPD and HMD groups than in the HPT group at both 36 and 48 months, but the difference was significant only at 36 months. These results suggest that children who experienced BPD with no significant ROP and no neurological complications show grating acuity and visual-field development comparable to that of healthy preterm children, but that recognition acuity, or the skills required to perform a recognition-acuity task, may be delayed in this BPD population.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗
PubMed1999

Continuous visual field test supervision may not always be necessary.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of supervision on computerized visual field (VF) performance and to determine what patient characteristics predict poor unsupervised performance. DESIGN: Randomized, crossover, cross-sectional, clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred unselected patients with definite or suspect glaucoma or neuro-ophthalmic VF indication participated. INTERVENTION: All patients completed two 30-2 tests of one eye on a Humphrey perimeter, one with continuous active technician supervision and one without supervision after the initial 2 minutes of the test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual field reliability and global VF indices were measured. RESULTS: Supervision had a positive effect on overall reliability (P = 0.04) but not on individual reliability parameters or any of the global VF indices. There was no difference between Humphrey Field Analyzers I and II in the need for supervision. Predictors of need for supervision were low educational level and a prior test result with false-positive responses. Predictors of an unreliable test were advanced age and a prior test with a high proportion of fixation losses. CONCLUSION: Supervision is necessary for those with risk factors for unsatisfactory perimetry such as advanced age, low level of formal education, and prior test results with false-positive responses or high fixation losses; in the remainder, omission of supervision can be considered.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Introduction to the topic of functional assessment of sporadic visual field defects].

We present the new recommendation released by the Commission of the German Ophthalmologic Society on evaluation of sporadic visual field defects, which is based on the principle of the Estermann field test. The purpose of the recommendation is to ensure quality assurance and legal certainty in assessment of sporadic visual field defects by field evaluation with a point system.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed1982

Programmed visual field testing.

The use of programmed static spot-checking is remarkably accurate in detecting the presence of visual field defects, even the earliest abnormality, provided the correct stimulus (or stimuli) is chosen to check an appropriate number of spots, and the location of each missed response is retested. Automatic quantitation of visual field defects (so it can later be determined if the defects are worsening) can be accomplished automatically with some of the more expensive new instruments. The less elaborate instruments require repetitive testing or manual interaction, achieving accurate results, but typically with a cumbersome record of the results that is difficult to interpret. An efficient plan for the usual office at present is to use an automated spot-checking instrument for screening and diagnosis, but to depend upon the tangent screen or Goldmann perimeter for quantitation unless the most expensive automated instruments can be afforded.

Automation↗
PubMed1981

Octopus programs SAPRO and F. Two new principles for the analysis of the visual field.

The automatic Octopus perimeter has a large software development potential. An important property of the Octopus programs developed to date is their ability to distinguish between pathological and normal behaviour. At the moment, program development is concentrating upon programs in which criteria of normality are used as feed-back parameters during the examination itself, and thus guide the visual field analysis. This property permits the algorithm to undertake a precise spatial analysis of disturbed visual field areas, without wasting time on a detailed analysis of normal areas. The efficiency of a visual field examination program is thereby substantially increased (SAPRO* program). Using the F-program series, individual (as opposed to fixed) stimuli configurations can be realised, which may represent a better fit to a particular problem. The principles of two other programs, SARGON and DELTA, have been described before (Fankhauser and Jenni 1981).

Computers↗
PubMed1981

Programs SARGON and DELTA: two new principles for the automated analysis of the visual field.

The new Octopus programs SARGON and DELTA are described. The SARGON program makes possible the arbitrary distribution of a maximum number of 66 test locations with a resolution of up to 0.2 degrees across the 60 degrees visual field. Eighty user-defined self-created programs can be permanently stored and recalled later at will from the program diskette.. The program DELTA evaluates perimetric examination results with the aid of a series of statistical tests and investigates whether the data base is sufficient to assume a significant deviation, or alternatively, whether a visual field defect can be explained simply by spontaneous fluctuations or if a true pathologic defect should be assumed at a particular level of significance. Furthermore, the program tests changes in the visual field as a function of time for their statistical significance.

Computers↗
PubMed1998

Visual field loss following blunt ocular trauma.

14 patients (14 eyes) who sustained hyphema after blunt ocular trauma underwent visual field testing on a Humphrey field analyzer. The severity of field defects based on mean deviation (MD) and corrected-pattern standard deviation (CPSD) p values was correlated with age, presence of hyphema and the extent of angle recession. Over 60% of eyes with blunt ocular trauma suffer from a significant visual field loss (MD < 5%). There was no correlation between severity of field defects and the extent of hyphema or the angle recession. MD p values were found to be associated with older group, but not CPSD p values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Visual field loss with capillary non-perfusion in preproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Thirty two eyes of 19 patients with capillary non-perfusion from preproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy underwent visual field testing on the 30-2 program of the Humphrey visual field analyser. The mean defect (MD) p value was < 5% in 30 (94%) eyes and the corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD) was < 10% in 31 (97%) eyes. Areas of capillary non-perfusion demonstrated by fundal fluorescein angiography were closely associated with areas of reduced retinal sensitivity in these 31 eyes. More severe visual field defects were present in non-insulin dependent diabetics and in older patients. MD and CPSD p values of less than 0.5% and 1% respectively were found to be associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively) and with the older age group (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between severity of field defects with hypertension and degree of retinopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The onset and evolution of glaucomatous visual field defects.

Long-term follow-up was recorded on the visual fields of 251 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and 826 patients with ocular hypertension. Observation periods exceeded ten years for 73 patients with manifest glaucoma. Initial glaucomatous defects appeared in 98 eyes of 72 patients while under continuous observation. Initial defects were characteristically shallow and were located most commonly in the superior Bjerrum region adjacent to the blind spot. Three-dimensional (contiguous area) static perimetry provided superior resolution in detecting and characterizing the full extent of such shallow defects. The chronologic course of initial defects defects was marked in 22 of the 98 eyes by a phenomenon of a transiently appearing defect. Disappearance and reappearance of transient defects did not occur synchronously with short-term fluctuations in intraocular pressure. Ten-year follow-up of 63 eyes with manifest glaucomatous defects showed a high incidence (73%) of progression to dense involvement of the originally affected altitudinal hemifield. All eyes were treated continuously, but visual field loss occurred in spite of only marginally elevated levels of intraocular pressure.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reading ability and central visual field after photodynamic therapy.

PURPOSE: We examined whether photodynamic therapy (PDT) can prevent severe loss of reading acuity and further depression of the visual field in cases of predominantly classic subfoveal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty eyes of 52 patients underwent biomicroscopy, assessment of reading and distance acuity, 10 degrees static threshold perimetry, distance acuity, and fluorescein angiography at baseline, after 6 weeks, 3 months and then every 3 months after therapy. RESULTS: After 18 months only 16.7% had lost more than 3 levels of reading acuity, 23.3% had lost less than 3 levels, 6.7% had remained unchanged and 53.3% had gained reading acuity, 18.7% of these more than 3 levels. 81.7% of the eyes lost less than 3 lines of distance acuity. 78.3% did not show any increase of the mean defect in the central visual field. CONCLUSION: PDT can prevent severe loss of distance and reading acuity and further deterioration of the central visual field in about 80% of the eyes. The baseline reading acuity was poor and the patients should be aware of the fact that loss of reading acuity cannot be regained even after successful PDT.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Lateral visual field stimulation reveals extrastriate cortical activation in the contralateral hemisphere: an fMRI study.

We examined whether lateral visual field stimulation (LSTM) could activate contralateral extrastriate cortical areas as predicted by a large experimental literature. We asked seven unscreened, control subjects to wear glasses designed to allow vision out of either the left (LVF) or right lateral visual field (RVF) depending upon which side the subject looked toward. Each subject participated in a block design functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with alternating 30-s epochs in which he was asked to look to one side and then the other for a total of five epochs. On each side of the bore of the scanner, we taped a photograph for the subject to view in the LVF and RVF. The data were analyzed with SPM99 using a fixed effect, box-car design with contrasts for the LVF and the RVF conditions. Both LVF and RVF conditions produced the strongest fMRI activation in the contralateral occipitotemporal and posterior parietal areas as well as the contralateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. LSTM appears to increase contralateral fMRI activation in striate and extrastriate cortical areas as predicted by earlier studies reporting differential cognitive and/or emotional effects from unilateral sensory or motor stimulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The relationship between the fluoroangiographic aspect of the optic disk and the visual field in patients with the exfoliation syndrome with and without intraocular hypertension. Part I: Bilateral cases.

95 eyes of patients with bilateral exfoliation syndrome (ES) were examined with fluoroangiography. The visual field and the intraocular pressure were tested in the same eyes. The relationship between visual field defects, fluoroangiographic changes of the optic disk and intraocular hypertension is discussed. The results show that when hypertension and defects of perfusion are present in the same eye the visual field defect is always present and it is more severe.

Anterior Eye Segment↗