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PubMed1992

Ultrastructural changes in human nasal cilia caused by the common cold and recovery of ciliated epithelium.

Changes in the ultrastructure of human respiratory cilia caused by the common cold were studied in 12 patients. The nasal mucosa was studied three times: on the first or second day after the beginning of symptoms, and 1 week and 3 weeks after the first biopsy. The damage was most severe at 1 week. The most remarkable finding was the loss of cilia and ciliated cells. However, the ultrastructure was usually normal, without any increase in tubular anomalies, as compared with the normal material of the previous reports. Three weeks after the beginning of the disease the number of cilia and ciliated cells had increased to nearly normal. However, as a sign of regeneration, immature short cilia (0.7 to 2.5 microns in length) were often seen. The ciliary orientation was uniform, dynein arms were normal, and there was no increase in the number of tubular anomalies. The results suggest that the impaired mucociliary function during viral infections is due to the loss of cilia and ciliated cells, rather than to ultrastructural anomalies in the cilia. The development of tubular anomalies and random ciliary orientation may require more extensive exposure to factors affecting ciliary function.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1987

Ultrastructural changes during acute acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the mouse: a time and dose study.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the early ultrastructural changes during the development of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Doses at or near the threshold for hepatotoxicity were selected to permit comparison of early reversible effects to those which ultimately progressed to necrosis in the absence of early agonal effects or drug-induced mortality. Both 300- and 600-mg/kg doses resulted in similar declines in hepatic glutathione levels to 14 and 22% of control values, respectively, by 2 hours, with more rapid recovery after the low dose. Plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was elevated after 600 mg/kg but not after 300 mg/kg. During the first 2 hours after acetaminophen there was cytomegaly with rapid progression to necrosis after 600 mg/kg but minimal progression after 300 mg/kg. Ultrastructurally, vesiculation, vacuolation and mitochondrial and plasma membrane degeneration culminated in scattered single cell death by 4 hours and widespread centrilobular necrosis by 8 hours after 600 mg/kg. The time course of lesion development was slower after 300 mg/kg with damage restricted to the first two to three rows of centrilobular cells and limited numbers of isolated necrotic cells by 8 hours. By 18 to 24 hours livers of mice given 300 mg/kg appeared normal. Results are consistent with the endoplasmic reticulum being the site of acetaminophen activation and initial attack. However, early ultrastructural changes in mitochondria and plasma membrane observed after the high dose were not prominent after the low dose. This suggests that early acetaminophen damage to these organelles may play a critical role in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1990

Ultrastructural juxtaglomerular cell changes in normotensive rats treated with quinapril, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Sequential histologic and ultrastructural changes in juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) were defined in male rats treated with quinapril, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Doses of 0, 10, 100, and 400 mg/kg were administered daily by gavage for up to 4 weeks. Granular juxtaglomerular (JG) cells were normal or hypogranular on Day 1 at all doses and were hypergranular by Day 7 in rats given 100 and 400 mg/kg relative to age-matched controls. Histologically, JGA hypertrophy was apparent by Day 7 at all doses and was most pronounced by Day 14 in intermediate and deep cortical zones of rats given 100 and 400 mg/kg. Ultrastructurally, hypertrophic JG cells had abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, and prominent Golgi complexes associated with numerous cytoplasmic coated vesicles. Dose-dependent increases in numbers of protogranules, altered granules, and cytoplasmic vacuoles occurred in association with decreased size and increased pleomorphism of mature secretory granules. Granule alterations included vesicular to lamellar membranous matrical inclusions, irregular patterns of osmiophilia, matrical vacuolation, and flocculent to coarsely granular matrix of greater density than mature granules. We concluded that JG cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia occurred rapidly in response to subchronic ACE inhibition. Further, ultrastructural changes in JG cells were indicative of stimulated renin synthesis by a regulated pathway, renin secretion by exocytosis and cytoplasmic solubilization of granules, and autophagy of granules as a mechanism whereby JG cells regulate levels of stored renin under conditions of excessive stimulation.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Normal ultrastructure of the kidney and lower urinary tract.

The mammalian urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The renal parenchyma is composed of the glomeruli and a heterogeneous array of tubule segments that are specialized in both function and structure and are arranged in a specific spatial distribution. The ultrastructure of the glomeruli and renal tubule epithelia have been well characterized and the relationship between the cellular structure and the function of the various components of the kidney have been the subject of intense study by many investigators. The lower urinary tract, the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which are histologically similar throughout, are composed of a mucosal layer lined by transitional epithelium, a tunica muscularis, and a tunica serosa or adventitia. The present manuscript reviews the normal ultrastructural morphology of the kidney and the lower urinary tract. The normal ultrastructure is illustrated using transmission electron microscopy of normal rat kidney and urinary bladder preserved by in vivo perfusion with glutaraldehyde fixative and processed in epoxy resin.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A light microscopic and ultrastructural study of spindle-shaped hepatocellular carcinoma.

Spindle-cell hepatocellular carcinoma is an unusual morphologic variant of hepatocellular carcinoma with a typical sarcomatous appearance. The exact diagnosis of this tumor may be difficult when only small biopsies are available and in the absence of ultrastructural studies. We describe two cases of hepatocellular carcinoma: one was entirely composed of spindle-shaped cells, and the other was a typical hepatocellular carcinoma with only a small area of sarcomatous, fusiform cells. In the first case, ultrastructural studies demonstrated desmosomes and many Mallory bodies and confirmed the epithelial nature of the neoplasm. In the second case, no ultrastructural studies were available, but the presence of gradual transition from liver cell carcinoma to spindle-cell carcinoma excluded the diagnosis of carcino-sarcoma.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1987

Light microscopic, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of a case of Sertoli cell tumor of the testis.

A case of testicular specialized gonadal stroma tumor was evaluated by histologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical techniques in a young adult male patient. The neoplastic cells were organized in cords or tubular structures delimited by a basement membrane. The ultrastructural findings suggested a diagnosis of a partially differentiated Sertoli cell tumor. This was also supported by the presence of a vimentin rich cytoskeleton, which is normally present in Sertoli and Leydig cells. The tumor cells did not secrete steroid hormones, as suggested by clinical findings, as well as by hormonal, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural observations.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Ultrastructural evaluation of the acute encephalitis and hydrocephalus in dogs caused by canine parainfluenza virus.

Intracranial infection of neonatal dogs with canine parainfluenza virus (strain 78-238) progressed from an acute phase of encephalitis to a chronic phase of internal hydrocephalus. Acute encephalitis was characterized ultrastructurally by laminar cortical necrosis, neuronal degeneration, neocapillary formation, reactive gliosis, and ependymitis. Viral nucleocapsids were seen in the cytoplasm of neurons. Ultrastructural lesions in hydrocephalic dogs were restricted to ventricular surfaces. The earliest light microscopic change in ependymal cells occurred four weeks post-infection and consisted of segmental loss of ependymal cells. Dogs killed at three and six months post-infection had quantitatively similar ultrastructural alterations in ependymal cells regardless of the extent and severity of hydrocephalus. The shape of these cells changed from cuboidal to squamous. There was progressive loss of cilia and cell organelles along with a concomitant increase of cytoplasmic filaments. Viral nucleocapsids and inflammatory cells were not present in convalescent hydrocephalic dogs. These results suggested that virus-associated hydrocephalus can occur in the absence of obvious viral persistence in ependymal cells and in the absence of inflammation in the ventricular system.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Effects of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and gallium nitrate on thyroid C cells in nude mice: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigations.

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigations of thyroid C cells were conducted in male nude (athymic) mice bearing a serially transplantable canine adenocarcinoma (CAC-8) model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy following subcutaneous administration of gallium nitrate. The following four groups were investigated: 1) vehicle-treated non-tumor-bearing control mice; 2) non-tumor-bearing mice treated with gallium nitrate; 3) vehicle-treated hypercalcemic mice bearing CAC-8; and 4) CAC-8 tumor-bearing mice treated with gallium nitrate. Gallium nitrate-treated tumor-bearing mice had a significant decrease in serum calcium as compared with tumor-bearing controls. C cells of non-tumor-bearing mice stained intensely for calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide and weakly for chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase. In C cells of both vehicle- and gallium-treated tumor-bearing mice, immunoreactive staining was decreased for calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and chromogranin A, whereas there was a moderate increase in staining for neuron-specific enolase. Ultrastructurally, thyroid C cells in hypercalcemic tumor-bearing control and gallium-treated mice were hypertrophic and markedly degranulated as compared with those of non-tumor-bearing controls. Hypertrophic C cells contained few mature secretory granules, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and lamellar arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum. There was no evidence of C-cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings revealed that C cells in mice with cancer-associated hypercalcemia were primarily in the actively synthesizing phase of the secretory cycle and had diminished immunoreactivity for calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and chromogranin A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

Glomerular ultrastructural lesions of idiopathic cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy of greyhounds.

Idiopathic cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV) (Alabama rot) is a potentially fatal disease of unknown etiology that affects the skin and kidneys of racing- and training-age Greyhounds. Ultrastructural examinations were performed on two healthy control Greyhounds and 12 Greyhounds diagnosed with CRGV based on the presence of characteristic, well-demarcated cutaneous ulcers of the extremities (12/12), thrombocytopenia (< 200,000 platelets/dl) (12/12), and acute renal insufficiency (BUN > 40 mg/dl, serum creatinine > 2.0 mg/dl) (7/12). Early glomerular ultrastructural changes included endothelial swelling, detachment, and necrosis; membranous whorl formation; and platelet adhesion and aggregation. Some capillaries were occluded with aggregated platelets, cellular fragments, and fibrin. Later changes included narrowing of capillary lumina and thickening of glomerular capillary walls by subendothelial accumulation of flocculent, amorphous, variable electron-dense material and occasionally erythrocytes, cellular processes, and fibrin. Glomerular endothelial cells were increased in number and plump, with villouslike cytoplasmic projections. Mesangial cell cytoplasmic processes occasionally were interposed between the endothelium and the basement membrane. No etiologic agents or electron-dense deposits typical of immune complexes were observed. Although the specific etiology was not determined, the ultrastructural changes suggest that glomerular endothelial damage is an important early event in the pathogenesis of CRGV.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ultrastructural collagen fibril alterations in the patellar tendon 6 years after harvesting its central third.

BACKGROUND: Clinically, donor site problems are common, even in the long term after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft. However, there is a lack of knowledge in terms of the mid- and long-term ultrastructural appearance of the previously harvested tendon in humans. HYPOTHESIS: The patellar tendon does not regain normal ultrastructure 6 years after harvesting its central third and leaving the defect open. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Thirteen patients were included in the study. Biopsy specimens were obtained from the central and lateral thirds of the patellar tendon under ultrasound guidance 71 months (range, 68-73 months) after the reconstruction. Ten biopsy specimens from other subjects with asymptomatic patellar tendons served as controls. The sections were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Longitudinal sections were used for morphological evaluation, and the fibril diameter was measured on the transverse sections and grouped into 5 diameter classes. RESULTS: All control specimens were found to have a compact extracellular matrix with regularly oriented collagen fibrils. Specimens from the lateral part of the harvested tendons displayed a more heterogeneous extracellular matrix. In 3 specimens, the extracellular matrix was different from that of the control specimens. Specimens from the central part of the harvested tendons displayed an even more heterogeneous extracellular matrix, with 8 specimens judged as heterogeneous. The fibril diameter in control specimens displayed the most heterogeneous pattern, and all 5 fibril classes were present. All fibril classes were found in the lateral biopsy specimens from the previously harvested tendons, but the 2 smallest fibril classes (0-30 and 31-60 nm) were significantly more dominant compared with control specimens (P < .0001). In the central specimens from the previously harvested tendons, only the 3 smallest size classes were found (P < .0001 vs controls). CONCLUSION: Six years after harvesting its central third and leaving the defect open, the patellar tendon revealed a "more heterogeneous matrix" with changes in ultrastructural morphology and relative fibril diameter distribution compared with normal control tendon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Ultrastructural pathology of an inherited lower motor neuron disease of pigs.

The ultrastructural features of a recently described inherited lower motor neuron disease were studied in 5 affected pigs. Clinical signs comprised progressive ataxia and paresis of variable severity. Affected pigs, 6, 7, 15, 15, and 19 weeks of age, and 2 unrelated healthy pigs, 9 and 15 weeks of age, were anesthetized and their tissues were fixed by whole body perfusion with mixed aldehydes. From 1 or more affected pigs, samples of cervical and lumbar spinal ventral horn, lateral and ventral spinal columns, dorsal and ventral lumbar spinal nerve roots, 2 peripheral nerves (Nn. phrenicus and fibularis communis), and 2 skeletal muscles (Mm. diaphragma and tibialis cranialis) were examined ultrastructurally. There was widespread degeneration of myelinated axons in peripheral nerves and in lateral and ventral columns of lumbar and cervical segments of spinal cord. Axonal degeneration was present in ventral spinal nerve roots and was absent in dorsal spinal nerve roots sampled at the same lumbar levels. Unmyelinated axons in peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots were unaffected. In 4 of 5 affected pigs, there were atrophic alpha motor neurons in cervical spinal cord that contained dense, round osmiophilic perikaryal inclusions up to 4 microns in diameter and round swollen mitochondria. Axonal regeneration was present in N. phrenicus of the 19-week-old affected pig that had clinical signs of longest duration (10 weeks). There was no morphologic evidence of axonal degeneration or spinal neuronal atrophy in either control pig. The ultrastructural features of this motor neuron disease distinguish it from other reported progressive spinal neuropathies of pigs.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ultrastructural localization of nonheme celluar iron with ferrocyanide.

The Prussian blue reaction was evaluated at the ultrastructural level as a cytochemical method to identify ferric and ferrous iron in rat bone marrow and splenic macrophages. Satisfactory tissue preservation and staining were achieved after fixation for 1 hr in 3% glutaraldehyde and exposure for 30 min to Perls's ferrocyanide solution before routine osmication and embedding. The acid ferrocyanide solution formed cuboidal and irregular electron-opaque deposits which localized ferric iron in the macrophage siderosomes and hyaloplasm. When thin sections were directly stained with the acid ferrocyanide, the stain deposits were much less distinct. The size and number of cytes exhibited sparse evenly distributed stain deposits. Several cells displayed abundant precipitates on the inner surface of the plasmalemma. Prussian blue precipitates were occasionally seen in mitochondria and nuclear euchromatin. Although osmium tetroxide post-fixation improved tissue preservation, it did not enhance the density of the ferri-ferrocyanide precipitate. The ferrocyanide solution yielded cuboidal deposits also in clots impregnated with ferritin, and electron diffraction analysis confirmed the symmetrical crystal structure of these stain precipitates. Smaller irregular precipitates were formed in clots impregnated with FeCl3, or Fe2 (SO4)3 solutions, despite the equally interpreted as indicating that the iron hydroxide core or protein structure of ferritin and hemosiderin contributed to the formation of the ultrastructurally evident cuboidal precipitates, but were not necessary for the formation of a colored reaction product. The acid ferrocyanide solution failed to stain clots formed in FeCI2, CuCI2 or CuCI solutions. Staining with a ferricyanide solution identified only sparse foci of ferrous iron in some siderosomes. This study demonstrates that the Prussian blue reaction can be used ultrastructurally to localize iron cations bound to some nonheme iron binding proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of fixation and penetration enhancement techniques for use in ultrastructural immunocytochemistry.

Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, although generally providing good localization, has often failed to produce satisfying ultrastructural preservation. Techniques that result in well-preserved tissue ultrastructure often hinder penetration of immunological reagents or render antigens non-immunoreactive. These are particularly serious limitations in studies of central nervous system and retina. We have evaluated several fixatives, including picric acid, high pH paraformaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde with subsequent sodium borohydride treatment, and penetration enhancement techniques, including buffered-ethanolic treatment and freeze--thaw, for their applicability in the retina. Our best fixation was achieved with 1 hr in 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4) followed by overnight fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde (pH 10.4). Treatment with sodium borohydride after glutaraldehyde fixation restores much of the immunoreactivity that would otherwise be undetectable. The penetration of immunological reagents can be greatly increased by using either a buffered-ethanolic series or by freezing the tissue after careful cryoprotection. Using these methods we have been able to achieve specific immunological staining throughout the full thickness of retinal slices, up to 500 microns across, while preserving good ultrastructure. The methods should prove useful in the immunocytochemical localization of many different antigens in a variety of tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Ultrastructure and staining properties of aortic microfibrils (oxytalan).

Microfibrils are the insoluble, 10- to 12-nm components of the extracellular matrix that are involved in elastogenesis. Reports of their ultrastructure vary: they have been described as tubular and beaded and as nontubular filaments that are devoid of any periodicity. Ultrastructurally, microfibrils resemble oxytalan fibers that have been observed in peridontal membranes, skin, and other locations. Whether microfibrils have the staining characteristics of oxytalan is difficult to determine in tissues because available light microscopic stains also stain elastin. Calf aortic smooth muscle cells grown in media without added ascorbate provide a unique model for examining the ultrastructure and staining characteristics of chemically defined microfibrils. Microfibrils are the predominant insoluble extracellular protein in such cultures, which do not deposit collagen or elastin. These studies demonstrate that microfibrils are tubular structures with 10- and 12-nm striations and have the same staining characteristics as oxytalan, reacting with aldehyde fuchsin and orcein after oxidation. Microfibrillar protein is enriched in glutamic and aspartic acids and the electron density of microfibrils is enhanced by fixation in the presence of cationic dyes. In such preparation, microfibrils are made visible within the core of amorphous elastin as well as in regions that are free of elastin. The widespread distribution of microfibrils (oxytalan) indicates that their function extends beyond elastogenesis. Their localization within tissues suggests that they serve as an elastic attachment protein in sites that are subject to mechanical stress.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

An alternative fixation-processing method for preembedding ultrastructural immunocytochemistry of cytoplasmic antigens: the GBS (glutaraldehyde-borohydride-saponin) procedure.

The use and properties of an alternative fixation procedure for ultrastructural cytochemistry is described that utilized primary fixation of cells with glutaraldehyde with considerable latitude in concentration and time of fixation. This was followed by treatment with sodium borohydride (as described by Weber, Rathke and Osborn (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1820, 1978)), which increases the accessibility of some cytoplasmic compartments to antibodies, apparently through the reduction of the Schiff bases induced by glutaraldehyde. Through the use of saponin membrane permeabilization, this primary fixation method allows good ultrastructural preservation with accessibility of most, but not all, cytoplasmic structures. Localization of tubulin, clathrin, alpha2-macroglobulin present in lysosomes, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein, and myosin are demonstrated. This technique failed to expose the antigenic structure of actin in microfilament bundles or intranuclear antigens. This method should be useful for good preservation of ultrastructure and antibody localization of some, but not all, protein antigens in the cytoplasm of cultured cells, as well as in intact tissue. This technique is especially useful for cytosolic antigens in cultured cells.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1985

Ultrastructural localization of intracellular immunoglobulins in Epon-embedded human lymph nodes. An immunoelectron microscopic investigation using the immunogold staining (IGS) and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) methods.

The ultrastructural localization of intracellular immunoglobulins on ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, postosmicated, and Epon-embedded human lymph nodes has been achieved using such highly sensitive immunocytochemical techniques as immunogold staining and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. These immunoelectron microscopic techniques allow the identification of intracellular immunoglobulins without affecting the ultrastructural morphology of the tissue, since they do not require any pretreatment of the sections with proteolytic enzymes or deresinating agents. Therefore, immunoglobulins can be precisely localized in the cell organelles; structures whose morphology is well preserved. The availability of a reliable postembedding staining procedure for the ultrastructural localization of immunoglobulins is of definite value for investigations on human lymphoid tissue, both normal and pathological.

Avidin↗
PubMed1985

Applicability of imprints to immuno-ultrastructural studies of lymphoid tissues.

In order to evaluate the applicability of imprints to immuno-ultrastructural studies of lymphoid tissues, we compared distribution pattern and morphology of B cells, T cells, T-cell subsets, and follicular dendritic reticulum cells (DRC) at the light and ultrastructural level in imprints and sections of tonsils and lymph nodes. The surface antigenic profile of lymphoid cells was revealed with monoclonal antibodies in an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Distribution of lymphoid cells in coherent areas of imprints recapitulated their disposition in sections of respective lymphoid tissues. Preservation of microanatomical relationships and ultrastructure of lymphoid cells in imprints allowed evaluation of associations and fine structural detail of lymphoid cells. Morphologic configurations of B cells in imprints, confined to round aggregates, were similar to fine structural morphology of B cells in mantle zones (MZ) and germinal centers (GC). Processes of DRCs in imprints formed conformations resembling their meshwork within follicles and mantled lymphoid cells. In imprints and sections, lymphocytes of cytotoxic/suppressor phenotype had a large amount of cytoplasm with many organelles. In contrast, cells of helper/inducer phenotype displayed a high nucleocytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and small numbers of organelles. Thus, imprints represent an easy, fast, and reliable method that lends itself to immunoultrastructural studies of lymphoid tissues.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1987

Ultrastructural cytochemical and autoradiographic demonstration of nonspecific esterase(s) in guinea pig basophils.

We used ultrastructural autoradiographic and cytochemical methods to localize esterase activities in unstimulated guinea pig basophils and in basophils undergoing degranulation or recovery from degranulation. We used tritium-labeled diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) as a probe for serine enzymes and localized this probe by ultrastructural autoradiography to cytoplasmic granules of immature or mature unstimulated basophils, as well as to granules released by degranulating basophils. Ultrastructural cytochemistry using alpha naphthyl acetate (ANA) as substrate localized nonspecific esterase activity to extruded granules, either within the interiors of degranulation sacs or within granules completely separated from degranulating basophils. Extruded granules retained their esterase activity for as long as 24 hr after antigen-induced degranulation. The plasma membranes of unstimulated or degranulating basophils, as well as of basophils recovering from degranulation, displayed prominent cell surface ANA esterase ectoenzyme activity. Lipid bodies, organelles present in the cytoplasm of both control and recovering basophils, were also alpha naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE)-positive. Thus, cytochemical and autoradiographic techniques localized esterase and/or [3H]-DFP-binding activities to cytoplasmic granules, lipid bodies, and cell surface of basophils, and these enzyme activities persisted during both degranulation and recovery from degranulation.

Animals↗