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PubMed1977

Immunological comparisons of the sera of chicken, turkey, pheasant, quail and their intergeneric hybrids.

Sera from chicken, turkey, pheasant, quail and their intergeneric hybrids were compared by their reactions in two-dimensional immunoelectrophorsis with homologous and heterologous antisera. As many as 44 antigenically distinguishable components were resolved in these sera by use of this technique. Sera from the intergeneric hybrids, when allowed to react with rabbit anti-White Leghorn antiserum, gave more precipitin peaks than did any of the parental sera in reaction with this same antiserum. Thus it appeared that intergeneric hybridization induced a propagation of avian serum antigens recognized by rabbit antiserum to a single parental serum. For example, all parental sera, in reaction with homologous or heterologous antisera, appeared to contain only one precipitin peak which migrated in the albumin area. Sera from the intergeneric hybrids of chicken X turkey, chicken X pheasant, and chicken X quail had two antigenetically distinguishable peaks in the albumin area. Sera from turkey X pheasant and pheasant X quail had only one peak in this region. These results agree with the observations obtained from polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of the plasma proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Plasma renin activity in hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys.

Plasma renin activity (PRA) and Angiotensin I values were determined in hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys. In this study, PRA and/or Angiotensin I values were not influenced by body weight or blood pressure. The PRA of the hypertensive turkeys (.227 ng/ml/hr) was not significantly different from the hypotensive turkeys (.216 ng/ml/hr). Also, the Angiotensin I values of .225 and .213 ng/ml in the hypertensive and hypotensive lines, respectively, were not different. There were no significant correlations between body weight, blood pressure, PRA, and/or Angiotensin I.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Blood plasma constituents in 14-week old hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys.

Plasma inorganic phosphorous, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were determined in 14-week old turkeys from lines genetically determined for high and low blood pressure. The turkeys received a commercial grower diet (control), control + 10% animal fat, or control + 10% animal fat and 1% cholesterol. Concentrations of uric acid in plasma were higher (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than in the other dietary groups, and the high blood pressure line had significantly higher (P less than or equal to .05) concentrations of uric acid in plasma than the low blood pressure line. Turkeys fed the diet containing added cholesterol had higher levels (P less than or equal to .05) of total plasma cholesterol than those receiving the other diets. Alkaline phosphatase levels of plasma were significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than the other dietary groups. There were no other effects within either of the genetic blood pressure lines that indicated blood pressure had any influence on blood plasma constituents other than uric acid, nor was there any indication that dietary treatment had any effect within either blood pressure group. Blood pressure and plasma constituents were not correlated.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1979

Influence of exogenous avian pancreatic polypeptide on gastrointestinal motility in turkeys.

To determine the influence of avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) on avian GI motility, strain-gauge transducers were implanted on the glandular stomach, thick caudodorsal and thin caudoventral muscles of the muscular stomach, and on the duodenum (cranial tract) of five young turkeys. Implants were also made on the ileum, cecum, and colon (caudal tract) of three other turkeys. Isovolumic injections of APP at six (cranial tract preparations) or four (caudal tract preparations) levels were made via a chronic jugular catheter while recording GI contractile activity in fasted birds. Injections of 2 or 5 micrograms/kg caused no statistically significant change in motility of the cranial tract. Significant depression in contraction frequency during the first 10 min post-injection resulted from an injection of 8 micrograms/kg. Injections of 10, 20, and 30 micrograms/kg depressed motility throughout the entire 30 min post-injection period. Motility of the caudal tract usually was not significantly affected by injections of 5 and 10 micrograms/kg doses. Larger doses (20 and 30 micrograms/kg) significantly depressed caudal tract motility during the first 10 min post-injection but not throughout the 30 min post-injection period. In both cranial and caudal portions of the tract, depression of contractile activity by injections of APP persisted longer following larger doses. The highest plasma APP levels in turkeys, found at about 1 hr post-prandially, were still less than plasma levels following IV injection of 5 micrograms/kg. Since the latter injection caused no apparent alteration in Gi motility, APP may have little or no physiological role in regulation of avian GI motility.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Methionine and protein requirements of young turkeys.

Nine experiments involving a total of 3697 turkeys divided into 48 pens per experiment were conducted to determine the methionine or total sulfur amino acid and the protein requirements of Medium White turkeys between 0 and 4 weeks and between 4 and 8 weeks of age. In each experiment, 24 diets varying in protein and methionine content in a 4 X 6 factorial design were fed. Body weight gains were found to be more closely related to the total sulfur amino acid content than to the methionine content of practical type corn-soybean meal diets. For the respective age periods between 0 to 4 and 4 to 8 weeks, the total sulfur amino acid requirements of Medium White turkeys were approximately 1.10 and 1.00% or 3.8 and 3.4 mg per kcal metabolizable energy, and the minimum protein requirements were at least 27% and 24% when diets contained sufficient total amino acids.

Amino Acids, Sulfur↗
PubMed1980

Monensin sensitivity of recent field isolates of turkey coccidia.

The efficacy of monensin at concentrations of 60 and 100 ppm was evaluated against 22 isolates not exposed to monensin and 16 monensin-exposed field isolates of coccidia obtained from US and Canadian turkey flocks, respectively. Isolates not previously exposed to monensin were effectively controlled by monensin. However, 7 monensin-resistant isolates (predominantly Eimeria meleagrimitis) were independently isolated from turkey flocks in Ontario, Canada where monensin was being used as an anticoccidial. Subsequent sensitivity evaluations of two of these isolates revealed cross-resistance to lasolocid, narasin, and salinomycin. Evaluation of the stability of monensin resistance in one isolate suggested that monensin sensitivity was not restored after 10 generations of relaxed selection. Although the extent of monensin resistance among field isolates of turkey coccidia is unknown, these results provide the first unequivocal characterization of monensin resistance in field isolates of coccidia. Contrarily, after more than eight years of intensive use of monensin as an anticoccidial in US broiler production facilities, this type of resistance to the polyether antibiotic anticoccidials has not been encountered in chicken coccidia.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Experimental ochratoxicosis in turkey poults.

Graded concentrations of ochratoxin A (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 micrograms/g of feed) incorporated into the diet of turkey poults from hatching until 3 weeks of age resulted in a decreased growth rate, enlarged proventriculus and gizzard, and a regressed thymus (all at 4 and 8 micrograms/g) and the sizes of liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, bursa of Fabricius were unaffected. Feed conversion ratio increased from 1.63 (control value) to 2.07 (8 micrograms/g). Mortality was increased significantly (P less than .05) at 8 micrograms/g. Water consumption and plasma uric acid were increased at 4 and 8 micrograms/g. Plasma glucose and the dry weight of the kidneys decreased significantly at 8 micrograms/g while total plasma proteins, prothrombin time, plasma carotenoids, and phenol red clearance rate were unaltered. A leucocytopenia, which was primarily a lymphocytopenia, was observed at 4 and 8 micrograms/g. Heterophils decreased while basophils increased at 8 micrograms/g. The oral LD50 for day-old and 3-week-old poults was 4.63 +/- .31 and 7.84 +/- .94 mg/kg, respectively. Intraperitoneally, the value for day-old birds was .16 +/- .03 +/- mg/kg and for 3-week-old birds was .34 +/- .09 mg/kg. These data suggest that ochratoxin is a potent nephrotoxin in turkeys, but that ochratoxicosis in turkeys differs markedly from the disease in other species.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1981

Effect of dietary aflatoxin on hemostasis of young turkey poults.

Young turkey poults fed graded levels of aflatoxin (0, 125, 250, and 500 microgram/kg) from hatching for 3 weeks displayed altered hemostasis, manifested in prolonged prothrombin times at 2 and 3 weeks of age. Body weights were only affected in those groups receiving 500 microgram/kg. Total plasma protein, fibrinogen, and plasma calcium were reduced in response to dietary aflatoxin. In comparison with chickens, which exhibit similar hemostatic dysfunction concomitant with reduced body weight, turkeys receiving aflatoxin at lower levels exhibited an altered hemostatic response without exhibiting depressed body weights. Thus, the turkey hemostatic system is a better indicator of aflatoxicosis than is body weight gain.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1981

Relationships of age and body weight to reproductive traits in turkey hens.

An experiment was conducted for 23 weeks with 34 large white female turkeys and 86 small white female turkeys to determine productivity trends in aging turkey hens during the first year of production. Over the course of the egg production cycle, age significantly influenced all of the reproductive traits measured in both the large and small hens. For weeks 9 to 23 of the egg production cycle, egg production decreased by approximately 33 and 39%, egg mass by 25 and 30%, body weight by 4 and 1%, feed conversion (feed consumed/egg mass yield) decreased by 93 and 107%, egg weight increased by 12 and 11%, and dietary intake increased by 24 and 9% in large and small hens, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that there was a positive association of body weight with egg production, egg mass, and dietary intake up to approximately 10 kg in large hens and 6.5 kg in small hens.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

The survivability of Mycoplasma meleagridis in frozen-thawed turkey semen.

Semen from 15 turkeys was pooled and divided into two groups and diluted with glycerated freezing medium. One group contained naturally occurring levels of Mycoplasma meleagridis while the other was inoculated with a 24-hr culture of the organism. Both groups were frozen under identical conditions. Semen was evaluated for motility and life-dead analysis during various stages of cryopreservation. The number of viable mycoplasmas in both groups was determined prior to and at 1-, 2-, and 6-months frozen storage. The experiment was repeated twice. Semen motility and live-dead evaluation showed no apparent trends outside of the normal decline seen during various stages of cryopreservation. There was no significant decline in M. meleagridis levels in either treatment group in either trial when samples were tested at intervals up to 6 months. The naturally infected semen contained approximately 10(3) cfu/ml, while the inoculated semen had 10(5) cfu/ml. It was concluded that viable numbers of M. meleagridis do not substantially decline in turkey semen during cryopreservation and subsequent thawing. Consideration must be given to potential pathogens in turkey semen cryopreserved for long-term storage.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Morphology of the epididymal region of turkeys producing abnormal yellow semen.

Male turkeys producing abnormal yellow-colored semen (YS) had hypertrophied epithelial cells in the ductuli efferentes. The cells were engorged with cytoplasmic, lipid-like (lipoid) droplets, a morphological abnormality found exclusively in this area of the epididymal region. The testes, epididymal region, ductus deferens, and abdominal fat were relatively yellow compared to turkeys producing normal white semen (WS). Adipose tissue within the abdominal cavity and lining the ductus deferens was more abundant in the YS producers. In addition to increased lipoid droplets, nonciliated cells of the ductuli epithelia contained larger and more numerous electron-dense lysosomal bodies than similar nonciliated cells in WS males. Resorption of morphologically normal and abnormal spermatozoa by the epithelia of the ductuli efferentes was prevalent in the YS males but was not observed in the WS turkeys. The seminal fluids in the epididymal region of the YS males contained abnormal spermatids, cellular debris, and increased amounts of electron-dense proteinaceous material.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Relationship between Eimeria adenoeides infection and aflatoxicosis in turkey poults.

Three-week-old turkey poults receiving 250 micrograms/kg of dietary aflatoxin displayed prolonged prothrombin times due to decreased fibrinogen levels and depressed activity of factor II. Decreased body weights and increased mortality were also evident. Poults experiencing an Eimeria adenoeides infection had slightly increased prothrombin times that were not corrected by the addition of specific clotting factors. These birds exhibited significant reductions in total plasma protein levels. The combination of E. adenoeides and aflatoxicosis resulted in a significant depression in body weight, altered prothrombin time, and decreased levels of plasma calcium, protein, and fibrinogen. Increased mortality was also observed. E. adenoeides did not affect the hemostatic system of the turkey as severely as does aflatoxin. Turkeys were shown to be highly susceptible to aflatoxin when compared to chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The response of growing turkeys to dietary nutrient density.

The response to diets of different nutrient densities was evaluated in male turkeys. In 2-week experiments with 1-week-old and 14-week-old turkeys the growth response to nutrient density appeared to be biphasic with an accelerated response at the lower and a much smaller response at the upper range of nutrient density. Results suggest that the upper limit of nutrient density for obtaining the accelerated growth response was higher for older (14-week-old) than for younger (1-week-old) birds. In two additional experiments, the growth response at the upper energy range was estimated at 1 to 2% per 100 kcal. In 14-week-old turkeys, abdominal fat did not change with nutrient density.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Monoamine oxidase inhibition and furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults.

Furazolidone (FZ), a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO), fed at concentrations of 700 ppm to turkey poults 2 through 5 weeks of age, produces cardiomyopathy and cardiomegaly. To determine the role of MAO inhibition in FZ-induced cardiomyopathy, the effects of FZ were compared with those of a chemically different MAO inhibitor, tranylcypromine (TCP), and a chemically similar non-MAO inhibitor, nitrofurazone (NFZ). At 14 days of age, poults were divided randomly into four groups. Control poults were fed a standard turkey starter ration, and poults in the experimental groups were fed the standard ration that included one of the following drugs at the given concentrations: 700 ppm FZ, 350 ppm NFZ, or 50 ppm TCP. Activity of MAO was assayed in liver and kidney homogenates from poults chosen at random at 14, 17, 21, 28, and 35 days of age in one trial and on heart homogenates at 14, 15, 17, 19, and 28 days of age in another trial. Development of cardiomyopathy was assessed using an electrocardiographic (ECG) technique and substantiated with necropsy examination. Inhibition of MAO was observed only in the heart in FZ-fed poults, only in the kidney in NFZ-fed poults, and in all three tissues studied in TCP-fed poults. Under the conditions of this study, an increase in the incidence of cardiomyopathy, based on ECG data and necropsy results, occurred only in the FZ-fed group. The inability of the potent MAO inhibitor, TCP, to produce cardiomyopathy in this study supports the conclusion that the primary mechanism of FZ-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults is probably not due to MAO inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Early expression of hereditary deep pectoral myopathy in turkeys due to forced wing exercise.

In a deep pectoral myopathy selected (DPMS) line, forced wing exercise (FWE) at 20 weeks of age resulted in the same level of expressed deep pectoral myopathy (DPM) as seen in unexercised DPMS turkey by 72 weeks of age. The FWE at 15 and 17 weeks of age in DPMS line females increased the incidence of DPM to 30 and 50% compared to 5% in unexercised controls. There is an apparent developmental age X exercise relationship in the expression of DPM. In varieties, lines, and crosses without a history of DPM, FWE does not induce the myopathy. Additional evidence confirms the modifier effect in the polygenic DPM defect. Body weight and breast width measurements in genetically susceptible turkeys were not closely or consistently associated with expression of the myopathy. The results suggest FWE of turkeys at 20 weeks of age or later as a method for detecting genetic carriers at prebreeding ages.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

The amino acid requirements of growing turkeys. 2. Experimental validation of model-calculated requirements for sulfur amino acids and lysine.

The response to protein and the requirements for sulfur amino acids and lysine have been evaluated in male turkeys throughout the growth period as an experimental validation of model-calculated requirements (Hurwitz et al., 1983). The sulfur amino acid requirements were 3.4 and 3.1 mg/kcal for 1- and 5-week-old turkeys, respectively. The requirements for lysine were 4.8, 2.7, and 2.2 mg/kcal for 1-, 12-, and 16-week-old turkeys, respectively, which were in close agreement with the model predictions. Dietary protein in diets calculated on the basis of the model was sufficient to maintain maximal growth and feed efficiency. The results were the basis for accepting the general validity of the model-calculated requirements (Hurwitz et al., 1983).

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Weight loss as related to body composition in aging white turkey hens.

Large and Small White turkey hens were housed in either cages or floor pens and fed a 17% protein breeder diet. At 0, 7, 14, and 23 weeks of egg production, entire carcasses from 6 hens in each of the four time periods were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein, calcium, and phosphorous. Both types of hens, regardless of housing type, had significant linear declines in body weight during egg production. On an absolute weight basis, significant decreasing trends occurred with aging for body moisture, protein, fat, calcium, and phosphorous in both strains and housing types; however, on a percentage basis the significant decreasing trends were evident only for calcium and phosphorous. The results of the data suggest that turkey diets should be designed to produce and maintain heavier body weights in turkey hens which then may prevent the decline in egg production.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Two methods for serial blood sampling from unrestrained, undisturbed turkeys with notes on the effects of acute stressors on plasma levels of prolactin.

A method was developed for chronic cannulation of the atrium of the turkey. Two methods, one employing a headmount swivel-tethering system and the other a backmount swivel-tethering system, were developed for serial bleeding from cannulated turkeys kept in an environmental cubicle. To validate the methods for serial bleeding from undisturbed, unrestrained turkeys, the effects were examined of several stressors on plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in adult toms. Serial bleeding at 2-min intervals followed by withdrawal of one sample of 50 ml at 2 hr after initiation of bleeding had no effect on plasma PRL. Water deprivation for 24 hr or intraatrial infusion of hypertonic saline had no effect on plasma PRL. Intraatrial injection of 10 mg/kg of epinephrine bitartrate resulted in a significant elevation of plasma concentrations of PRL.

Animals↗