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PubMedDate not supplied

Ovariectomy, social status, and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys.

Evidence is contradictory regarding the effects of natural or surgical menopause on "female protection" against coronary artery atherosclerosis. We evaluated atherosclerosis, plasma lipids, blood pressure, and carbohydrate tolerance in 21 ovariectomized and 23 intact female cynomolgus macaques fed a moderately atherogenic diet for 30 months. We also evaluated the influence of social dominance status, with particular emphasis on a possible relationship with ovarian endocrine function. Atherosclerosis was two to 10 times as extensive in coronary, carotid, and iliaco-femoral arteries of the ovariectomized females; this could be explained, in part, by 15% to 20% increases in total plasma and LDL cholesterol concentrations. Socially dominant intact females were protected against advanced atherosclerotic lesions (plaques) of the coronary arteries, while subordinate females and ovariectomized females were not. Increased susceptibility to advanced coronary artery atherosclerosis in subordinate intact females may have been related in some way to chronic ovarian dysfunction observed in seven of 12 of these individuals. As a group, subordinate intact females also had enlarged adrenal glands, suggestive of mechanisms that may influence atherogenesis independently. The results indicate that, in this species, ovariectomy and chronic ovarian dysfunction related to subordinate social status are associated with a more atherogenic plasma lipid pattern and abolish "female protection" against coronary artery atherosclerosis.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1990

Family characteristics of preschool social competence among black children in a Head Start Program.

Social competence has been suggested to serve a protective function in emotional functioning and may compensate for some deleterious experiences. This study found that adherence to family routines and older fathers were significant predictors of preschool social competence. The subjects were 91 black children enrolled in a metropolitan Head Start program who were rated for social competence by their teachers.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1986

Social support, infant temperament, and parenting self-efficacy: a mediational model of postpartum depression.

A model of maternal postpartum depression was tested in which difficult infant temperament was construed as a stressor and supportive interpersonal relationships were construed as a protective resource. It was hypothesized that both infant temperamental difficulty and level of social support would affect maternal depression through the cognitive mediation of perceived self-efficacy in the parenting role. Participants were 55 married women who were assessed during pregnancy and again 3 months postpartum. Infant temperament was assessed through observation, maternal crying records, and the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Results of a path analysis indicated that infant temperamental difficulty was strongly related to the mothers' level of postpartum depression, both directly and through the mediation of parenting self-efficacy. Consistent with predictions, social support appeared to exert its protective function against depression primarily through the mediation of self-efficacy. Both practical implications for identifying women at risk for postpartum depression and theoretical implications for understanding the mechanisms through which stressful events and social support affect adjustment are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Public health nursing in children's protective services.

This article describes the development and integration of a Los Angeles County, Department of Health Services, Public Health Nursing (PHN) program within the local Children's Protective Services (CPS) agency to assist the Children's Social Workers (CSWs) with their legally mandated health case management services. It summarizes the unique health needs of children who enter protective services, and explains why CPS agencies often overwhelmed by an increasing number of cases and diminishing resources, have had difficulty providing necessary health care monitoring and oversight. Program evaluation data detailing PHN services during the first 2 years of program implementation gives valuable insight into their evolving role function within this new practice arena. Issues regarding the integration of disciplines, and the contribution of the PHNs to the CPS agency are discussed.

California↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Legal solutions for the problems of special populations at risk.

Some populations of workers face competitive disadvantages in the labor market and increased risks at work. This paper discusses three areas of law that are relevant to the occupational health concerns of these subgroups of workers. First, laws against discrimination in employment on the basis of race, sex, age, and disability are described. Second, laws that provide universal protection for all workers, including regulatory laws (e.g., OSHA) and social insurance programs (e.g., workers' compensation) are evaluated in terms of the extent to which they provide effective protection for vulnerable populations. Third, the nature of legal protections for people at specific increased risk for disease is assessed. Appendices provide specific summaries of relevant laws.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed2001

Adolescent substance use and family-based risk and protective factors: a literature review.

Adolescent substance use has become a serious concern nationwide. Although there are many ways of viewing adolescent substance use, family influence has been established as one of the strongest sources of risk and protection. A review of the literature indicated relevant theories for understanding adolescent substance use and specific family-based variables influencing adolescent substance use. In general, there seems to be a relationship between adolescent substance use and family-based risk and protective factors. Relevant theories identified in the literature review include family systems theory, social cognitive theory, social control theory, and strain theory. Specific family-based risk and protective factors include family relationships such as with siblings and parents and family characteristics such as ethnicity and religious backgrounds. Future implications for research and prevention/intervention in relation to family-based risk and protective factors are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in health personnel of the Peruvian Institute of Social Security].

The immune response to cuban recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine was studied (sero conversion, sero protection, hyper response and geometric median) in 211 health workers from different general hospitals of Peruvian Social Security, along the coast of Perú. Vaccine was given by deltoid intramuscular injection at 0-1-2 months interval. Quantification of Anti HBS was done according to Organon Tecknica Methodology. Sero protection was obtained in 97% of people studied just at days of the first injection. Women less than 40 years old showed better immunogenic response. This Hepatitis B Vaccine program is recommended due to its symmetry, short time course and high immune protection obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Marital status, change in marital status, and mortality in middle-aged British men.

The effects of marital status and change in marital status on mortality among middle-aged British men were examined in a prospective cohort study, the British Regional Heart Study. This is a nationally representative cohort of men selected at random from general medical practices in 24 towns in England, Wales, and Scotland. It comprises 7,735 men aged 40-59 recruited in 1978-1980 and followed up for 11.5 years. Marital status and a wide range of biologic and lifestyle variables were measured at screening, and changes in marital status were assessed after 5 years. Single (never-married) men had an increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality (relative risk (RR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0-2.2) and noncancer, noncardiovascular mortality (RR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.3) after adjustment for potentially confounding variables: age, social class, smoking, recall of ischemic heart disease, recall of diabetes mellitus, use of antihypertensive drugs, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, employment status, systolic blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Divorced/separated men were not at increased risk of mortality, and widowed men were only at increased risk of other non-cardiovascular disease mortality (RR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.3). There was no effect of marital status on cancer mortality. Men who divorced during the follow-up period were at increased risk of both cardiovascular disease mortality (RR = 1.9, 95% CI 0.9-3.9) and other non-cardiovascular disease mortality (RR = 4.0, 95% CI 1.5-10.6), but men who became widowed during this time were not at increased risk. The excess mortality among single and recently divorced men was not explained by poor health or by exposure to a wide range of risk factors. It is unlikely that selection bias, chance, or artifact is responsible for the general relation between marital status and mortality. Variable and incomplete control for confounding by socioeconomic status and risk factors for common diseases may explain some of the inconsistencies observed between studies and between different categories of unmarried men (i.e., never-married, widowed, and divorced). It is possible that the social support offered by marriage exerts a protective effect for some men.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Genetic predictive testing and private insurances.

Genetic information is a potential tool for selection of job applicants and of candidates for insurance. Social implications of genetic information may represent a threshold for the access to health care facilities. Some of the issues related to the use of predictive genetic information by private life and health insurance companies are discussed. They include the potential threat for the privacy of the individual and his relatives, the pressure to undergo genetic testing and the social consequences of the use of genetic information by private insurance companies. The justified financial interests of insurance companies and the interests of the individual to have his privacy protected and to be able to partake in social attainments have to be brought into balance. A ban on genetic testing in connection with access to insurances and a limitation to the use of existing genetic information have been suggested by the Dutch Health Council. This approach to the problem should be adopted throughout the European Communities, so that medical progress does not turn out to be against the interests of the consumer.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1997

Behaviour problems and relationships with family and peers during adolescence.

This study examines the relationship between (a) characteristics of adolescents' social networks, personal resources, and environmental risks; and (b) adolescents' behaviour problems. A socio-ecological perspective was used to determine whether social support and perceived conflict operate as risk or protective factors. Three samples of adolescents were studied: 63 adolescents in residential care; 29 in day treatment; and 63 who had had no contact with professional care. Interrelations were explored by means of structural equation modelling. Social support in family and peer group may operate as a risk factor or a protective factor depending on other risk factors in these subsystems. Perceived conflict is related to behaviour problems, although the influence differs depending on environmental risk factors and the type of behaviour problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Inequalities in protection services for elderly dependent individuals].

This article analyses social welfare attention for dependence in Spain, especially with respect to old people and social services, with emphasis on social inequality. Disability affects 32.2% of older people (women 35.9%), which rises to 50% for people over 80. Faced with this growing problem, the welfare system continues to provide a timid response, which is expressed in public spending on this field that is much lower than that of the countries around us, which leads to insufficient development of long-term social and health care services (particularly non-residential services) and gives rise to situations of vulnerability and inequality for the majority of dependent persons and for those in charge of caring for them. The separation of health care and social systems and the diversity arising from our model of autonomous communities makes for profound differences with respect to rights of access, entrances, services offered, costs and sources of financing and the preparation of the professionals working in these fields. Consolidating welfare attention for dependence as a subjective, universal and guaranteed right is fundamental if we are to advance in the direction of a reduction of the kinds of inequality cited above and to avoid perpetuating a model of family health care which is based on gender discrimination.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Attachment and social support in the prediction of psychopathology among young adults with and without a history of physical maltreatment.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the roles that social support and attachment play with regard to psychopathology among young adults with and without a history of physical maltreatment. Attachment was conceptualized in terms of the dimensions of view of self and view of other. Attachment and social support were examined individually and concurrently as protective factors. METHOD: The sample consisted of 956 young adults, 294 of whom had a history of physical abuse. Individuals filled out a series of questionnaires inquiring about current attachment, social support, and psychopathology symptoms. A regression design was used, examining how well attachment and/or social support predicted current psychopathology. RESULTS: Results indicated that attachment security, particularly when characterized by a positive view of self, strongly predicted lower levels of psychopathology, irrespective of abuse status. Notably, view of self was a substantially larger predictor than was view of other or social support for individuals with and without a history of physical maltreatment. Among maltreatment subtypes, psychological abuse emerged as the largest predictor of psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that the attachment dimension of view of self is fundamental in predicting current psychopathology level, irrespective of abuse history. In addition, the subtype of psychological abuse deserves further investigation as a risk factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Regulation requirements for the protection of workers against electromagnetic fields occurring in the work environment].

In Poland, electromagnetic fields (EMF), one of potentially hazardous physical factors occurring in the work environment, are subjected to compulsory surveillance. In 2001, the Directive issued by the Minister of Labor and Social Policy substantially changed the approach towards the protection of workers against EMF. The Directive regulates the whole range of EMF frequencies and electromagnetic radiation, namely from 0 Hz to 300 GHz, which means the possibility of assessing worker's EMF exposure, determined by exposure index, along with the hygiene assessment of EMF sources, defined by protection zones. In 2003-2005, a number of amended executive and supplementary regulations were issued. However, it should be emphasized that in the process of their elaboration, striving after perfection, numerous incoherent and ambiguous provisions were adopted, which finally created difficulties in the interpretation of individual regulations. This is also linked with doubts and discussions on their practical application by services responsible for control, measurements and monitoring of working conditions under the exposure to EMF. In this work an attempt was made to clarify all issues and arrange them according to the faced problems. The authors also present proposals how to solve all these problems.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed2003

Self-esteem and women with disabilities.

This study examines the sense of self of women with physical disabilities in terms of self-esteem, self-cognition (perceptions of how others see them), and social isolation. It was hypothesized that these variables mediate the relation of precursor variables (age, education, severity of disability, and childhood experiences, including overprotection, familial affection, and school environment) and outcomes (intimacy, employment, and health promoting behaviors). Data were gathered from a sample of 881 community-dwelling women in the USA, 475 with a variety of mild to severe physical disabilities, and 406 without disabilities. Correlation analyses indicated that the women with disabilities had significantly lower self-cognition and self-esteem, and greater social isolation than the women without disabilities, as well as significantly less education, more overprotection during childhood, poorer quality of intimate relationships, and lower rates of salaried employment. Path analysis indicated that each of the sense of self mediators was significantly related to the outcome of intimacy, that both social isolation and self-esteem were significantly related to health promoting behaviors, and that only self-esteem was significantly related to employment. Respondents who were older, less disabled, less educated, less over-protected, and had more affection shown in the home tended to feel that others saw them more positively. Women with positive school environments, less over-protection, and more affection in the home experienced less social isolation; age, education, and disability severity were not significantly related to social isolation. Older respondents with less disability, a more positive school environment, less over-protection, and more affection in the home tended to have greater self-esteem; education was not significantly related to self-esteem. Older respondents tended to report less intimacy. Younger, more educated, and less disabled respondents were significantly more likely to be employed. More highly educated respondents reported engaging in more health promoting behaviors.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

The critical role of social work in risk management.

If they are included in cases early enough, social workers can help agencies manage risk, protect patients, and avoid litigation. These professionals offer unique skills that agencies should tap into more consistently to reap the benefits of better risk management.

Case Management↗
PubMed1976

Non-accidental injury in children: what we do in Derby.

A scheme for dealing with cases of non-accidental injury in children in the Derby clinical area has been operating since 1971. A stable team of doctors, policemen, and social workers deal with each case. The parents are told at once that battering is suspected, and the police and social services department co-operate closely in establishing the facts, supporting the family, and protecting the child. A psychiatric assessment of the parents may help social workers decide on the long-term care of the child, and the forensic physician is invaluable if the case has to go to court. The team has made three recommendations about prevention and management of these cases: a specialist social service team should be set up to deal with these children and regain the skills and knowledge lost when children's departments were abolished in 1971; babies should be routinely weighed naked in infant welfare clinics; and juvenile courts should be able to order a psychiatric report on the parents in care proceedings.

Battered Child Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of breast feeding on the risk of obesity and risk of being overweight in children at the time of entry to school. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey SETTING: Bavaria, southern Germany. METHODS: Routine data were collected on the height and weight of 134 577 children participating in the obligatory health examination at the time of school entry in Bavaria. In a subsample of 13 345 children, early feeding, diet, and lifestyle factors were assessed using responses to a questionnaire completed by parents. SUBJECTS: 9357 children aged 5 and 6 who had German nationality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Being overweight was defined as having a body mass index above the 90th centile and obesity was defined as body mass index above the 97th centile of all enrolled German children. Exclusive breast feeding was defined as the child being fed no food other than breast milk. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity in children who had never been breast fed was 4.5% as compared with 2.8% in breastfed children. A clear dose-response effect was identified for the duration of breast feeding on the prevalence of obesity: the prevalence was 3.8% for 2 months of exclusive breast feeding, 2.3% for 3-5 months, 1.7% for 6-12 months, and 0.8% for more than 12 months. Similar relations were found with the prevalence of being overweight. The protective effect of breast feeding was not attributable to differences in social class or lifestyle. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, breast feeding remained a significant protective factor against the development of obesity (odds ratio 0.75, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.98) and being overweight (0.79, 0.68 to 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: In industrialised countries promoting prolonged breast feeding may help decrease the prevalence of obesity in childhood. Since obese children have a high risk of becoming obese adults, such preventive measures may eventually result in a reduction in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and other diseases related to obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Health hazards and risks for abuse among child labor in Jordan.

The phenomenon of child labor has become the main concern of developing countries. The literature related to child labor discusses the causes and socioeconomic factors contributing to child labor but few studies examined risks for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse among child labor. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the characteristics of working children as well as identify health risks and risks for abuse associated with child labor. A convenience sample of 41 children working in the industrial city of Irbid were interviewed by using a semistructured interview guide. Findings revealed that children who were engaged in child labor were poor and dropped out of school to assist their families financially. The findings also showed that children were exposed to health hazards such as inhaling chemicals and physical injuries. Physical, verbal, and sexual abuse also were present among these children. The findings from this study concluded that child labor creates an unhealthy environment for socially disadvantaged children. Health professionals, including pediatric and community health care providers, have an instrumental role that needs to be focused on protecting children, enforcing policies, and implementing strategies to help socially and economically disadvantaged children.

Adolescent↗