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PubMed1985

Changes in hypothalamic dopamine D-2 receptors during sexual maturation in male and female rats.

We have examined variations in hypothalamic dopamine D-2 receptor levels occurring during sexual maturation in male and female rats, using a [3H]domperidone radioligand binding assay. A major decrease in D-2 receptor levels was observed during sexual development, and was accompanied by the appearance of a sexual dimorphism in receptor levels, which appeared to be the result of neonatal sexual differentiation. These changes may be linked with the alterations in hormone levels which occur during sexual maturation.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Results of treating childhood Cushing's disease with pituitary irradiation.

To determine the usefulness of conventional pituitary irradiation in childhood Cushing's disease, we reviewed the results of this treatment in 15 patients. Twelve were cured (mean plasma cortisol of less than 10 microgram per deciliter and 24-hour urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion of less than 7 mg per gram of creatinine) within 18 months, and 10 of the 15 were cured within nine months. Three failures required bilateral adrenalectomy. Growth resumed in 12, with adult heights of 156 to 166 cm. Sexual development proceeded normally in all 15, with normal secondary sexual characteristics and sexual function, and demonstrated fertility in four married adults. Intellectual function appeared normal. Basal and stimulated hormone levels were normal, except for subnormal (5 ng per milliliter or less) growth hormone levels after hypoglycemia in one of 12 patients. There were no complications of therapy and no progressive pituitary enlargement or hyperpigmentation. Pituitary irradiation is safe and effective therapy for childhood Cushing's disease.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids↗
PubMed2006

Treatment of paraphilic sexual disorder: the use of topiramate in fetishism.

Topiramate, a newer anticonvulsant, has a modulating effect on voltage-dependent sodium and calcium ion channels, potentiates GABA neurotransmitters and blocks kainite/AMPA glutamate receptors. We describe the use of topiramate in the treatment of fetishism, a paraphilic sexual disorder. A 23-year-old male had developed sexual fantasies and urges towards women's feet and shoes from childhood onwards. The patient would masturbate with women's shoes, which he had bought or stolen from others. He would feel sexually excited by seeing and/or smelling female feet and shoes. He had received individual psychotherapy because of his unusual sexual expressions, marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. However, the psychotherapy was not effective and his symptoms of fetishism did not abate until he had been treated with topiramate (200 mg per day). He has been on the dose of this medication for more than 6 months and his symptoms of fetishism have since diminished. In addition, he has not experienced any significant side-effect with this medication. Experience with our patient suggests that topiramate may be effective in treating paraphilic sexual disorders. Further controlled studies are required to confirm its efficacy in patients of this type.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Boys with eating disorders.

Although commonly associated with girls and women, eating disorders do not discriminate. School nurses need to be aware that male students also can suffer from the serious health effects of anorexia nervosa, bulimia, anorexia athletica, and eating disorders not otherwise specified. Sports that focus on leanness and weight limits can add to a growing boy's risk of developing an eating disorder. Issues of body image and sexual development can complicate and can distort previously normal eating habits. Students may use powerful and dangerous drugs readily available via the Internet, including growth hormone, creatine, testosterone, and aminophylline, to build muscle and to eliminate fat, potentially causing serious health consequences. School nurses can partner with health and physical education teachers, coaches, school staff, parents, and students to identify and to support boys with eating disorders

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Effects of neonatal administration of clomiphene citrate on sexual behavior of female rats: a preliminary report.

Female rats were treated with the nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist clomiphene citrate for the first 5 days postpartum. The expectation was that clomiphene would influence the sexual development of these animals as is the case with sexually immature animals treated with steroidal compounds. Analysis showed that treatment with clomiphene completely disrupted the adult sexual behavior of the female. In five consecutive days of testing the experimental females were never observed to mate. They were mounted significantly less often than controls, suggesting that the males were less attracted to them than to normal females. The initial suggestion that clomiphene might affect the sexual behavior of females has been supported; however, further research must be done to identify the underlying mechanism of the change.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Adolescent sexuality at the dawn of the 21st century.

Human sexuality can be defined as including the physical characteristics of and capacities for specific sex behaviors, together with psychosocial values, norms, attitudes, and learning processes that influence these behaviors. It also includes a sense of gender identity and related concepts, behaviors, and attitudes about the self and others as women or men in the context of one's society. At the dawn of the new century, adolescent sexuality remains a topic of concern to adults throughout the world. This concern is not unique to this new age. In each era of recorded history, adults have been concerned about adolescent sexual behavior, particularly sexual intercourse and its consequences. Things have not changed all that much in the realm of adolescent sexual behavior. What has changed is our ability to prevent the serious consequences of this behavior and, hopefully, to help adolescents avoid behaviors that put them at risk for the negative consequences of expressing their burgeoning sexuality. This article reviews the major influences on adolescents developing' sexuality, the data on adolescent sexual activity, some tips on caring for adolescents comprehensively, and ends with some predictions of how this issue will be addressed in the new century.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Delayed puberty.

Normal puberty is a time of life and a process of development that results in full adult maturity of growth, sexual development, and psychosocial achievement. Delayed puberty describes the clinical condition in which the pubertal events start late (usually > +2.5 SD later than the mean) or are attenuated in progression. The differential diagnosis includes syndromes of low gonadotropin production, usually constitutional delay of growth and maturation associated with chronic disease, but also an array of gene-mediated disorders, and syndromes of primary gonadal dysfunction with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, including Turner and Klinefelter syndromes, and a group of acquired and genetic abnormalities. Diagnostic assessment and varied therapeutic modalities are discussed. The issues of androgen or estrogen therapy are important to assess, and growth hormone treatment remains a difficult dilemma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The effect of hysterectomy on sexual functioning.

The effect of hysterectomy on sexual function is an issue of debate. There are reasons to believe that removal of the uterus can have adverse effects on female sexual functioning by disrupting the anatomical relations in the pelvis. In this article, we review the literature on the impact of hysterectomy (without oophorectomy and for benign conditions) on the sexual functioning of premenopausal women. There is evidence that women for whom there is a clinical indication for hysterectomy are often experiencing a decreased quality of life. After successful treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, either by hysterectomy or uterus-saving alternatives, the majority of women report experiencing improved sexual functioning. Nonetheless, the research on the effect of hysterectomy on female sexual functioning is not conclusive. Prehysterectomy sexual functioning and psychosocial state are significant predictors for posthysterectomy sexual dysfunction and depression. A minority of women report developing sexual dysfunctions as a result of hysterectomy. The nature and extent of these dysfunctions have not been adequately investigated. Many investigations in this area are flawed by methodological imperfections. For example, qualitative changes in sexual functioning and changes in the physiology of sexual function often were not adequately addressed. In the future, researchers should include both objective measures of physiological functioning and use standardized and validated self-report questionnaires. A critical attitude towards the indications of hysterectomy remains mandatory.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Sexual orientation in Drosophila is altered by the satori mutation in the sex-determination gene fruitless that encodes a zinc finger protein with a BTB domain.

We have isolated a new Drosophila mutant, satori (sat), the males of which do not court or copulate with female flies. The sat mutation comaps with fruitless (fru) at 91B and does not rescue the bisexual phenotype of fru, indicating that sat is allelic to fru (fru(sat)). The fru(sat) adult males lack a male-specific muscle, the muscle of Lawrence, as do adult males with other fru alleles. Molecular cloning and analyses of the genomic and complementary DNAs indicated that transcription of the fru locus yields several different transcripts. The sequence of fru cDNA clones revealed a long open reading frame that potentially encodes a putative transcription regulator with a BTB domain and two zinc finger motifs. In the 5' noncoding region, three putative transformer binding sites were identified in the female transcript but not in male transcripts. The fru gene is expressed in a population of brain cells, including those in the antennal lobe, that have been suggested to be involved in determination of male sexual orientation. We suggest that fru functions downstream of tra in the sex-determination cascade in some neural cells and that inappropriate sexual development of these cells in the fru mutants results in altered sexual orientation of the fly.

Alleles↗
PubMed2002

Association of aflatoxin biosynthesis and sclerotial development in Aspergillus parasiticus.

Secondary metabolism in fungi is frequently associated with asexual and sexual development. Aspergillus parasiticus produces aflatoxins known to contaminate a variety of agricultural commodities. This strictly mitotic fungus. besides producing conidia asexually, produces sclerotia, structures resistant to harsh conditions and for propagation. Sclerotia are considered to be derived from the sexual structure, cleistothecia. and may represent a vestige of ascospore production. Introduction of the aflatoxin pathway-specific regulatory gene, aflR, and aflJ, which encoded a putative co-activator, into an O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST)-accumulating strain, A. parasiticus SRRC 2043, resulted in elevated levels of accumulation of major aflatoxin precursors, including norsolorinic acid (NOR), averantin (AVN), versicolorin A (VERA) and OMST. The total amount of these aflatoxin precursors, NOR, VERA, AVN and OMST, produced by the aflR plus aflJ transformants was two to three-fold that produced by the aflR transformants. This increase indicated a synergistic effect of aflR and aflJ on the synthesis of aflatoxin precursors. Increased production of the aflatoxin precursors was associated with progressive decrease in sclerotial size, alteration in sclerotial shape and weakening in the sclerotial structure of the transformants. The results showed that sclerotial development and aflatoxin biosynthesis are closely related. We proposed that competition for a common substrate, such as acetate, by the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway could adversely affect sclerotial development in A. parasiticus.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2005

Maternal inheritance and stage-specific variation of the apicoplast in Toxoplasma gondii during development in the intermediate and definitive host.

The structure and location of Toxoplasma gondii apicoplasts were examined in intermediate and definitive hosts and shown to vary in a stage-specific manner. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy studies were used to identify changes in the morphology of apicoplasts and in their enoyl reductase (ENR) content during asexual and sexual development. Apicoplasts in tachyzoites were small, multimembraned organelles anterior to nuclei that divided and segregated with the nuclei during endodyogeny. In nonproliferating bradyzoites within mature tissue cysts (1 to 24 months), apicoplasts had high levels of ENR. During coccidian development, asexual multiplication (endopolygeny), resulting in simultaneous formation of up to 30 daughters (merozoites), involved an initial growth phase associated with repeated nuclear divisions during which apicoplasts appeared as single, elongated, branched structures with increased levels of ENR. At initiation of merozoite formation, enlarged apicoplasts divided simultaneously, with constrictions, into portions that segregated to developing daughters. In sexual stages, apicoplast division did not occur during microgametogony, and apicoplasts were absent from the microgametes that were formed. In contrast, during macrogametogony, the apicoplast appeared as a large, branched, perinuclear structure that had very high levels of ENR in the absence of nuclear division. Marked increases in the size of apicoplasts and levels of ENR may be related to requirements of the macrogametocytes to synthesize and store all components necessary for oocyst formation and subsequent extracellular sporulation. Thus, it is shown that apicoplasts are present and contain ENR in all T. gondii life cycle stages except microgametes, which will result in maternal inheritance of the organelle.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Sexual unfolding.

The development of sexuality during adolescence is a complicated and often confusing process. This article presents a conceptualization of this process: "sexual unfolding". The concept is based on observations made during individual interviews with over 4000 Yale University students during the past 11 years. Nine steps are identified in the sexual unfolding of a person growing from a child in the family to an adult bonding to another adult in a sexually intimate relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Children and adolescents as sexual beings: a historical overview.

This article provides a historical overview of attitudes toward the sexual and erotic behavior of children and adolescents. It includes an examination of the conflicting attitudes of historians toward childhood and the living conditions and attitudes that influenced childhood sexual development. Attitudes have varied from an emphasis on childhood innocence to fears of childhood sinfulness, from children being regarded as asexual creatures to being extremely sexual, and from being little adults to regarding childhood as unique and different. Although there have always been observers of childhood sexuality, and much adult interest in it, research into the topic mainly is a twentieth century development. Sigmund Freud was a pioneer in recognizing children as sexual beings; however, research since his time has challenged and modified his assumptions. Whatever their discipline, however, there is general agreement that sexuality is part of childhood development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Predicting effective contraceptive behavior in college females.

This article reports the results of a preliminary research project that explored the relationship between assertiveness, cognitive development and contraceptive behavior among single young women in their freshman and senior years at college. A total of 60 college women at a university health center volunteered to participate in this pilot study. They filled out three instruments: the Galassi College Self-Expression Scale (SES), the Measure of Intellectual Development (MID) tool and an author-developed sexuality questionnaire. Although there was a significant relationship between cognitive development and assertiveness, no significant relationships were found between cognitive development, assertiveness and use of effective contraception. Interesting descriptive characteristics were identified. Clinical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Incidence and treatment of sexual dysfunction in heart disease].

Several links have been established between sexual dysfunction and heart disease. Indeed, many risk factors for developing sexual dysfunction are shared by coronary artery disease: age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolaemia. It should also be borne in mind that in men several cardiac drugs are responsible for erectile dysfunction (ED). Lastly it should be remembered that treatment of ED may be associated with cardiovascular side-effects. Data from the literature show that men with coronary artery disease, hypertension or diabetes have an up to fourfold higher risk of developing ED than have age-matched controls. Thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers are the most common drugs that produce ED. Current therapies for ED are safe and effective in the large majority of patients with cardiovascular disease. However, the concomitant use of nitrates and sildenafil may be life-threatening, and nitrate therapy is therefore contra-indicated in patients taking sildenafil--and vice versa.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Psychosexual development of adolescent males after malignancies in childhood.

We studied psychosexual development in 28 adolescent males who had survived leukemia and compared it with that in 25 adolescent males who had survived other malignancies in childhood. A clinical semistructured psychiatric interview was used to form 8 criteria of psychosexual development. Sexual identity was also assessed using a psychological test. By every criterion, development was more disturbed in patients who had survived leukemia. Attitudes toward adult-type genital sexuality, contact ability with the opposite sex, and the developmental level of sexuality were most significantly affected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effects of interruption of apicoplast function on malaria infection, development, and transmission.

A chloroplast-like organelle is present in many species of the Apicomplexa phylum. We have previously demonstrated that the plastid organelle of Plasmodium faciparum is essential to the survival of the blood-stage malaria parasite in culture. One known function of the plastid organelle in another Apicomplexan, Toxoplasma gondii, involves the formation of the parasitophorous vacuole. The effects of interruption of plastid function on sporozoites and sexual-stage parasites have not been investigated. In our previous studies of the effects of thiostrepton, a polypeptide antibiotic from streptococcus spp., on erythrocytic schizongony of the human malaria P. falciparium, we found that this antibiotic appears to interact with the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) binding domain of the organellar large subunit ribosomal RNA, as it does in bacteria. We investigate here the effects of this drug on life-cycle stages of the malaria parasite in vivo. Preincubation of mature infective sporozoites with thiostrepton has no observable effect on their infectivity. Sporozoite infection both by mosquito bite and sporozoite injection was prevented by pretreatment of mice with thiostrepton. Thiostrepton eliminates infection with erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium berghei in mice. Clearance of infected red blood cells follows the delayed kinetics associated with drugs that interact with the apicoplast. Thiostrepton treatment of infected mice reduces transmission of parasites by more than ten-fold, indicating that the plastid has a role in sexual development of the parasite. These results indicate that the plastid function is accessible to drug action in vivo and important to the development of both sexual and asexual forms of the parasite.

Animals↗