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PubMed1981

Quantification of protease, amylase and lipase in the gut of Schizodactylus monstrosus during the postembryonic developmental stage. Effect of starvation, stress and topical application of juvenile hormone analogue.

A quantitative picture is presented on the activities and distribution of three major digestive enzymes in the postembryonic and adult stages of Schizodactylus monstrosus. The activity of enzymes in adult insects of both sexes has also been studied under starvation stress and after the topical application of juvenile hormone analogue. Results show that amylase activity was much higher in the early stages of development while in later stages protease and lipase activity was more significant. Protease activity was highest in the adult male, while the activity of all the enzymes reached its maximum in pregnant females. Starvation stress in adult individuals led to a slight decline of enzyme activity which was insignificant statistically. Topical application of JHa in high doses caused a steady increase in the activity of all the enzymes of which the increase of protease was statistically significant. The probable reasons for the quantitative variation have been discussed.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

Effects of starvation on phospholipid metabolism of pancreatic islets.

It was the aim of the present study to examine the extent to which starvation-induced impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is linked to changes of islet phospholipid metabolism. For this purpose both islets isolated from mice starved for 60 hr and islets maintained in culture for 1 week in a low (3.3 mM) glucose medium were studied together with relevant control islets. When challenged with a high glucose concentration the insulin response of both groups of islets was totally blunted. The effect of food restriction on 14C-glucose incorporation into different phospholipid classes was less prominent. On a percentage basis phosphatidylserine biosynthesis of islets isolated from starved mice was most affected, whereas the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine was only marginally impaired. Culture of islets for 1 week at the low glucose concentration affected the phospholipid biosynthesis even less and there was only a small decrease of 14C-glucose incorporation into phosphatidylcholine. In general, cultured islets synthesized more phospholipids than the freshly isolated ones. No dose-response relationship was found between various degrees of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and 14C-glucose incorporation into different phospholipid classes of islets isolated from fed mice. The present data thus provided no evidence that an impairment of the islet phospholipid turnover contributes to the starvation-induced impairment of insulin secretion. There was also no close correlation between phospholipid biosynthesis in terms of 14C-glucose incorporation and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acetylcholine levels of rat brain and heart in starvation and protein restriction.

Acetylcholine (ACh) levels and protein content in brain and heart were determined in normal, acutely starved, chronically semi-starved and chronically protein restricted groups of adult male rats. The only change observed in acute starvation and chronic semi-starvation was an increase in ACh level with a decrease in protein content in the heart, no change was observed in the brain. Protein restriction, however, produced a significant rise in ACh levels with a decrease in protein content of both brain and heart.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of starvation and elastase models of emphysema in the rat.

Starvation and elastase-induced changes in rat lung structure, biochemistry, and function were compared as models of human pulmonary emphysema. Ten-week-old male rats were instilled intratracheally with either porcine pancreatic elastase in saline (E) or with saline alone. A group of the saline-instilled rats were fed one third of their normal food intake until a 45% loss of body weight occurred (S). The remaining saline-instilled rats served as control animals (C). Post-treatment evaluations included in vivo respiratory function, lung histopathologic and morphometric analyses, lung tissue proteinolytic activity, and lung collagen. The E rats had in vivo respiratory function changes more similar to human emphysema than those of S rats. All lung volume subdivisions were decreased in S rats and increased in E rats. The volume-pressure curve of S rats was shifted to the right of the C curve, whereas that of E rats was shifted to the left. Forced expiratory flow rates of E rats were decreased at all lung volumes, but those of S rats were not. Both E and S rats had larger terminal air spaces and less alveolar surface area than did C rats. The S rats had more collagen per gram lung and higher proteinolytic activity than did C or E rats. These results show that, although starvation induces some changes characteristic of human emphysema, elastase-treatment provides a model more similar to the human disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Serum lipids during starvation in obesity.

The HDL-cholesterol level was found to decrease during the first week of therapeutic starvation in hyperlipoproteinaemic (hypertriglyceridaemic), diabetic (non-insulin dependent) patients. The possible causes of the finding are discussed, and the view is expressed that the fall in HDL given no cause for discontinuing the caloric restriction or starvation as the therapeutic measures in obesity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of starvation on lipid peroxidation and fatty acid composition in the blood of young and old rats].

After starvation during 48 hrs there was no alteration in blood serum of young rats (4-5 months old) in content of malonic dialdehyde but it was decreased in the old animals (24-26 months old). At the same time, the fatty acid composition of blood serum similarly altered in the both experimental groups. There was an increase in content of saturated fatty acids and a decrease in content of unsaturated fatty acids. Total amount of free fatty acids was increased in young starved rats and unaltered in old animals. Effect of starvation on the body antioxidant system is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Effects of starvation and refeeding on the excretion of urinary steroid metabolites in mice with different genetic background.

Gas chromatographic steroid metabolic profiling procedures have been applied to investigations of the effects of starvation and refeeding in mice. Urinary steroid metabolites were quantitatively followed during the starvation-refeeding experiments for mice with different genetic backgrounds. Some quantitative alterations were noted for certain congenic strains of mice. The metabolites which exhibited such quantitative variations were tentatively identified by means of combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of experimental starvation on the age-related characteristics of phenylalanine metabolism].

Experiments with administration of phenylalanine were made to study its content in the blood and urine of young and old intact rabbits, as well as under the starvation-simulated restriction of protein synthesis. The old animals manifested an increased rate of phenylalanine increment, and of its excretion with the urine, apart from the reduced tyrosine biosynthesis. Starvation counteracts the age-associated differences as regards the body response to phenylalanine administration, with a tendency towards more distinctive shifts being seen in the young animals. It is concluded that with age the rate of assimilation and hydroxylation of phenylalanine diminishes and the possibilities of its use to meet tyrosine requirements get restricted. It is recommended that amino acids and protein supply be restricted during aging.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

Effect of starvation and refeeding on the blood and liver of domesticated rabbits.

A group of male rabbits was starved for 7 days. Their blood samples were collected, before and after the starvation period. Six rabbits were slaughtered for the recovery of livers, while the rest were refed for the next 7 days, at the end of which their blood samples were collected and livers taken out for various analyses. After 7 days of starvation, the total leukocytic count, haemoglobin, bilirubin, proteins and glucose contents, and activities of alkaline phosphatase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase of blood serum decreased significantly, while its lactate dehydrogenase activity and cholesterol, total lipids and urea contents showed a significant increase. In liver, except for the bilirubin and glucose contents, all the biochemical components--RNA, DNA and total proteins included--showed highly elevated values. Refeeding of the starved rabbits tended to normalize most within 7 days. Although RNA, DNA, total proteins, cholesterol and urea contents did not reach the normal level in liver during this period, they were definitely less than those of the starved condition. The hepatic transaminases activities and lipid content in starved + refed livers were considerably decreased during the refeeding period. The histological parameters were slow to recover.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Comparative study of energy metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscles of rat and rabbit. Effect of starvation].

The steady state concentration of carbohydrate and adenosine phosphate metabolites in rat and rabbit liver and in rabbit skeletal muscle and oxidative phosphorylation parameters of rat and rabbit liver mitochondria were compared. The effects of 24 hr starvation on the energy metabolism of liver and skeletal muscle of the animals were investigated. The steady state concentrations of glycogen and phosphoenolpyruvate in normal rabbit liver were found to be much lower than in the rat and other mammalian livers (45.7 mumoles of glucose equivalents and 38 nmoles of PEP per 1 g of liver wet mass, respectively). On the contrast, the concentrations of glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate and Pi in rabbit skeletal muscle were unusually high (up to 3, 1 and 15 mumoles per 1 g, respectively). In terms of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, Pi, adenine nucleotide contents and cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio in the liver, and glycogen, glucose, lactate, creatine and adenosine phosphates in skeletal muscle and oxidative and phosphorylated properties of isolated liver mitochondria, no significant differences between rat and rabbit were found. During 24 hr starvation gluconeogenesis in rabbit liver occurred earlier and was more intensive than in rat liver. This is indicative of the existence of interspecies differences in the control mechanisms of carbohydrate and phosphorus metabolism.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1995

Characterisation and starvation induced regulation of methionine uptake sites in mouse mammary gland.

The sites of methionine uptake by 10 day lactating mouse mammary gland were determined in vitro. Four modes of methionine entry characterised were: (i) A sodium-dependent, N-(methylamino) isobutyric acid (MeAIB)--sensitive system with a Vmax of 18.8 nmol/g cells/min (this mode of entry was similar to the A site in other tissues); (ii) A sodium-dependent, MeAIB--insensitive uptake system with a Vmax of 12.4 nmol/g cells/min); this mode of entry was inhibited by substrates preferred by ASC system); (iii) A sodium-independent, 2-amino-bicyclo heptane 2-carboxylic acid (BCH)-sensitive system L with a Vmax of 30 nmol/g cells/min; and (iv) A sodium-independent entry which was not inhibited by high concentrations of MeAIB or BCH. The Km value of each of the former three carrier mediated transport systems was 0.46 mM. Starvation of animals brought about important increase in the Vmax of the A system by 97% and that of ASC system by 1003% which was accompanied by similar increases in the Km values of these systems. These results show an adaptive regulation of these two sodium-dependent sites as a result of starvation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Possible involvement of protein kinase C with induction of haptoglobin in cows by treatment with dexamethasone and by starvation.

Haptoglobin (Hp), an acute-phase protein, is detected in serum of cows with hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver). To assess the relevance of Hp in fatty liver, induction of Hp was examined, using conditions similar to those involving development of fatty liver in cows. Induction of Hp was achieved by a combination of dexamethasone administration (0.1 mg/kg of body weight) and 2 days' starvation. Haptoglobin appearance in serum was not associated with the increase of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (a marker for inflammation). This treatment increased serum nonesterified fatty acids concentration and decreased serum triglycerides concentration. Protein kinase C activity was decreased in the cytosolic fractions of liver and mononuclear cells. Reduction of protein kinase C-catalyzed endogenous protein phosphorylation also was observed, particularly in the cytosolic fractions of the tissue and cells. Detection of Hp in serum of cows with fatty liver appears to be explained by the fact that Hp is induced by dexamethasone administration and starvation, which are similar to the condition responsible for fatty liver development. The change of protein kinase C-catalyzed phosphorylation was suggested to be involved in the induction of Hp in cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[The effect of starvation on carbohydrate transport in the mouse and rat small intestine].

The starvation-related changes of glucose and maltose absorption were shown to be unrelated to absorption of sucrose and lactose. The glucose and maltose transport responds synchronously to starvation and refeeding. The total reduction of the mice body mass after refeeding occurred in 48 hrs. The effect of a preliminary load of the gastrointestinal tract on the transport rate in enzyme-transport system, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of graded biotin levels in the diet on liver pyruvate carboxylase of chicks fed ad libitum and after starvation.

Decreasing levels of biotin in the diet from 200 mug/kg to 0 mug/kg reduced the pyruvate carboxylase activity per g liver and in the whole liver of chicks to 17% of the normal activity. Oral supplementation with 3 mg biotin per chick increased the enzyme activity within 24 hours back to normal. In animals well supplemented with biotin (200 mug/kg diet) 24 hours of starvation increased the per g liver pyruvate carboxylase activity. When the pyruvate carboxylase activities were related to the whole liver, no effect of starvation was found.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Patterns of cell functioning in starvation (exemplified by isolated roots)].

Comparison is made over physiology of the cells of isolated roots with those of animals under long-term starvation conditions. General mechanisms of functioning of such cells are exposed. It is shown that cut-off roots could be used as proper model for the studying physiology of the cell starvation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Self-starvation through the ages: reflections on the pre-history of anorexia nervosa.

UNLABELLED: Recent publications have indicated that voluntary self-starvation is not a recently developed syndrome and that it has been reported throughout history. These prior forms of inedia are summarized and related to their historical and cultural contexts. On the basis of these data, some hypotheses are proposed regarding social influences on the vulnerability to eating disorders. OBJECTIVE: To document and describe forms of eating disorders occurring prior to the formal medical description of anorexia nervosa in the late 19th century. METHOD: Review of historical references to self-starvation, of recent publications on the history of eating disorders, and of articles describing cases of eating disorders occurring in the past. RESULTS: Forms of eating disorders have existed since ancient times varying in frequency, manifestations, and possible motivation. DISCUSSION: Certain sociocultural factors appear to foster or inhibit the frequency and type of eating disorders.

Anorexia Nervosa↗