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At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Stenosed spaces of ostiomeatal complex and chronic sinusitis (an analysis of 94 cases)].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the relationship between the stenosed spaces of ostiomeatal complex (OMC) and chronic sinusitis, and the relative factors causing the stenosed spaces. METHOD: Having nasal obstructing, discharging, headache and other clinical symptoms, 94 patients (179 sides of nasal cavity and sinus) were examined with coronal and high resolution CT scanning. The CT manifestations of the stenosed spaces and the anatomic variations of OMC were comparatively analyzed between the inflammatory sinuses and the normal ones. RESULT: The incidence of the stenosed spaces was difference between the inflammatory sinuses and the normal ones and there was significant statistically (P < 0.01). But, the incidence of the anatomic variations was not (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: A significant correlation exists between the stenosed spaces of OMC and chronic sinusitis. It is helpful to the functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) to understand various kinds of the stenosed space of OMC with sinusitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Diagnosis and surgical management of metastatic diseases in retropharyngeal space].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the symptoms and surgical management results of metastatic disease in the retropharyngeal space. METHODS: Six patients with malignant tumors were collected, in which enlarged lymph nodes presented both in neck and retropharyngeal space. They consisted of two supraglottic carcinoma (T3N2MO), one thyroid carcinoma (TXN2MO), one nasal melanoma (TXN2MO), one oropharyngeal carcinoma (T2N2M0) and one hypopharyngeal carcinoma (T3N2MO). The enlarged nodes in the retropharyngeal space were measured with CT and (or) MRI, which ranged from 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter. Based on the control of the primary and neck disease, the mass in the retropharyngeal space was dissected and sent for pathologic exam separately. RESULTS: Metastasis in the retropharyngeal space was pathologically proved in all of them, along with the involved internal jugular lymph nodes of 3/15, 3/17, 4/19, 5/19, 6/20, and 6/23, respectively. No serious complications occurred, such as fistula and central nerve damage. The patient with hypopharyngeal carcinoma died of lung metastasis 2 years after operation. The one suffering nasal malignant melanoma was out of follow-up in the 14th months. The patient with oropharyngeal carcinoma locally relapsed in the 18th months and died at the 24th months postoperatively. The rest was alive with tumor free within the follow-up period from 2 to 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: CT or Mifi are the mainstay of diagnosis of the metastatic disease in the retropharyngeal space and can he surgically controlled with safety.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

A space-efficient algorithm for the constrained pairwise sequence alignment problem.

The constrained pairwise sequence alignment (CPSA) problem aims to align two given sequences by aligning their similar subsequences in the same region under the guidance of a given pattern (constraint). Let the lengths of the sequences be m, and n where n <or= m, and let r <or= n be the length of the given pattern. The optimum constrained pairwise alignment score can be computed using O(rn) space by a naive dynamic programming solution. If an optimal alignment path is desired then the space requirement of the naive dynamic programming algorithm is O(rnm). There is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that reduces the memory requirement of finding an optimal alignment for the CPSA problem to O(rn). In this paper, we present a space-efficient CPSA algorithm that returns an optimal alignment. Our analysis on real protein sequences suggests that our algorithm requires only O(n) space in practice. This algorithm is not only space efficient but also very fast. A generalization of the CPSA problem for multiple sequences is called the constrained multiple sequence alignment (CMSA) problem. Our CPSA algorithm also improves the space requirement of progressive CMSA algorithms that use solutions of CPSA problems.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Occlusion in the primary dentition. Part 1: A preliminary report on comparison of antero-posterior relationships and spacing among children of the major Nigerian ethnic groups.

This paper compares the antero-posterior occlusal pattern and arch spacing in the primary dentition of Nigerian children from the 3 major ethnic groups in the country Ibo, Yoruba and Hausa tribes. This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study involving eight randomly selected pre-primary schools and day-care centers in Ibadan and Lagos cities of Nigeria. Two hundred and sixty-nine 3-5-year-old children consisting of 125 (46.5%) males and 144 (53.6%) females were examined. A two-stage sampling method was adopted. The occlusions of the children were assessed according to the criteria by Foster and Hamilton, under natural illumination in their schools premises. Chi-square statistic was used to analyse the data. No statistically significant differences were observed in the molar and canine relationships among the ethnic groups (p > 0.05). Highly statistically significant differences were noted in relation to spacing of the arches (p = 0.001) in both the anterior and posterior segments. Also, statistically significant differences were found in relation to post canine spaces (p < 0.05) but not with pre-canine spaces. Spacing was found most in the Ibo ethnic group children. Although no statistically significant ethnic differences were found in the molar relationships of the study sample, very statistically significant differences were revealed in the spacing of the arches in both incisor and molar regions.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

[Anatomical study of venous spaces in transsphenoidal approach for cavernous sinus surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To study the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the venous spaces involved in surgery via transsphenoidal approach to the cavernous sinus (CS). METHODS: Ten fixed cadaver heads (six male, four female) with red and blue latex injected in the arteries and veins, respectively, were used to perform the transsphenoidal approach. The anterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus and the floor of sellar turcica were opened as much as possible to expose the dura mater at the sellar floor and the inferior wall of CS, and the location of the anterior and inferior intercavernous sinuses were observed carefully. All the spaces of CS were observed and measured. According to the observations, the venous spaces available for operation were identified and analyzed. RESULTS: In all the cadaver heads, 4 anterior and 5 inferior intercavernous sinuses were found, with the former locating below the optic protuberance, while the latter situated at the turn of the sellar protuberance at the clival indentation. CS was subdivided into medial space, inferolateral space, and dorsolateral space. CONCLUSIONS: In transsphenoidal approach, opening of anterior and inferior intercavernous sinus is liable to result in intra- and postoperative venous bleeding, and understanding of the location of the intercavernous sinus and appropriate utilization of these CS may help reduce intraoperative vascular and nerve injury.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1990

[The inter-metacarpo-phalangeal spaces].

The study of the inter-metacarpophalangeal spaces on 20 human bodies raises the question of the existence of bursae at this level, in line with recent studies (BOSSEY, MIDY) suggesting that such bursae are present at the level of the foot. Careful dissection and histological studies revealed characteristics compatible with both of the following hypotheses: either there are bursae not described until now in anatomy textbooks, or these are virtual spaces limited by a cul-de-sac of the aponeuroses of the hand in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th spaces. Tissue analysis that could determine more specifically the nature of the limiting membrane of these spaces, as well as pathological studies demonstrating the occurrence of common anomalies of bursae in these spaces, are required in order to conclude definitively on the nature of the inter-metecarpophalangeal spaces.

Bursa, Synovial↗
PubMed1989

Orthodontic space closure of the edentulous maxillary first molar area in adults.

The purpose of this study was to examine the dental and periodontal changes associated with orthodontic space closure of edentulous maxillary first molar areas in adults. The sample consisted of 20 quadrants from 18 patients. The pretreatment and posttreatment records included study casts, lateral cephalometric radiographs, and periapical or panoramic radiographs. Space closure averaged 5.3 mm. Eleven quadrants showed complete space closure, and nine quadrants averaged 1.0 mm of remaining space. Vertical bone loss averaged 1.2 mm mesial to and distal to the second molar and 0.6 mm distal to the second premolar. Although 60% of the quadrants showed less than or equal to 1.5 mm of bone loss, the maximal bone loss reached 4.0 mm mesial to, and 5.0 mm distal to, the second molar. Although space closure should be considered a potential solution in the absence of the first permanent molar, alveolar bone loss and space opening can be common sequelae to this procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. I. Relations between single cell discharge and direction of movement.

We describe the relations between the neuronal activity in primate motor cortex and the direction of arm movement in three-dimensional (3-D) space. The electrical signs of discharge of 568 cells were recorded while monkeys made movements of equal amplitude from the same starting position to 8 visual targets in a reaction time task. The layout of the targets in 3-D space was such that the direction of the movement ranged over the whole 3-D directional continuum in approximately equal angular intervals. We found that the discharge rate of 475/568 (83.6%) cells varied in an orderly fashion with the direction of movement: discharge rate was highest with movements in a certain direction (the cell's "preferred direction") and decreased progressively with movements in other directions, as a function of the cosine of the angle formed by the direction of the movement and the cell's preferred direction. The preferred directions of different cells were distributed throughout 3-D space. These findings generalize to 3-D space previous results obtained in 2-D space (Georgopoulos et al., 1982) and suggest that the motor cortex is a nodal point in the construction of patterns of output signals specifying the direction of arm movement in extrapersonal space.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. III. Positional gradients and population coding of movement direction from various movement origins.

In one experiment, we studied the relations between the frequency of discharge of 274 single cells in the arm area of the motor cortex of the monkey and the actively maintained position of the hand in space. We found that the frequency of discharge of 63.9% of the cells studied was a multilinear function of the position of the hand in space according to the following equation (multiple linear regression): d = f + fxsx + fysy + fzsz, where d is the discharge rate of a single cell, f, fx, fy, fz are regression coefficients, and sx, sy, sz are the coordinates of the position of the hand. The equation above defines a positional gradient which implies that the frequency of cell discharge will increase at a maximum rate when the position of the hand changes along a certain direction; we call this direction of orientation of the positional gradient, and the rate of change in discharge rate along this orientation, the magnitude of the gradient. The orientations of the positional gradients were distributed throughout three-dimensional (3-D) space and their magnitudes differed among different cells. In a different experiment, we studied the changes in activity of 289 cells in the arm area of the motor cortex when the monkeys made equal-amplitude movements that started from different points in space, were in the same direction, and traveled along parallel trajectories in 3-D space. Four pairs of such movement directions (i.e., a total of 8 movement directions) were studied for every cell, and the changes in cell activity associated with movements within each pair were compared. We found that these changes in cell activity did not differ statistically for 68.4% of the movement pairs studied but did differ for the remaining 31.6%. The data from the whole population of cells studied in this experiment were analyzed using the population vector analysis described in the preceding paper (Georgopoulos et al., 1988). Thus, 8 population vectors were calculated, 1 for each of the 8 movement directions studied. We found that the direction of the population vector was close to the direction of the corresponding movement. These results indicate that the population vector provides unique information concerning the direction of the movement even when the point of origin of the movement varies in 3-D space.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Changes of inner space.

This paper describes the relationship between the experiential aspects of the concept of inner space and of emptiness. This is based on the change of inner experience of a borderline patient during analysis from one of empty space to one of real space. The analysis is described and the relationship of inner space to schizoid and depressive emptiness elaborated, together with the emergence of a healthy inner space (positive emptiness). The components of the capacity to experience inner space from infancy onwards are enumerated and discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Characterization of the interstitial space: immunocytochemical and biochemical studies.

The interstitial space has been characterized using immunocytochemical and biochemical techniques. The pore size of the external limiting membrane that forms the vitread margin of this extracellular space has been probed using a series of biotinylated proteins of known Stokes' radius, followed by avidin-horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. The pore size of the zonulae adherentes that collectively comprise the external limiting membrane has been found to lie between 30 and 36A. This is sufficiently small to block passage of interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP, Stokes' radius = 55A) from the interstitial space vitread into the retina. IRBP has been localized to the interstitial space of bovine retina by use of indirect immunogold electron microscopy. IRBP has also been identified in cytoplasmic vesicles of rod and cone inner segments. The function of these vesicles may be for secretion and/or uptake of IRBP from the interstitial space. A postulated function of IRBP is transfer of vitamin A between the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors during the visual cycle. Biochemical experiments have corroborated previous studies that IRBP becomes loaded with all-trans-retinol following bleaching illumination, while the amount of endogenous 11-cis-retinol remains unchanged. These data are consistent with the emerging concept that IRBP plays a role in transport of vitamin A among the cell types that border the interstitial space.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Experimental investigation with 198Au colloid as to lymph communications between the retrobulbar space and the thyroid gland (author's transl)].

The problem of a direct connection of lymph drainage between the retrobulbar space and the thyroid gland was examined using the lymphotropic radioactive tracer 198Au colloid. Twelve rabbits were examined. Six animals were injected with 50 muCi 198Au colloid into the right thyroid lobe and six animals into the right retrobulbar space. Distribution and total body radioactivity was measured in vivo using a scintillation camera with a computer. After 6 hrs tissue specimens of different organs were measured in a well-counter. The discharge of activity from the thyroid after 6 hrs was significantly higher than that from the retrobulbar space (63% versus 33.5%). This was probably due to a higher vascularisation and to a higher degree of lymph drainage of the thyroid. The lymph drainage of the thyroid gland as well as of the retrobulbar space occurred mainly via the lymphonodi cerv. proff. No significant activity was found in the retrobulbar space after thyroid injection or in the thyroid after retrobulbar injection. It may be concluded from these results that there are no direct lymph connections between the retrobulbar space and the thyroid gland. However, indirect communications via the deep cervical lymph nodes cannot be excluded in the event of reverse lymph flow.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The attic space--its development and some species differences.

The attic space of the rat has been described. The lateral attic compartment is connected with the rest of the middle ear through a narrow opening--the isthmus tympanicus. Part of this lateral compartment seems to correspond to Prussak's space in the human. The attic space develops later than the rest of the middle ear cavity and is not fully developed until the external auditory canal is established. Most mammals seem to have an attic space similar to that of the rat. The size of pars flaccida relative to that of pars tensa, however, differs between species. It is interesting to note that an extremely earthbound animal such as the hedgehog has an extremely large pars flaccida, whereas guinea pig, emanating from high altitude life, has its pars flaccida converted into bony lamella. In this context it is also noteworthy that the bird investigated has only a rudimentary pars flaccida. On the basis of the presented findings it is tempting to speculate that the attic space is of importance for the pressure-equilibration of the middle ear cavity. The space needs to be ventilated. If not sufficiently ventilated, pathological conditions affecting this part of the middle ear cavity may start. To obtain conclusive evidence for these suppositions, further research is needed. Such studies are already in progress.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluid space in bone.

This paper reviews the extraction of solutes through capillaries in bone, by means of outflow dilution techniques in the canine tibia. Solutes leave capillaries in bone by passive diffusion dependent on molecular size. The fluid space in bone is also examined by means of analyzing washout curves of radioactive substances. It is proposed that there are 4 definable compartments in bone; a vascular space, a perivascular fluid space a bone fluid space and a bone space. The relevance of these spaces is in bone mineral short and long term ion exchange activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Demonstration of rapid entry and a cellular binding space for salicylamide in perfused rat liver: a multiple indicator dilution study.

The kinetics of influx, efflux and removal of salicylamide under steady-state conditions (input concentration, 9-870 microM) were studied with the single pass erythrocyte-perfused rat liver in the absence of albumin (12 ml min-1). A substantial distribution of salicylamide into red blood cells (red cell/plasma ratio, 3.5) was observed. During steady state, a bolus dose containing multiple indicators (51Cr-labeled red cells (vascular space marker), [3H]sucrose (interstitial space marker), D2O (cellular space marker) and added [14C]salicylamide tracer) was injected into the portal vein. The steady-state hepatic salicylamide extraction ratio decreased from 0.99 to 0.4 over the concentration range used. The extraction ratio for bulk salicylamide was similar to 1 minus the integral of the fractional outflow recovery of unchanged tracer [14C]salicylamide (or [1-F] where F is the availability). Modeling of the indicator dilution outflow data revealed an extremely rapid (flow-limited) influx and efflux for salicylamide that was independent of the partitioning of salicylamide into red blood cells. The decrease in extraction ratio was due solely to saturation of the metabolic processes, shown previously to be sulfation, glucuronidation and hydroxylation. The sequestration rate constant, representing the pooled constant for all of the metabolic pathways, decreased from 0.45 to 0.035 sec-1 with increase in concentration. From the spectrum of its change with concentration, calculated values for a corresponding apparent Vmax and Km were 17.5 nmol sec-1 ml-1 cellular water and 27 microM, respectively. The cellular distribution space for salicylamide was exceedingly large, 20 times the size of the cellular water space, at trace levels, and fell to a constant level (5 times the cellular water space) with increasing concentration. The phenomenon, first observed for n-propanol (Goresky et al., Am. J Physiol. 244: G215-G244, 1983a), is explained by a nonsaturable (partition coefficient, 3.8-5) and a saturable binding (binding site concentration, 352-98 microM) component in the tissue. The binding effects inverted the order of elution of the parent and metabolite profiles; the outflow emergence of metabolites began earlier than that of the parent compound, salicylamide.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Subretinal space and vitreous cavity as immunologically privileged sites for retinal allografts.

PURPOSE: Because immune rejection is likely to be a major barrier to successful retinal transplantation, it is important to determine whether immune privilege for allogeneic retinal grafts is a feature of the subretinal space and vitreous cavity. METHODS: Newborn neural retinas of C57BL/6 mice were implanted into the subretinal space, vitreous cavity, or subconjunctival space of eyes of adult BALB/c (disparate from C57BL/6 at major and minor histocompatibility loci). At postimplantation day 12, the recipients were evaluated for donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity and examined clinically and histologically for evidence of rejection. RESULTS: Newborn neural retinal allografts in the subconjunctival space were destroyed by postimplantation day 12 and these recipients displayed intense donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity. By contrast, grafts in the subretinal space and vitreous cavity at postimplantation day 12 were found to be well differentiated and with no evidence of inflammation; these recipients failed to display donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity. Moreover, their spleens contained regulatory T cells that suppressed donor-specific delayed hypersensitivity in naive syngeneic recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Allogeneic newborn neural retinal grafts implanted in the subretinal space and vitreous cavity experience immune privilege and induce deviant immune responses resembling anterior chamber associated immune deviation.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

High mobility group proteins 14 and 17 can space nucleosomes in vitro.

Recently we partially purified from Xenopus laevis ovaries a novel, ATP-dependent, spacing activity that can convert a DNA template consisting of irregularly spaced nucleosomes into a chromatin structure made up of regularly spaced nucleosomes with a repeat length of 160-165 base pairs. In a second independent step, the longer spacing of higher eukaryotic chromatin can be generated by the addition of histone H1. The partially purified spacing fraction contains several proteins that display chromatographic properties and mobilities on polyacrylamide gels similar to high mobility group (HMG) proteins. For that reason, different HMG proteins were tested for their ability to generate chromatin structures with regularly spaced nucleosomes. In this report, using two different nucleosome assembly systems, we show that the addition of phosphorylated HMGs 14 and 17 to the histone octamer results in the formation of chromatin with a repeat length of 160-165 base pairs. The results are similar to those obtained from studies of chromatin structure in simple cells, such as fungi and yeast, and in active genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prussak's space revisited.

Thirty temporal bones were dissected under the operating microscope, and four whole temporal bone specimens were studied by light microscopy for evaluation of the lateral malleal space and Prussak's space. In all specimens Prussak's space showed a blind end toward the anterior pouch and communicated with the posterior pouch. Its roof consisted of the lateral malleal ligamental fold, which was always strongest in its anterior half and as a rule had a thin area in its posterior portion. In four ears there was a membrane defect connecting Prussak's space to the lateral malleal space. The latter did not contain additional folds and communicated freely with the upper attic. The pathways for spread of an acquired primary cholesteatoma from Prussak's space are outlined.

Culture Techniques↗