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PubMed1991

Evaluation of n-alkanes as digesta markers in dairy cows.

Recovery of hentriacontane (C31 alkane) in feces as influenced by amount consumed and level of dietary fat was examined in a 2 x 2 factorial study in a 4 x 4 Latin square. Treatments were 1) alfalfa hay:concentrate (70:30; AH); 2) AH + calcium soap (500 g/d); 3) grass hay:concentrate (70:30, GH); and 4) GH + calcium soap. Fat did not influence C31 recovery in feces. Fecal recovery (grams/day) decreased quadratically with increasing C31 intake. Compared with AIA, which was 100% recovered in feces, DM digestibility was estimated more accurately (P less than .05) by AIA than by C31. In a second experiment, site of loss of alkane in the intestinal tract was examined by dosing C32 into the rumen or duodenum. Recovery was lower with ruminal dosing, suggesting ruminal loss of the marker. Alkanes are potentially useful markers of particulate matter in the digestive tract; however, documentation of their behavior in a wider range of diets is needed.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1991

Influence of source and amount of dietary fat on digestibility in lactating cows.

Digestibility of commercial fat supplements was determined in two experiments with high (59% of diet DM) forage diets. Experiment 1 was a preliminary trial in which six Jersey cows were in two 3 x 3 Latin squares to evaluate two formulations of calcium soap at two intake levels (500 and 1000 g/d). The two formulations were compared with control (0 supplement) within squares; the squares differed in amount of soap supplemented. Mean apparent digestibilities of fat were not influenced by source or amount of fat supplemented and averaged 82.5, 84.3, and 83.4% for control, 500, and 1000 g/d. In Experiment 2, six Jersey cows were in a 6 x 6 Latin square to compare effects of various commercial fats on digestibility of diet components at 2.85 and 5.7% (DM) added fat. Higher fat decreased digestibility of P and fatty acid. Fatty acid intake affected fatty acid digestibility quadratically, and variability among cows increased at higher fatty acid intake. Endogenous fecal fat was 55.9 g/d; apparent digestibility of fat was relatively constant at 80 to 82% between 2 and 5% of diet DM, whereas marginal true digestibility decreased linearly (4.4% units/100 g fatty acid consumed). There were no differences among fat sources in fatty acid digestibility. Rumen VFA were not influenced by dietary fat.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Synthesis and biohydrogenation of fatty acids by ruminal microorganisms in vitro.

Ruminal degradation, synthesis, and biohydrogenation of fatty acids were examined in vitro. Diets were incubated with ruminal contents, and changes of fatty acids were measured. Two fat supplements, a calcium soap and an animal-vegetable blend, were included in diets at various levels. Addition to diets of acetate and isoacids (collective term for certain short-chain acids) also were tested for effects on fatty acid synthesis. Overall, 6.6 mg of fatty acids/g of fat-free diet were synthesized during 24-h incubation regardless of supplementations. Fatty acids synthesized in greatest amounts were odd-numbered or branched chains, whereas chains of 16 and 18 carbons changed little, and chains shorter than 14 carbons decreased. Degradation of [1-14C]palmitic acid was negligible, as determined by recovery of the label in CO2 (.03%) and acetate (1.09%) after 4-h incubation with rumen contents. Biohydrogenation of fatty acids averaged 47% in diets containing calcium soap and 71% with animal-vegetable blend. Synthesis and biohydrogenation were similar to those measured previously in vivo, showing that in vitro measurements reliably predicted metabolism of fatty acids in vivo.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Effects of varying forage and concentrate carbohydrates on nutrient digestibilities and milk production by dairy cows.

Five Holstein cows with ruminal cannulas were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design to determine the effect of replacing forage NDF with soyhull NDF and varying concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates on nutrient digestion and milk production. Diets in which NDF percentage from forage (corn silage: alfalfa hay, 1:1) was 80 (control), 70, or 60 were formulated by substituting soyhulls for forage; total forage was 43.2, 36.7, and 31.1% of the diets, respectively, but total NDF was 31%. Nonstructural carbohydrates were formulated to be 47 (control), 35, or 25% by substituting soyhulls, roasted soybeans, and Ca soaps for concentrate. Ruminal acetate: propionate ratio decreased linearly when diets lower in forage NDF were fed, but it increased quadratically when dietary nonstructural carbohydrates were reduced. Apparent digestibility of OM increased quadratically, but NDF digestibility and lactation performance were unaffected when diets lower in forage NDF were fed. Digestibility of NDF increased linearly when nonstructural carbohydrates were reduced, perhaps because of greater digestibility of soyhull NDF and smaller negative associative effects. Fat from soybeans and Ca soaps was increased as nonstructural carbohydrates decreased. Added fat probably increased fatty acid digestibility and decreased milk protein percentage. Greater FCM production without correspondingly greater feed intake or BW loss increased feed efficiency as nonstructural carbohydrates decreased. In dairy rations containing soyhulls, 60% of dietary NDF from forage should maintain lactation performance, and decreasing nonstructural carbohydrates to 25 to 35% of feed DM, coupled with adding dietary fat, may decrease negative associative effects and improve efficiency of milk production.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1994

Raw soybeans and roasted soybeans of different particle sizes. 2. Fatty acid utilization by lactating cows.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of feeding whole raw soybeans and roasted soybeans of different particle sizes on utilization by ruminal bacteria and lactating cows. Five cows with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Diets contained 55% corn silage and 45% concentrate. Treatments were control (Ca soaps at 4.24% of dietary DM), whole raw soybeans, whole roasted soybeans, cracked roasted soybeans, or ground roasted soybeans. All soybean diets contained 19.7% soybeans. Source of fat (Ca soaps vs. soybeans) caused more differences in utilization of fatty acids than did processing of soybeans. Ruminal bacteria harvested from cows fed roasted soybeans had higher fatty acid content than from cows fed raw soybeans. Different methods for calculation of ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids are discussed. Roasting tended to increase the total tract digestibility of fatty acids, and roasted soybeans tended to increase polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk compared with raw soybeans, primarily because of changes in concentration of C18:2. Change in particle size of roasted soybeans had minor effects on utilization of fatty acids. Decisions on processing of soybeans need to be based primarily on factors other than fatty acid digestibility.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Influence of method of administration of rapeseed oil in dairy cows. 2. Status of divalent cations.

The effects of method of administration of rapeseed oil on total, soluble, and ionizable Ca and Mg in ruminal fluid were determined for four diary cows fed a basal diet without (control) or with rapeseed oil (1 kg/d) added by continuous infusion or by a single administration via the ruminal cannula. The control diet contained 68% forage and 32% concentrate mix (DM basis). Fatty acid, Ca, and Mg contents, respectively, were 1.78, 1.16, and .47% for the control diet and 7.38, 1.05, and .44% for the supplemented diets. Soluble and ionizable Ca and Mg concentrations of ruminal fluid and the total Ca, Mg, and soaps of fatty acids in ruminal contents were determined over 24 h. All concentrations except total Ca varied with sampling time. All contents of soluble and ionizable Ca were decreased by lipid supplementation. A lack of ionizable Ca may limit the attachment of bacteria to particles, thus reducing ruminal digestion. In contrast, variations of Mg from lipid supply were lower than those of Ca. The interaction between time and diet was significant for soluble and ionizable Ca contents of ruminal fluid. Diurnal variation of these components was not associated with variations in the estimated soaps of fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antiseptic technology: access, affordability, and acceptance.

Factors other than antimicrobial activity of soaps and antiseptic agents used for hand hygiene by health personnel play a role in compliance with recommendations. Hand hygiene products differ considerably in acceptance by hospital personnel. If switching from a nonmedicated soap to an antiseptic agent or increased use of an existing antiseptic agent for hand hygiene prevented a few more infections per year, additional expenditures for antiseptic agents would be offset by cost savings.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1983

Effects of dietary fatty acids and calcium levels on performance and mineral metabolism of broiler chickens.

The influence of inclusion of 8% linoleic/oleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids as the major source of fat in the presence of low (.8%) and high (1.2%) calcium in broiler diets was investigated using broiler chicks from day-old to 3 weeks of age. Palmitic and stearic acid caused an increase (P less than .01) in daily feed intake and weight gain with a decrease in feed efficiency compared to oleic and linoleic acid. There was variation (P less than .01) in energy utilization with palmitic and stearic acid being essentially unavailable. An interaction (P less than .05) between type of fatty acid and dietary calcium level was observed with fat retention. Increasing dietary calcium increased fecal soap concentration (P less than .01). Palmitic and stearic acid caused a significant increase in fecal soap formation and decrease in calcium retention. A significant interaction between type of fatty acid and dietary calcium level was observed with magnesium retention. Bone ash and bone calcium level were reduced (P less than .01) in the presence of palmitic and stearic acid while oleic acid had no significant effect on these parameters. A significant interaction of fatty acid type and level of calcium was observed for bone magnesium content, while bone phosphorus was not affected. Plasma calcium level was significantly reduced (P less than .01) by the addition of fatty acids relative to the control diets. Increasing dietary calcium level did not alleviate the decrease in calcium retention and bone calcium content associated with addition of fat.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Utilization of fats and fatty acids by turkey poults.

Two experiments were carried out with young, Large White male turkey poults maintained in either floor pens or metabolism cages. In Experiment 1, poults were fed isoenergetic diets containing either no supplemental fat, or 5% of either tallow, corn oil, soybean oil, animal-vegetable blend fat, or canola oil. Poults generally ate less of the fat-supplemented diets and showed improved feed utilization, although weight gain was little affected. There was improved fat retention when vegetable oils were used (P < .01) and this was reflected in a slight improvement in diet energy level (P > .05). Poults fed tallow or animal-vegetable blend fat also excreted most fat. Diet had no effect (P > .05) on apparent retention of calcium or phosphorus, although retention of magnesium was less with more saturated fats. In Experiment 2, poults were fed diets containing palmitic acid, oleic acid, or a 50:50 (wt/wt) mixture of these fatty acids. There was a reduction (P < .05) in apparent retention of nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, and fat for poults fed palmitic acid, oleic acid, or the mixture. Mixing palmitic acid with oleic acid corrected some of these problems. However, reduced mineral retention was not reflected in any change in levels of bone ash, calcium, or phosphorus. Feeding palmitic acid did result in the most dramatic reduction of bone magnesium content (P < .05). It is concluded that turkey poults, like chicks, are less able to digest saturated fatty acids, and that such undigested fats can lead to reduced retention of some minerals through increased soap formation. However, there is no direct evidence that such soap formation causes a major change in bone calcium or phosphorus content or in gross bone development or poult well-being.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Clinical trial of aromatherapy on postpartum mother's perineal healing].

PURPOSE: This study was designed to verify the effect of aromatherapy on a postpartum mother's perineal healing. METHOD: The research design was a clinical trial. The methods of aromatherapy were applied sitz bath or soap application using essential oils with Lavender, Myrrh, Neroli, Rose, Grapefruit, Mandarin, Orange, and Roman Chamomile. The subjects of this experiment were postpartum mothers who delivered vaginally with an episiotomy. They were allocated to one of three groups; the aroma-sitz bath group, aroma-soap application group or control group. To evaluate the effect of aromatherapy, the perineal healing status was measured using the REEDA scale and smears of episiotomy wound were obtained. The data were analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA, ANCOVA, chi2-test, and multiple response analysis via SPSS program. RESULT: The REEDA scale was significantly low in the experimental group at postpartum 5th and 7th days (P=.009, P=.003), respectively. Most were observed 'few'(5-10 bacteria per field) bacteria in the smears of episiotomy wound. The one bacteria was identified in the 50.8% of subjects in pretest and two bacteria in the 60.3% in posttest. Most frequently identified bacteria were Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, these findings indicate that postpartum aromatherapy for perineal care could be effective in healing the perineum perineal care could be effective in healing the perineum.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Hand hygiene: a frequently missed lifesaving opportunity during patient care.

Health care-associated infections constitute one of the greatest challenges of modern medicine. Despite compelling evidence that proper hand washing can reduce the transmission of pathogens to patients and the spread of antimicrobial resistance, the adherence of health care workers to recommended hand-hygiene practices has remained unacceptably low. One of the key elements in improving hand-hygiene practice is the use of an alcohol-based hand rub instead of washing with soap and water. An alcohol-based hand rub requires less time, is microbiologically more effective, and is less irritating to skin than traditional hand washing with soap and water. Therefore, alcohol-based hand rubs should replace hand washing as the standard for hand hygiene in health care settings in all situations in which the hands are not visibly soiled. It is also important to change gloves between each patient contact and to use hand-hygiene procedures after glove removal. Reducing health care-associated infections requires that health care workers take responsibility for ensuring that hand hygiene becomes an everyday part of patient care.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1998

Reduction of fecal contamination of street-vended beverages in Guatemala by a simple system for water purification and storage, handwashing, and beverage storage.

Street-vended foods and beverages, an integral part of urban economies in the developing world, have been implicated in cholera transmission in Latin America. To improve the microbiologic quality of market-vended beverages in Guatemala, we tested a simple system consisting of dilute bleach (4.95% free available chlorine) for water purification, narrow-mouth plastic vessels with spigots for disinfecting and storing water and for preparing and storing beverages, handwashing soap, and education in using the system. We conducted a randomized controlled intervention trial among 41 vendors who received the intervention and 42 control vendors, comparing total and fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli contamination of market-vended beverages, stored water, and vendors' hands. Samples were obtained at baseline and at each of six weekly follow-up visits. At baseline, fecal coliform bacteria were found in 40 (48%) market-vended beverages and E. coli in 14 (17%). When compared with samples from control vendors, a significant decrease in total coliform (P < 0.001) and fecal coliform (P < 0.001) bacteria in samples of stored water and beverages sold by intervention vendors was observed over the course of the study. The vessel system was well accepted by vendors. This simple inexpensive system consisting of hypochlorite disinfectant, plastic vessels, soap, and education can significantly reduce fecal contamination of market-vended beverages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Recovery of surface bacteria from and surface sanitization of cantaloupes.

Practical, effective methods that could be implemented in a food service establishment (restaurant or delicatessen) for the surface sanitization of cantaloupes were microbiologically evaluated. Cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulates) were immersed in an inoculum containing Salmonella enterica serovar Poona or Pantoea agglomerans at ca. 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/ml. An efficient method for the recovery of bacteria from the cantaloupe surface was developed and validated. The method consisted of washing the entire melon with Butterfield's buffer containing 1% Tween 80 in a plastic bag placed inside a plastic pail affixed to an orbital shaker. Levels of S. enterica Poona recovered by washing the entire melon were significantly higher than those recovered by the more common laboratory method of blending the rind. P. agglomerans can be used as a non-pathogenic proxy for S. enterica Poona. A three-compartment surface sanitization method consisting of washing with an antimicrobial soap solution, scrubbing with a brush in tap water, and immersion in 150 ppm of sodium hypochlorite reduced the initial level of recoverable viable bacteria by 99.8%. When examined separately, scrubbing with a vegetable brush in tap water, washing with soap, and dipping in chlorine were found to reduce the bacterial load by 70, 80, and 90%, respectively.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2004

Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among Puerto Rican caretakers living in Hartford, Connecticut.

Household food safety education is needed to minimize the risk of exposure to foodborne pathogens. The Latino population in the United States is growing at a fast rate and has become the largest minority group in this country. However, little research has been done to identify the food safety behavioral risks faced by Puerto Ricans. Ten in-depth household observations and a quantitative survey on food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (n = 100) were conducted to understand food-handling techniques among Puerto Rican caretakers of young children. This was followed by two focus groups (n = 12) to further characterize food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors and the proper media channels for the delivery of food safety education. Even though 97% of survey participants reported washing their hands with soap and water before preparing foods, only 1 of the 10 participants in the household observations actually did it. About 60% of the household participants washed the cutting boards with soap and water compared with 89% of survey participants who claimed to do it. In the survey, 5% reported to know the meaning of cross-contamination, and 71% (n = 80) to use the same cutting board for meats and vegetables. Overall, 96% of survey participants did not use a thermometer to check if meats were cooked properly and only 10% defrosted their meats in the refrigerator. Statistically significant relationships (P < 0.05) were found between speaking English and knowing the meaning of cross-contamination and how to use a meat thermometer. Employed individuals and those with higher education were also more likely to be familiar with the term pasteurization. These results fully justify the delivery of culturally appropriate food safety education in this community.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hygienic-sanitary conditions in school lunch rooms in the municipality of Oviedo].

BACKGROUND: To ascertain the health and hygiene-related conditions of school lunchrooms within the municipality of Oviedo by means of conducting a health and hygiene inspection of these facilities. METHOD: A descriptive epidemiological cross-sectional study was made of 24 schools in the municipality of Oviedo, 9 of which were government-subsidized private schools and another 15 of which were public schools, according to information from the Ministry of Education and Science. An inspection was conducted entailing a protocol based on the Public Lunchroom Health and Hygiene Regulations. The variables are the health and hygiene-related conditions of the premises (kitchens, lunchrooms and lavatories), of the utensils, the health of the employees and the conditions of the raw materials and foods. These conditions have been considered to be inadequate or deficient whenever they failed to met the criteria of the protocol in question. RESULTS: The deficiencies found n most of the school lunchrooms inspected were the lack of protection of the lighting components, of window screens to prevent the entry of insects and of soap dispensers which are not hand-operated, disposable paper towels and liquid soap both in kitchens as well as in lavatories. The variables entailed in this study have been compared among public schools and government-subsidized private schools, for which purpose a Student T Test was employed, significant differences having been found to exist between these two types of schools solely in the condition of the kitchens and in the total of the items. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the irregularities found in both the public schools and in the government-subsidized private schools are of an organizational nature and with regard to the facilities stemming from a lack of knowledge of the laws in force. It is deemed advantageous for training in Hygiene to be provided, given the positive attitude shown by those in charge of the schools in question.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of solvents for removing pesticides from skin using an in vitro porcine model.

This study compared four solvents (1-propanol, polyethylene glycol [avg. MW 400], 10% Ivory Liquid and water, and D-TAM) for their ability to remove selected pesticides from an in vitro porcine skin model using a solvent-moistened wipe. Wipes were performed 90 min after pesticide was applied to the skin. The four pesticides selected (glyphosate, alachlor, methyl parathion, and trifluralin) were chosen because of their differences in water solubility. This study also determined whether pretreatment of skin with a solvent prior to pesticide application would either increase or decrease recovery of the pesticide. Recovery efficiencies for all solvents and pesticides were affected by the amount of contaminant on the skin. Although pesticide recoveries from all four solvents were similar (range: 45-57%), on average 1-propanol had significantly higher recoveries, followed by soap and water. There was no significant difference between polyethylene glycol, and D-TAM. When skin was pretreated with any of the four solvents before pesticide application, the recoveries of the more water soluble compounds, glyphosate and alachlor, decreased. When pretreatment with solvent preceded application of trifluralin, the pesticide with the lowest water solubility, recoveries increased. 1-Propanol or soap and water were more effective in removing pesticides from skin than polyethylene glycol or D-TAM, but the amount of pesticide recovered from skin was affected by the chemical characteristics of the pesticide (such as water solubility) and the amount of pesticide originally on the skin. This study provides information useful to the interpretation of skin wipe sample results collected in field studies.

1-Propanol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exit-site care with ciprofloxacin otologic solution prevents polyurethane catheter infection in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: Mupirocin ointment and antiseptics are standard cleansing agents in routine exit-site care of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters, but these agents have a deleterious effect on polyurethane devices. We assessed the effectiveness of topical use of ciprofloxacin otologic solution for preventing exit-site infection (ESI) in PD patients with polyurethane catheters. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Service of Nephrology of an acute-care teaching hospital in Galdácano, Bizkaia, Spain. PATIENTS: A total of 164 patients with polyurethane catheters inserted was studied from start of continuous ambulatory PD to the end of a 24-month period. Patients were divided into two groups according to exit-site treatment protocols. INTERVENTION: Patients in group 1 (n = 86) were instructed on daily exit-site care with soap and water only; whereas patients in group 2 (n = 78) cleansed with soap and water, followed by application of a single-dose vial of 0.5 mL ciprofloxacin (1 mg) for application around the insertion site. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Episodes of ESI and peritonitis. RESULTS: There were 67 episodes of ESI among patients in group 1 versus 9 episodes among patients in group 2 (p < 0.05), resulting in a rate of 0.41 and 0.06 episodes per patient-year of exposure, respectively (p < 0.001). Staphylococcus aureus ESI rate was 0.34 in group 1 versus 0.06 in group 2 (p = 0.001). Infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pathogens occurred in 11 patients in group 1 and in no patients in group 2 (p = 0.05). Peritonitis due to S. aureus ESI was significantly less frequent among patients treated with ciprofloxacin (1 vs 9 cases, p = 0.001). Removal of the catheter was necessary in 5 patients in group 1 and in no patients in group 2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Daily application of ciprofloxacin otologic solution at the exit site of PD patients with polyurethane catheters inserted significantly reduces the rate of ESI caused by S. aureus and other organisms, particularly P. aeruginosa.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2000

Relationship of breast-feeding and hand-washing with dehydration in infants with diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli.

This prospective cohort study was carried out in the neonatal unit of the Yangon Children Hospital, Myanmar, to gather more information on the types of feedings and hand-washing practices of mothers as the determinant of severe dehydration in infants with acute diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli. The study subjects included 100 infants with diarrhoea, aged less than 4 months, admitted to the hospital from June 1997 to May 1998. Data on isolation of E. coli from rectal swab samples, types of feedings, hand-washing practices, and dehydration status were collected. Of the 100 cases, E. coli was isolated from rectal swab samples of 48 infants. Of these 48 cases, 28 had some dehydration and 20 had severe dehydration. Exclusive breast-feeding was observed only in the age group < 1 and > 1-2 month(s). The association of the severity of dehydration with other types of feedings compared to exclusive breast-feeding was not statistically significant. In this study, most mothers washed their hands with water only after cleansing their children's defaecation, and before and after feeding their children. The severity of dehydration was statistically significant in hand-washing practices when compared to washing with water only and washing with soap and water. This study has shown the association between types of feedings and hand-washing practices with dehydration in infants with acute diarrhoea due to E. coli. The results of the study suggest that there is a need for appropriate intervention programmes to promote exclusive breast-feeding and hand-washing practices with soap and water after cleansing children's defaecation, and before and after feeding children.

Breast Feeding↗