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At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Detecting depression in Alzheimer's disease: evaluation of four different scales.

Depression is a frequent condition in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The prevalence of depressive symptoms depends on the severity of dementia and the instruments used. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of depression dependent on the severity of dementia by four different scales: The 15-point Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Montgomery and Asperg Depression Scale (MADRS), the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and the Nurses Observation Scale for Geriatric Patients (NOSGER). The study population consisted of 316 patients with Alzheimer's disease from a psychiatric out-patients memory-clinic, which was divided into two groups: mild AD (Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) > or = 18) and moderate to severe AD (MMSE <18). Additionally, internal consistency and correlation of these scales were calculated. Prevalence of depression ranged between 27.5 and 53.4% in mild AD and between 36.3 and 68.4% in moderate to severe AD. Internal consistency was good in all scales (Cronbach's alpha .63-.85). For MADRS and CSDD it was independent of the stage of AD, while in GDS and NOSGER internal consistency decreased with severity of dementia. Correlation between the scales was better in mild AD than moderate to severe AD; the best results were obtained for the correlation between CSDD and MADRS in both groups. We conclude that in our study population CSDD and MADRS were the most consistent tools for detecting depression in AD independently of the severity of dementia.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychometric properties of ADHD rating scales among children with mental retardation I: reliability.

The reliability of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) rating scales in children with mental retardation was assessed. Parents, teachers, and teaching assistants completed ADHD rating scales on 48 children aged 5-12 diagnosed with mental retardation. Measures included the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Conners Rating Scales, the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Test (ADHDT), the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP) Checklist, the Werry-Weiss-Peters Activity Rating Scale (WWPARS), the ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher's Rating Scale (ACTeRS), and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C). The internal consistency, test-retest, and interrater reliability of each scale was examined. Results showed best support for teacher completed scales, followed by ratings made by teaching assistants, and parent-report scales. Strong support for the internal consistency of the teacher-report measures was found, and it was quite similar to previously reported internal consistencies with typically developing children. Test-retest reliabilities of the teacher report measures were also quite good but tended to be lower than those reported for typically developing children. For teaching assistant ratings, test-retest reliabilities were adequate to very good. The internal consistency reliabilities for parent completed measures were adequate to excellent, but test-retest reliabilities were low. Interrater reliability was best for teacher-teaching assistants. The ABC-C was the only measure on which the interrater reliability was adequate for clinical purposes.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2004

[Validation study of the Multidimensional Alcohol Craving Scale (MACS)].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Craving is a psychobiological phenomenon characteristic of addictive behaviours, which is difficult to assess due to its subjective nature and multidimensionality. The aim of this study was to validate a multidimensional alcohol craving scale (MACS) entirely developed in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The validation of the MACS was based on an observational study, carried out in 452 alcohol-dependent patients treated with naltrexone. The scales used as standards were an Analogic Visual Scale (AVS) for alcohol craving and the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). Validity, reliability and sensitivity were studied for the validation process. RESULTS: The factorial analysis (construct validity) showed that the scale had two factors: desire and behavioural disinhibition (lack of resistance). Their correlation values with the assessment scales were r = 0.56 and r = 0.50, respectively. The scale's internal consistency was alpha = 0.94. The correlation of the scores on the scale with the AVS oscillated between 0.56 and 0.46 (p < 0.01) throughout the course of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The MACS has good psychometric properties: it measures two craving factors --desire and behavioural disinhibition-- and may be considered as an accurate and precise instrument to use in both research studies and medical and psychological clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

On the validity of the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (BRMS).

BACKGROUND: The findings published to date on convergent validity of the BRMS are mainly concerned with the correlation with other observer-rating scales for depression. In many studies on the evaluation of therapeutic interventions self-rating scales are used in connection with observer-rating scales. Therefore, findings on the relations among instruments of both groups are necessary in order to justify the combination of a particular observer-rating scale with a particular self-rating scale. In the ICD-10 three different degrees of severity of depressive episodes are distinguished. No data on the discriminant validity of the BRMS with respect to this new diagnostic classification are available till now. METHODS: 45 depressed inpatients were assessed with two observer-rating scales (BRMS and DEPRES of the AMDP system) and two self-rating scales (BDI and DS). RESULTS: The discriminant validity with reference to the three degrees of severity of depressive episodes as defined in ICD-10 is at r = 0.80 very high. The convergent validity of the BRMS is high at r = 0.70, related to the DEPRES. The correlations between the BRMS and the BDI as well as the DS were clearly lower, at 0.53 and 0.32 each. CONCLUSIONS: The only moderate convergent validity between self-rating and observer-rating scales is a strong argument for a multi-methodological approach in the context of therapy evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between depression and anxiety: construction of a prototypical anxiety and depression scale.

The question of the relationship between anxiety and depression remains to be solved. The fact that clinical pictures show substantial overlap makes it difficult, using conventional instruments, to distinguish between the co-occurrence of anxiety and depression and overlap in definitions and measurement of the two syndromes. This calls for the construction of scales which exclude symptoms common to both syndromes and incorporate symptoms specific only to anxiety or only to depression; i.e. scales with maximum discriminant validity. This article describes the construction of two such scales based on PSE symptoms; a prototypical anxiety scale and a prototypical depression scale. In a sample of 134 non-psychotic psychiatric out-patients these scales show good reliability and validity, both as a measure of severity and as a screening device. Compared to the Hamilton anxiety and depression scales (HARS and HRSD), the correlation between the prototypical anxiety and depression scales is low.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Measuring mania and critical appraisal of rating scales.

BACKGROUND: In clinical trials of acute mania, a number of measures have been used to assess the severity of illness and its response to treatment. Rating instruments need to be validated in order for a clinical study to provide reliable and meaningful estimates of treatment effects. OBJECTIVE: To critically assess rating scales used in measuring mania. METHOD: A systematic search of the literature, retrieval of reports of clinical trials of drugs used in mania and the rating scales and a critical and systematic appraisal of their quality. RESULTS: Eight symptom-rating scales were identified. The Mania Rating Scale (MRS) was the most commonly used for assessing treatment response. Two more recently developed scales are the Manchester Nurse Rating Scale for Mania (MNRS-M) and the Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M). The latter appears well validated but its in-use reliability needs to be explored further. The translation of observed changes in instrumental ratings into clinically meaningful change has to be established further. In particular, the relative weighting to be attached to the individual items needs further study. The advantage of the MRS is that there is a relatively extensive database of studies based on it and this will no doubt ensure that it remains a gold standard for the foreseeable future. CONCLUSION: Useful rating scales are available for measuring mania but further cross-validation and validation against clinically meaningful global changes are required.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

A prospective PMS study to validate the sensitivity for change of the D-scale in advanced stages of dementia using the NMDA-antagonist memantine.

The present postmarketing surveillance (PMS) study is the first large scale systematic and prospective clinical trial of pharmacotherapeutic intervention in advanced stages of dementia. Within a validation program this study aimed at demonstrating the sensitivity of the D-Scale of change (DS-C) for measuring ADL-function. Efficacy of treatment with the NMDA-antagonist memantine was investigated in 531 patients with advanced dementia employing a parallel group design that stratified patient cohorts by severity according to GDS stages (Reisberg, 1992). Efficacy was determined on two independent levels: by the assessment of the physicians' Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) at the end of a 6-week observation period, and by the assessment of change in elementary ADL-functions by the caregivers using the D-Scale-of-Change. With the D-Scale-of-Change the caregivers can assess a change in broad functional items, i.e. cognitive and motor functions and also elementary functions of daily life. The effect size of this improvement increased constantly during the observation period. Even in patients of GDS stage 7 an improvement could be measured. These results were also seen by the physicians, who recorded an overall clinical improvement in 75.5% of the patients after 6 weeks. Tolerability evaluations resulted in the ratings "very well" by 59.5% or "well" by 35.0% of the patients. No serious adverse drug reactions occurred. A correlation analysis demonstrated a high congruency of both assessments. Furthermore, the observed time course of these improvements paralleled with the time course of symptomatic benefit by effects of memantine that had been repeatedly demonstrated in randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in mild to moderate dementia. Together with the evaluation of the scale-properties of the D-Scale for assessment of severity the D-Scale and the D-Scale-of-Change can be regarded as validated.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

The use of assessment scales in Old Age Psychiatry Services in England and Northern Ireland.

Implementation of the Single Assessment Process in the UK is designed to ensure that more standardized assessment procedures are in place across all areas and agencies, that practice improves and older people's needs are comprehensively assessed. This study provides a unique picture of the range and prevalence of standardized scales used within Old Age Psychiatry Services in England and Northern Ireland, reported by 73% of old age psychiatrists. Most services (64%) used three or more standardized assessment scales (range 1-12). Sixty-two separate instruments were identified. The six most used measures were the Mini Mental State Examination (95%), the Geriatric Depression Scale (52%) and the Clock Drawing (50%), the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the elderly (26%), the Barthel Index (18%) and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) 65 + (18%). A number of factors were associated with greater use of certain standardized assessment scales. Shared documentation, along with other indicators of integration between health and social care were associated with greater use of standardized scales. The provision of a memory clinic was associated with greater use of neuropsychiatric scales and lower levels of use of cognitive scales. These results provide key material for shaping the provision of psychiatric services for older people

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Development and validation of a brief observer-rated screening scale for depression in elderly medical patients.

OBJECTIVE: to develop a depression screening scale that does not rely on verbal communication. SETTING: an acute geriatric unit in a teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: 96 patients (mean age 81 years, range 68-92, 59 women); 40% of the initial study group of 50 and 22% of the validation group of 46 were diagnosed as depressed. METHODS: we devised a scale using nine items which could be rated by an observer; we determined inter-rater reliability, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for each item compared with a Geriatric Mental State-AGECAT diagnosis of depression; we validated a final scale of six items. RESULTS: inter-rater reliability was poor for two items (irritability and sleep disturbance) while two items (sleep disturbance and night sedation) had poor sensitivity; we omitted these items in a revised scale. Re-analysis of data from the initial study showed that a cut-off of > or = 3 on the revised scale gave a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 95%, a positive predictive value of 0.89 and a negative predictive value of 0.90. Spearman's correlation coefficient between the six-item questionnaire and the Hamilton rating scale was 0.79. In the validation study, the cut-off score of > or = 3 on the revised six-item scale had a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 72%, a positive predictive value of 0.69 and a negative predictive value of 0.96. CONCLUSIONS: this simple, short, observation-based screening scale completed by nurses is sensitive and specific in identifying depression in elderly medically ill patients, and may be a useful addition to clinical practice.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Incremental validity of the MMPI-2 Content Scales: a preliminary study with brain-injured patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the usefulness of the MMPI-2 Content Scales among traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. DESIGN: Hierarchical stepwise regression analyses with the SCL-90-R scales as the criterion variables were conducted to determine the incremental validity of the Content Scales beyond the information provided by the Clinical Scales. PARTICIPANTS: 27 persons with moderate to severe TBI who had been discharged to the community from inpatient rehabilitation between 6 months and 4 years before the beginning of the study. RESULTS: The Content Scales accounted for an additional 4% to 36% of the variance of SCL-90-R scales beyond that predicted by the Clinical Scales. CONCLUSIONS: Interpretation of the Content Scales may be particularly valuable with TBI patients, because they provide an additional avenue for the identification of distressing symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Validating specific psychopathology scales in older outpatients with schizophrenia.

To our knowledge, there have been no published studies validating commonly used psychopathology rating scales in older outpatients with schizophrenia. We studied specific psychopathology rating scales (three subscales of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and depression subscales; the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms; the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) in 101 (age > 45 years) DSM-III-R-diagnosed schizophrenia outpatients. We found high interrater reliability (intra-class correlated coefficient > or = .77) on these scales. Using principal components analysis, we demonstrated satisfactory construct validity, suggesting three factors-positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and depressive symptoms.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

A review of rating scales for measuring behavior change due to frontal systems damage.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a critical review of scales designed to measure frontal behavior change. BACKGROUND: Changes in cognition due to frontal disease or damage have been well described, but noncognitive changes in behavior are often more deleterious functionally for frontal patients. METHOD: The review concentrates on five behavior rating scales: the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF), the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX), the Frontal Behavior Inventory (FBI), the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe), the Iowa Rating Scales of Personality Change (IRSPC), and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Other scales purporting to measure specific aspects of frontal functioning, but having less research support, are described briefly. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The BRIEF and FrSBe have good reliability and large-scale norms. No norms are available for the other scales. The FrSBe and IRSPC have been shown to be valid in discriminating frontal from nonfrontal lesioned patients, but this has not been shown in the other scales. The FBI and NPI require trained raters, whereas the FrSBe, IRSPC, and BRIEF are administered to patients and/or family informants directly. The NPI and FBI are sensitive to certain changes in behavior attributed to frontal systems disruption but have been used primarily in dementia.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed2006

Do patients with skin allergies have higher levels of anxiety than patients with allergic respiratory diseases? Results of a large-scale cross-sectional study in a French population.

BACKGROUND: Psychological comorbidity is a known aspect of allergic disease. However, there is recent evidence that a large proportion of allergic patients remains undiagnosed and untreated for psychological disease. In addition, the complexities of the anxiety-allergy relationship, i.e. differences for current and past disease, or differences among allergic disease types, are not well understood. OBJECTIVES: To measure the level of anxiety in a large allergic population in France using a standardized measure, the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). METHODS: Allergy patients in France (n = 3939) who visited their allergy specialists participated in the study. The patients completed a questionnaire which was then linked to the questionnaire completed by their physician. Only patients with both subject and physician questionnaire were kept in the analyses. Mean STAI scores for the State (S) and Trait (T) scales were obtained for each allergic disease. ANCOVA models testing group differences on the mean scores, using the categories "current disease", "past disease" and "allergic disease ever", were assessed along with relevant confounders. RESULTS: Allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) were the most prevalent conditions of the 12 allergic diseases assessed in the study. Women had higher mean STAI S/T scores than men and age was also found to be associated with higher S scores; therefore, both age and gender were included as covariates where relevant. A single ANCOVA model for each STAI scale showed a statistical difference among the various allergic diseases. Using the category "current disease" each allergic disease was assessed separately regarding the presence or absence of that disease. Higher, statistically significant mean STAI scores were found for AD and allergic urticaria on the S scale and for AD on the T scale. Similarly, for the category "allergic disease ever", AD and allergic urticaria reached statistical significance on the S scale, while on the T scale only AD was statistically significant. When patients were assessed for anxiety based on their past disease, asthma, AR and sinusitis were significant on the S scale while asthma and nasal polyps were statistically significant on the T scale. When asthma and AD were tested simultaneously, only the latter was significant. CONCLUSIONS: High mean scores for State and Trait anxiety were mostly associated with AD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia: a study of the validity of a French-language version in a population of schizophrenic patients.

The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) is a nine-item structured interview scale developed by Addington et al. to assess depression in schizophrenics. This paper describes the testing of the reliability and validity of the French version of the CDSS in a population of 70 schizophrenic patients. The validity of the CDSS as a measure of depression was confirmed; a single factor accounted for 41% of the variance of the nine items. The total score on the CDSS was strongly correlated with those on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and also the G6 item (depression) of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The correlation with the Psychomotor Retardation Scale (ERD) total score was much less significant and was better with the 'subjective' subscore. The internal consistency was good, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.79. A high level of inter-rater reliability was observed (weighted kappa values were >0.75 in all cases). The CDSS has a lower stability over time than other depression scales. It is a simple, quick and reliable scale for assessing depression in schizophrenic populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Scaling and root planing with and without periodontal flap surgery.

Complete removal of calculus is a primary part of achieving a "biologically acceptable" tooth surface in the treatment of periodontitis. Rabbani et al. reported that a single episode of scaling did not completely remove subgingival calculus and that the deeper the periodontal pocket, the less complete the calculus removal. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of scaling relative to calculus removal following reflection of a periodontal flap. Each of 21 patients who required multiple extractions had 2 teeth scaled, 2 teeth scaled following the reflection of a periodontal flap, and 2 teeth serve as controls. Local anesthesia was used. Following extraction, the % of subgingival tooth surfaces free of calculus was determined using the method described by Rabbani with a stereomicroscope. Results showed that while scaling only (SO) and scaling with a flap (SF) increased the % of root surface without calculus, scaling following the reflection of a flap aided calculus removal in pockets 4mm and deeper. Comparison of SO versus SF at various pocket depths for % of tooth surfaces completely free of calculus showed 1 to 3 mm pockets to be 86% versus 86%, 4 to 6 mm pockets to be 43% versus 76% and greater than 6 mm pockets to be 32% versus 50%. The extent of residual calculus was directly related to pocket depth, was greater following scaling only, and was greatest at the CEJ or in association with grooves, fossae or furcations. No differences were noted between anterior and posterior teeth or between different tooth surfaces.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The effect of a single scaling with or without oral hygiene instruction on gingival bleeding and calculus formation.

136 students of both sexes aged 14-18 years who were deprived of regular dental care participated in a 22-month longitudinal study. All students underwent scaling of the assigned teeth in 2 quadrants according to a randomised split-mouth design on contralateral quadrants. 2 groups of students were formed, one group received oral hygiene instruction (OHI). Follow-up examinations on gingival bleeding and calculus were carried out 6, 12, and 22 months after the scaling session. The prevalence of calculus on assigned teeth at baseline was high with a mean score of 1.10. At the end of the study, new calculus formation on scaled teeth reached a mean score of 0.58. Formation of calculus still continued on non-scaled teeth, but at a lower rate than on scaled teeth. Scaling resulted in an approximately 20% reduction of the gingival bleeding score which remained during the 22 months follow-up period. OHI had no significant effect on the calculus and bleeding scores. Since the effect of scaling alone on the gingival condition was small and the effect of a single OHI negligible, the practice of occasional scaling without repeated OHI, which is commonly employed in developing countries, should be considered as clinically irrelevant and of little use in improving the standard of periodontal health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

An attempt to construct short scales measuring manic-depressive-like experience and behaviour.

Two nine-item self-rating questionnaire scales were developed to measure, on the one hand, features typically associated with a history of mania-like phenomena, and, on the other hand, features typically associated with a history of clinical depression. These scales were added to produce an 18-item scale which, it was hypothesized, might measure degree of history of manic-depressive-like phenomena. Results tended to support this view: (1) compared with students, manic-depressives obtained significantly higher scores on each of these three scales; (2) all scales, but especially the manic experience scale, correlated significantly positively with the MMPI Hypomania Scale; and (3) for a subset of the manic-depressives, a person's scores on two of the three new scales were significantly correlated with the number of different manic-depression-relevant medications that that person was taking.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of AMP system and comprehensive psychopathological rating scale with regard to contents.

Using a sample of 170 patients the psychopathological contents of the AMP system and the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) were compared by canonical correlations. The nine primary AMP scales predict 86% of the variance of the three CPRS scales. 64% of the variance of the nine AMP scales is explained by the CPRS scales. The secondary scales are nearly equivalent. The univariate analysis showed that all AMP scales with the exception of the 'hostility syndrome' and the 'catatonic syndrome' correlate highly with one of the psychopathological CPRS scales.

Adolescent↗