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PubMed1996

Clinical and psychosocial correlates of antenatal depression: a review.

In contrast to the considerable research on postnatal depression, less attention has been paid to that occurring during pregnancy-antenatal depression (AD). However, recent investigations have studied depression among pregnant women not necessarily requiring psychiatric hospitalization but needing psychological support and help. A controlled study showed that the rate of AD was significantly higher than that of depression among non-pregnant women: the reported incidence varies between 4 and 29%. AD was found to be associated with: (1) obstetric factors (first pregnancy, first delivery, and past history of abortion); (2) early experience (loss of father); (3) personality (high neuroticism score); (4) attitudes towards the present pregnancy (perplexity of the husband); (5) accomodation factors (non-detached housing, and expected crowdedness after birth of the child, and (6) social support (low level of intimacy with the husband). Differential effects of these factors in the development of AD are to be studied in future research, particularly in conjunction with investigation of hormonal variables.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2003

Characteristics of women with cosmetic breast implants compared with women with other types of cosmetic surgery and population-based controls in Denmark.

Herein the authors describe characteristics of women with breast implants compared with women with other types of cosmetic surgery as well as population controls. All women who acquired breast implants from 1977 to 1997 were identified from the files of two private plastic surgery clinics in Denmark. Patient characteristics were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. The magnitude of differences between patient and control groups was estimated using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Women with breast implants had a significantly lower body mass index and reported a two-fold greater incidence of current smoking compared with women from the general population and compared with women with other cosmetic surgery. Women with implants reported a greater number of full-term pregnancies and were less likely than controls to have had their first birth at age 30 years or older. Women with implants were not more likely than women in either control group to report a history of diseases, including connective tissue diseases, cancer, or depression before their implant surgery. Women with cosmetic breast implants differ from women with other forms of cosmetic surgery and from general population controls with respect to characteristics that may importantly influence health outcomes and that need to be addressed in future breast implant studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Ultrastructural observations on sperm storage in the ovary of the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus (Teleostei: poeciliidae): the role of the duct epithelium.

Sperm storage is an important phenomenon occurring in viviparous and oviparous teleosts and contributes to the reproductive life history of these forms. There is a paucity of morphological studies on sperm storage in fishes. The majority of these have been confined to the light level of investigation. In this report, we describe, at the ultrastructural level, sperm storage in the viviparous platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus. Female platyfish, as is typical of the poeciliids, are capable of storing viable sperm for up to several months within the ovary and gonoduct. We observed that sperm stored within inseminated platyfish became associated with specific epithelial cells (SACs) lining the oviduct. Two forms of association were seen: 1) sperm were found within deep surface pits and pockets, and 2) the spermatozoa were taken up and incorporated within the cytoplasm of the SACs. Junctional complexes in the form of tight junctions (zona occludens) and desmosomes at the apico-lateral surfaces of the SACs were prevalent. The junctions could have contributed to allograft survival of the haploid heterogenetic sperm cells within the female's reproductive tract. Our results shed light on the mechanism of sperm storage in the platyfish and could serve as a model for other poeciliid species and teleosts that are capable of storing sperm.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Background factors influencing somatic and psychological symptoms in middle-age women with different hormonal status. A population-based study of Swedish women.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the influence of socio-demographic characteristics and environmental factors on self-reported somatic and psychological symptoms among middle-aged Swedish women. METHODS: A total of 6917 women living in the Lund area of southern Sweden were participates of this study. They completed a generic questionnaire pertaining to socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and current health related problems. According to hormonal status, the participants were subdivided into three groups, i.e. premenopause, postmenopause and peri- or postmenopausal women with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). RESULTS: By using multiple logistic regression models, a high risk for somatic symptoms was independently associated with unemployment, no exercise, unmarried, high body weight and diseases affecting the cardiovascular system as well as a history of cancer. Psychological symptoms were independently associated with higher educational level, unemployment, no exercise, unmarried, heavy smoking habits (> or =15 cig/day), weight gain and a history of cancer. In addition, the background factors seemed to have less impact on symptoms among women who used HRT. CONCLUSION: Socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and concurrent health problems appear to have influences on the frequency and the number of somatic and psychological symptoms in middle-age women. Hormone replacement therapy seems to be able to counteract negative impacts caused by un-healthy lifestyle and other health problems.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

[Risk factors for repetition of low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and prematurity in subsequent pregnancies: a systematic review].

With the aim of collecting evidence on repetition of low birth weight, intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR), and prematurity in successive pregnancies, a systematic review was conducted on MEDLINE, LILACS, PAHO, and MedCarib from 1965 to 2004, using as descriptors: "low birth weight and recurrence, repetition or previous", "risk factors and repetition, recurrence or previous LBW", "IUGR and recurrence, repetition or previous", "risk factors and repetition, recurrence or previous IUGR", "prematurity and recurrence, repetition or previous", and "risk factors and repetition, recurrence or previous prematurity". Of 24 studies, 18 were excluded due to inconsistency between the title and the actual subject investigated (obstetric history as a risk factor rather than a selection criterion). The most important risk factors associated with repetition of low birth weight were maternal age > 30 years, smoking, short inter-gestational interval, and black skin color; those associated with IUGR were maternal age < 20 or > 35 years, low maternal education, high blood pressure, drug addiction, and non-technical/non-professional paternal occupation; and with preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia, preterm labor, and inter-gestational interval less than 12 months.

Fetal Growth Retardation↗
PubMed2001

[Pregnancy with Rh-isoimmunization. Results of a retrospective analysis in the maternity hospital "Maichin Dom"].

UNLABELLED: The aim of the study is to analyze the outcome of pregnancies complicated by Rh-isoimmunization for the period 1996-2001 and to outline the aspects of optimization of the obstetrical conduct. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The current study includes 39 pregnant women with Rh-isoimmunisation to whom amniocentesis and cordocentesis was performed. All cases were analyzed using medical history, serology (indirect Coombs, PAP test), ultrasound examination, amniocentesis, cordocentesis, NST. RESULTS: From 39 pregnancies, complicated by severe Rh-isoimmunization 36 resulted in a live delivery, 2 resulted in intrauterine death of the fetus and 1 in early neonatal death. The titre of the antibodies is of prognostical value only in the first isoimmunised pregnancy. In this case there is a reliable correlation between the condition of the newborn and the zone from the Liley curve, antenatally found. With history of former immune pregnancies with unfavourable perinatal outcome most precise information about the condition of the foetus gives the cordocentesis. CONCLUSION: In all of the discussed cases the Rh-isoimmunization is a result of no andi-D immunoglobulin profilaxis post partum or following abortion. That is why the efforts should be directed towards conduction of proper profilaxis to all Rh-negative pregnant women.

Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine↗
PubMed1999

Role of medical history in brain tumour development. Results from the international adult brain tumour study.

In an international population-based case-control study carried out in 8 centres in 6 countries, we investigated the role of specific medical conditions in the aetiology of brain tumours in adults. Recruited were 1,178 glioma and 331 meningioma cases and 2,493 age- and gender-matched population controls. Only medical conditions occurring at least 2 years before brain tumour diagnosis were considered. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a conditional logistic regression model. Heterogeneity between centres was tested. No association between meningioma and previous medical conditions was observed. For glioma, there was an increased risk associated with epilepsy (RR = 6.55, 95% CI 3.40-12.63), but this was considerably weaker for epilepsy of more than 20 years duration. The risk remained elevated after adjustment for use of anti-epileptic drugs. There was a statistically significant inverse association between glioma and all allergic diseases combined (RR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.49-0.71); this was also observed for specific allergic conditions, namely, asthma and eczema. Subjects who reported a history of infectious diseases (e.g., colds, flu) showed a 30% reduction in risk (RR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.61-0.85). The decreased risks for glioma in subjects reporting a history of allergic conditions or infectious diseases may indicate an influence of immunological factors on the development of glioma. The association between glioma and epilepsy has to be interpreted cautiously and needs further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Lifetime socioeconomic position in relation to onset of perimenopause.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between lifetime socioeconomic position and onset of perimenopause. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: 603 premenopausal women aged 36-45 years at baseline who completed a cross sectional survey on childhood and adult socioeconomic position. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to perimenopause, defined as time in months from baseline interview to a woman's report of (1) an absolute change of at least seven days in menstrual cycle length from baseline or subjective report of menstrual irregularity; (2) a change in menstrual flow amount or duration; or (3) cessation of periods for at least three months, whichever came first. MAIN RESULTS: Incidence of perimenopause was 1.75 times higher (95%CI 1.10 to 2.79) and median age at onset was 1.2 years younger (44.7 v 45.9 years) for women reporting childhood and adult economic distress compared with women reporting no lifetime economic distress. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, age at menarche, parity, oral contraceptive use, family history of early menopause, depression, smoking, and body mass index, the association weakened (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.59; 95%CI 0.97 to 2.61). Inverse associations were observed for most, but not all, measures of educational level. Measures of current household income were not associated with risk of perimenopause. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that adverse socioeconomic conditions across the lifespan, when measured in terms of economic hardship and low educational attainment, may be associated with an increased rate of entry into perimenopause.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Cigarette smoking and other risk factors in relation to p53 expression in breast cancer among young women.

p53 mutations may be a fingerprint for cigarette smoking and other environmental carcinogens, including breast carcinogens. This study was undertaken to explore whether p53 mutations are associated with environmental or other suspected or established risk factors for breast cancer. p53 protein detection by immunohistochemistry (which is more easily quantified in large epidemiological studies than are mutations, and are highly correlated with them) was determined for 378 patients from a case-control study of breast cancer. In this population-based sample of women under the age of 45 years, 44.4% (168/378) of the cases had p53 protein detected by immunohistochemistry (p53+). Polytomous logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for p53+ and p53- breast cancer, as compared with the controls, in relation to cigarette smoking and other factors. The ratio of the ORs was used as an indicator of heterogeneity in risk for p53+ versus p53- cancer. The ratio of the ORs in a multivariate model was substantially elevated among women with a greater than high school education [2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.43-4.00], current cigarette smokers (1.96; 95% CI, 1.10-3.52), and users of electric blankets, water beds, or mattresses (1.78; 95% CI, 1.11-2.86). Nonsignificant heterogeneity was noted for family history of breast cancer and ethnicity but not for other known or suspected risk factors. Coupled with the strong biological plausibility of the association, our data support the hypothesis that in breast cancer, as with other tumors, p53 protein immunohistochemical detection may be associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens such as cigarette smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The association of pregnancy history with areal and volumetric bone mineral density in adolescence.

INTRODUCTION: Studies demonstrate that pregnancy may interfere with bone mineral density. Adolescence is a crucial time of life for bone mass acquisition and there are some questions as to the influence of pregnancy on bone mass at this age. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between pregnancy history and areal (BMD) and volumetric (vBMD) bone mineral density in adolescence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 119 adolescents ranging from 12-20 years of age was conducted; 30 of these girls had a history of full-term pregnancy. The adolescents were selected during a routine visit to the Adolescent Gynecology Outpatient Facility, completed a questionnaire, and had a physical examination to evaluate weight, height and Tanner stage. Bone mineral densitometry of the lumbar spine (L(1)-L(4)) and total body (TB) was performed to measure bone mineral density and body composition. RESULTS: The mean measurements of the area, bone mineral content (BMC), BMD and vBMD of L(1)-L(4) and the area, BMC and BMD of TB were not significantly different between adolescents with and without a pregnancy history, stratified by chronologic and gynecologic age. The percentage of adolescents with altered Z-scores was similar in both groups, and the prevalence ratio showed no association between pregnancy history and low bone mass (PR=0.52; CI 0.04-6.07). Upon multiple regression analysis, body mass index (BMI) and lean body mass (LBM) were the main factors associated with lumbar spine and total body measurements. Pregnancy history was inversely associated with areal BMD of L(1)-L(4) (R (2)=0.04) and vBMD of L(1)-L(4) (R (2)=0.04), accounting for only 4% variation in the lumbar spine. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that adolescent pregnancy seems to exert no significant influence on the acquisition of bone mass and does not appear to represent a risk factor for osteoporosis in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Risk factors for breast cancer in elderly women.

As the population ages, an increasing fraction of women diagnosed with breast cancer will be elderly. Heterogeneity of breast cancer risk factors between pre- and postmenopausal women is recognized, but few studies have examined elderly women specifically. The authors describe the age-specific influence of risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer, with emphasis on women aged 75 or more years. Among 36,658 members of the Iowa Women's Health Study (1986-2001), a population-based cohort study, 428 incident breast cancers were diagnosed in women aged 55-64 years, 1,297 in women aged 65-74 years, and 561 in women aged 75-84 years. Women with a body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) in the highest versus the lowest quartile were at increased risk of breast cancer at age 75 or more years (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12, 1.84). Family history of breast cancer (hazard ratio = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.93 for a first-degree family history vs. none) and an older age at menopause (p(trend) = 0.07) conferred increased risk for women aged 75 or more years, and a high number of livebirths was protective (hazard ratio = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.88 for five or more births compared with one or two). Obesity, a modifiable risk factor, remained positively associated with breast cancer for all age groups of postmenopausal women.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care during the second pregnancies among African-American women.

A longitudinally linked data set for Georgia was used to identify characteristics, including previous prenatal care use and complications at the first birth, associated with prenatal care use in the second pregnancy among 8,224 African-American women. More than 70% of the women who were < 25 years of age at their first birth (younger women) and almost 40% of women who were > or = 25 years at their first birth received inadequate care with at least one of their first two births. Women who received inadequate care in their first pregnancy were more likely to receive inadequate care in their second pregnancy than women who received adequate care in their first pregnancy. Younger women with a history of a stillbirth, neonatal death, or vacuum extraction were less likely to receive inadequate care in their subsequent pregnancy. Although this study was not able to evaluate the content of prenatal care, it suggested that many African-American women may not receive sufficient care to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Women who receive inadequate care in their first pregnancy must be targeted for interventions that help them overcome economic, situational, or attitudinal barriers to receiving adequate care in their next pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of women's reproductive health situation in Bida Emirate of Niger State, Nigeria.

This study examined the reproductive health situation in Bida Emirate of Nigeria, with a view to advancing frontiers in communication support for reproductive health education. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to randomly select 1,200 women respondents that participated in the study. Data was obtained on reproductive health and rights, reproductive health history, and personal and social characteristics of respondents. Data analyses showed that majority (68.1%) of respondents were aware of existing methods of birth control, while 31.9% were not. On the use of methods, abstinence, breastfeeding and use of condoms recorded 42.8%, 22% and 40.3% respectively. Respondents rarely used traditional methods of birth control. Forty five per cent blamed their husbands for not using family planning methods. Surprisingly, 84.8% of respondents had no idea of what HIV/AIDS is all about; only 13% and 3.1% could describe gonorrhoea and AIDS respectively. Results further revealed that there is no significant relationship between personal and social characteristics of respondents (religion, marital status and position, etc) and their attitude towards family planning. However, rural and urban women significantly differed in their health status (t = 0.2729; p < 0.001). Similar trend was observed for attitude towards family decision-making (t = 40; p < 0.001), sexuality and STD prevention (t = 90; p < 0.001), and maternity/childcare (t = 0.001; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the study reveals that there is a wide gap between social expectations of women's reproductive health and cultural realities in Nupeland of Nigeria. The study thus recommends, among others, the need for sustainable safe motherhood campaign in culture bound societies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

On a modification of life table technique for analysis of birth interval data and its application.

"This paper presents some modifications [of] the usual life table technique to analyse the data on the time of first birth and inter live birth intervals which are compiled from the birth histories of females, of varying marital durations, enumerated in a retrospective survey." The fact that a female may not be exposed to the risk of conception following childbirth or marriage, because of postpartum amenorrhea or of customs involving visits to parents, is taken into account. A method to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the conditional risk of conception is given, and an analysis of birth intervals is presented using this technique and data for India from the Rural Development and Population Growth--A Sample Survey 1978.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1997

Ethnocultural identity and induced abortion in Kazakstan.

This study analyzes ethnic differences in induced abortion among ever-married women in Kazakstan, drawing on data from the 1995 Kazakstan Demographic and Health Survey. Instead of conventional ethnic markers, such as "Kazak" or "Russian," it focuses on more complex ethnocultural identities that combine ascribed ethnicity with language use. Because of the history of russification in Kazakstan, three ethnocultural groups are defined and compared--Kazak women who chose to be interviewed in Kazak, Kazak women who chose to be interviewed in Russian, and women of European background interviewed in Russian. Whereas women of European origin were the most likely to undergo induced abortion, the Russian-interviewed Kazaks had higher abortion ratios and were more likely to terminate their pregnancies than were the Kazak-interviewed Kazaks, net of other characteristics. The implications of the results for induced abortion trends and family planning policy in Kazakstan are discussed in addition to other findings.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anxiety, life style and obstetric history of women working in a high-fashion clothing industry].

Women with a mean age of 38 years (range 20-62) were employed in an industry producing clothes of high fashion. A part of them (n = 210) performed their activities with hands and others (n = 90) utilising machines with more repetitive procedures. All the recruited women answered to a questionnaire including the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) test, working activities, lifestyle and obstetric history. There was no relation between obstetric history and working activities. The group of women with age ranging from 35 to 42 years showed the score of the STAI higher than that of the younger women and slightly lower than that of the subjects with older age. This may depend on the "healthy worker effect" in the old subjects able to continue their job. The scores of the STAI were also slightly influenced by the repetitive tasks utilising machines. On the whole, the working activity of women had beneficial effect on their role inside the family and in the social life.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

How do mothers' childrearing histories, stress and parenting affect children's behavioural outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Information is needed to understand the role of low to moderate levels of mothers' emotional stress and child characteristics (i.e. prematurity) on parenting behaviours and their impact on children's behaviour that might be deemed 'challenging' but not 'disordered'. METHODS: The direct and indirect relations of maternal childrearing history and emotional stress, and observed parenting practices when children were 3 years of age on 4-year child behavioural outcomes was examined in a sample of low-income families with a term (n=112) or preterm (n=180) child. Parenting practices included displays of warmth and restrictiveness when interacting with their children. Child outcomes at 4 years included observation of social initiations with their mothers and maternal report of social and attentional problems. RESULTS: A Structural Equation Model building approach guided by specific hypotheses indicated that preterm as compared to full-term children had more maternal reported social and attentional problems but did not differ in observed social initiating skills. Greater negative maternal childrearing history indirectly influenced social initiating skills through its direct influence on maternal emotional stress. Greater maternal emotional stress directly influenced mothers' parenting that, in turn, directly influenced social initiating. Prematurity and a more negative childrearing history had a direct negative influence on the maternal report of social and attentional behavioural outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings delineate the effects of prematurity and maternal parenting on the behaviour of 4-year-old-children and extend current knowledge of the influence of parental emotional stress on parenting. Even milder levels can negatively influence parenting, and in turn, contribute to children's less well developed social skills. The issues raised in this study could help with the identification and prioritization of medical and psychological services.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The use of whole rat embryo culture as a technique for investigating potential serum toxicity in recurrent miscarriage patients.

Previously, the rat embryo model has been used as an experimental technique in investigations of the aetiology of idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. The aim of the present study was to validate it as a tool in the investigation of the aetiology of this condition. Subjects (n = 36) with a history of recurrent miscarriage were recruited from two dedicated recurrent miscarriage clinics and compared with control women with at least one previous pregnancy resulting in a live birth (n = 23). Serum from each woman was used as culture medium in the rat embryo model. Cultured embryos were scored for growth and differentiation. No statistical difference was found in any parameter between the two groups. Furthermore, patients from the recurrent miscarriage group whose serum demonstrated a trend towards lower scores, subsequently conceived and underwent uncomplicated pregnancies.

Abortion, Habitual↗