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At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Gas-liquid chromatographic screening method for six synthetic pyrethroid insecticides.

A method was developed for simultaneously determining 6 synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (fenpropanate, tetramethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin) in apple, orange, grape, lemon, tomato, green pepper, and paprika, and sugar beet root and leaves. The pesticides were extracted with acetone and partitioned into methylene chloride. The extract was purified by column chromatography on active carbon-magnesia-diatomaceous earth and then on alumina. Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography with 63Ni electron capture detection was completed in 6 min on a 3% SE-30 liquid phase, using a short column. Recoveries from fortified samples ranged from 68 to 89% in the range of 0.3-1.0 ppm and from 67 to 83% in the range of 0.02-0.2 ppm.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1982

Application of the AOAC multi-residue method to determination of synthetic pyrethroid residues in celery and animal products.

A procedure based on current multi-residue methodology is described for the determination of synthetic pyrethroid residues in vegetable and animal tissues. Permethrin, cypermethrin, and fenvalerate are extracted from celery, egg yolk, beef muscle, and milk with acetonitrile, partitioned into hexane, and cleaned up on Florisil for quantitation by electron capture gas chromatography. Recoveries of the 3 pyrethroids averaged 94-103% from celery and 82-97% from animal products. Minimum detectable levels of less than 5 ng/g are readily attainable. The method also allows for the simultaneous extraction and cleanup of the organochlorine hydrocarbon insecticides which have been routinely analyzed in the past.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Tolerance levels of select stream macroinvertebrates to the Simulium larvicides, Chlorphoxim and decamethrin.

Tolerance levels of six non-target stream macroinvertebrates organophosphorus Simulium lavicide, chlorphoxim, and the synthetic pyrethroid decamethrin, were determined using rapid through-flow laboratory test vessels. A 1-hour exposure followed by 24-hour mortality recorded was adopted as a standard basis for comparison with the target. Simulium larvae. Additional comparisons between the reactions of Simulium larvae and non-targets to chlorphoxim were carried out on the basis of 15-minute exposures in a miniature stimulated stream or experimental channel. At the lowest concentration sufficient to produce 95% mortality in late instar Simulium larvae, decamethrin was highly lethal to all non-targets tested, with the exception of Ephemerella. Baetis and Gammarus proved to have a very high susceptibility to decamethrin, the former still recording 50% mortalities after exposure to concentrations as low as 0.005 parts per billion/1-hour. In the case of chlorphoxim, all the non-targets were found to be significantly more tolerant than Simulium larvae under identical conditions. The margin was narrowest in the case of Baetis (LC95 0.005 ppm as compared with 0.003 ppm for Simulium but wide enough in the case of the predaceous non-targets - Hydropsyche, Rhyacophila and Agrion - to suggest high survival at Simulium larvicide dosages. The results were compared with these previously obtained with other Simulium larvicides such as Abate, chlorpyrifos and permethrin under identical laboratory conditions. The applicability of these techniques to Simulium damnosum and its associated non-targets in West Africa is discussed, as also is the need for a comparable laboratory phase of evaluation in that programme.

Diptera↗
PubMed1993

Studies on the effect of translocation of chemical insecticides in Eicchornia host plant on Mansonia mosquitos--a potential control method.

A novel method for the control of Mansonia larvae was developed and tested. In this method, foliar absorption and translocation of a chemical insecticide, monocrotophos, a known systemic insecticide was studied in the Eicchornia plant. Acetone solution of the insecticide was painted onto leaves of the plant. At daily intervals, stems were severed and divided into equal sections which were introduced into bowls. Larvae of Aedes aegypti were tested for the presence of monocrotophos. It was found that translocation of the insecticide occurred at different rates in the stems and in some plants the chemical was also released into the surrounding water. Based on these results, 2 insecticides namely, monocrotophos and temephos were painted onto leaves of the host plant and their translocation to the root and water environment was examined by testing with Mansonia and Aedes aegypti larvae. The results again confirmed the translocation process and it was found that the insecticides were secreted into the surrounding water, thereby killing the larvae. However, in leaves painted with permethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) or flufenoxuron (chitin synthesis inhibitor), such a process was not detected. The potential of this new concept in Mansonia larval control is examined.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Insecticidal gels--a promising form for using pyrethroids].

Insecticidal gels containing the following agents as active ingredients: permethrin (0.4%), cipermethrin (0.1%), fenvalerate (0.5%), alpha-methrin (0.2%) were designed and studied under laboratory and field conditions. When applied to various surface types, the designed formulations of the gels caused 100% death of cockroaches, domestic flies, bed-bugs and fleas. The application rate is 2.5-10.0 g/m2 depending on the species of insects. The residual insecticidal action of gels on the surfaces is as long as 3 months. The designed formulations are approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia for their manufacture and application.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Introduction of an integrated community-based bancroftian filariasis control program into the Mt Bosavi region of the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea.

In mid-1987 a baseline microfilarial prevalence survey was conducted among five villages in the Mt Bosavi region of the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. Through use of the Nucleopore filtration technique, it was determined that 48% of villagers had detectable microfilaraemia. The highest prevalence was documented in Fogomaiyu, where the microfilaraemia rate was 92%. On the basis of this initial survey and the expressed interest of the community, the Division of Health in the Southern Highlands Province undertook an integrated community-based pilot control program. The project used two principal control methods: (a) drug treatment with low-dose diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) distributed to the community weekly and (b) vector control with permethrin-impregnated bednets. Results six months after the intervention indicate that the program was successful in reducing microfilaraemia at Fogomaiyu village from 92% to 6%. The reduction is principally related to the effects of DEC, although the bednets, by limiting vector-person contact, are expected to reduce the incidence of both filariasis and malaria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Statistical description of health complaints after pyrethroid exposure].

In 96 pyrethroid-exposed persons data on subjective health impairment were collected by means of a questionnaire. The present explorative statistical analysis is restricted to a subgroup of 51 out of the 96 persons for which pyrethroid concentrations in dust samples from residential dwellings or from work places could be determined. Since measurements were taken from dwellings or work places, there is in some cases only one common measured value for families or teams. In total, we have 34 independent measurements. Based on the type of measured exposures, the 51 participants can be divided into 3 groups: 26 cases exposed to permethrin and tetramethrin (type-I pyrethroids), 13 cases exposed to deltamethrin, cyfluthrin or cypermethrin (type-II pyrethroids), and 12 cases with mixed exposure to the mentioned type-I and type-II pyrethroids. For the 3 groups we computed weighted mean values of pyrethroid concentrations, each independent measurement being weighted with the number of corresponding persons. The mean values are 425.7, 56.1, and 958.9 mg pyrethroid/kg dust for the groups in the above order. After combining the two highly exposed groups into one new group with now 38 members and a mean pyrethroid concentration of 594.1 mg/kg, an increased frequency of health complaints was found as compared to the group exposed only to type-II pyrethroids.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Surveillance and control of Aedes aegypti in epidemic areas of Taiwan.

Aedes aegypti is the main, if not the only, vector of dengue fever in Taiwan. The dengue epidemics that have occurred in Taiwan correlate with the distribution of Aedes aegypti which is limited to south of the Tropic of Cancer. During the 1987 outbreak of dengue fever in Taiwan, the average larval density for the months July-December in the five cities and counties of southern Taiwan was 2,284 larvae per 100 households. After control measures were taken, the average annual larval density in the years from 1988 to 1993 declined to 1,580, 671, 442, 178, 110, and 88 larvae per 100 households, respectively. During 1987-1988, the number of confirmed cases and the Breteau index of Aedes aegypti showed an obvious positive relationship (r = 0.74) in the most heavily infected 25 cities and towns. Our Institute has conducted eight training courses since 1989 for 176 health workers who serve in their respective areas as local scouts for monitoring Aedes larval density. The number of cities and towns surveyed by them in the years 1990-1993 was 116, 149, 254, and 156, respectively. The number of households covered by space spraying with permethrin was 43, 183 in 1991, 11,186 in 1992 and 4,856 in 1993. Residual spraying with alphacypermethrin was applied to houses in areas where the Breteau index was above 35. The number of houses treated in the years 1990-1993 was 4,735, 32,279, 33,726 and 17,848, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aedes↗
PubMed1994

[Residual anophelism in Italy: distribution in 4 southern regions].

About 40 years after malaria eradication from Italy, the potential vectors of this disease, Anopheles labranchiae, Anopheles superpictus and Anopheles sacharovi, are still present in some regions of the South. Since 1991 the Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, in collaboration with the Local Health Authorities, carried out an investigation to assess the levels of these potential anopheline vectors in Calabria, Puglia, Sicily and Sardinia. A. labranchiae, the most important vector, was found in all the regions visited, where is probably present in scattered foci all over the territory. The most common breeding sites were represented by rivers and streams, followed by ponds and ground pools. The larval densities varied greatly from 0.01 to 33 larvae/dip; likewise the adult densities, recorded in animal shelters, varied from < 10 to > 1000 female/shelter. The higher adult densities were recorded in Calabria, along the West coast. The other important vector in Southern Italy, A. superpictus, was found both in the West and East coasts of the same region, showing low larval and adult densities. Anopheles sacharovi, that was an important malaria vector in Puglia and Sardinia, was not found. Four populations of A. labranchiae were tested to determine the susceptibility to some insecticides. All of these populations were fully susceptible to deltamethrin, malathion and DDT, while showed a reduced susceptibility to permethrin and propoxur.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The acaricidal activity of pyrethroids against Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. nymphs].

The efficiency of 9 drugs based on cipermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambdacigalothrin, ciphenothrin, phenothrin against hungry I. persulcatus nymphs was studied in the laboratory setting. The values LD50 and LD99 (in g of an active ingredient per m2) were found when the nymphs got into contacts with the treated filter paper for 10 sec and 1 min. The paper discusses whether the pyrethroids as part of attractant-acaricidal granules can be used to suppress the size of ticks in the tick-borne encephalitis foci.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Detection of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles mosquitos.

Although pyrethroid insecticides are a promising means of controlling Anopheles malaria vectors, there is a need to monitor for resistance. It has been proposed that the results of the WHO-recommended testing method, involving exposure to impregnated paper for 1 hour, might be misleading because of knockdown during this period, and that exposure to a higher dose of pyrethroid for 2 minutes might be preferable. However, comparative tests with a susceptible and a permethrin-resistant strain of A. stephensi showed that exposure for 1 hour was at least as sensitive in detecting resistance as was the short exposure method.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Packed-column gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of 10 pyrethroid insecticide residues in fruits, vegetables, and grains.

A simple, rapid, packed-column gas chromatographic method was developed for simultaneous determination of 10 pyrethroid insecticide residues (allethrin, biphenthrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, flucythrinate, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, deltamethrin, and py-115) in fruits, vegetables, and grains. These multiresidues are extracted from various crops with acetone-petroleum ether and cleaned up on a Florisil column (for the fruits and vegetables) or on a Florisil-charcoal-alumina column (for the grains) prior to their determination by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Recoveries of 10 pyrethroid compounds from 12 different crops (maize, soybeans, wheat, sorghums, paddy, potatoes, cucumbers, cauliflowers, spinaches, apples, bananas, and oranges) fortified at levels of 0.02-5.00 ppm ranged from 58 to 130%. In a separate precision study, coefficients of variation were 5.5-14.6% at 0.1-0.5 ppm (n = 10, maize), and 4.1-12.1% at 0.010-0.050 ppm (n = 10, apples). The detection limits of the method ranged from 2.0 to 10.0 ppb on a crop basis.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1993

Tolerance of sewage treatment plant microorganisms to mosquitocides.

Beneficial protozoa and rotifers collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Panama City, FL, were tested for tolerance to 11 commonly used mosquito larvicides and adulticides in the laboratory. The acute effects were assessed using selected concentrations of the adulticides fenthion, malathion, naled, permethrin, and resmethrin; and the larvicides Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, diflubenzuron, larviciding oil, methoprene, and temephos for the following microorganism taxa: ameoboids, flagellates, free-swimming ciliates, stalked ciliates, and rotifers.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Eradication of a new focus of Amblyomma variegatum in Puerto Rico.

In May 1992 an infestation with the tropical bont tick appeared in a small dairy heifer replacement herd in Camuy, Puerto Rico, a completely new site located near Puerto Rico's northwest coast. This finding occurred after some three years of no infestation in either Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virgin Islands and is not suspected of being associated with any previous infestations. The methods used to eradicate this tick include spray treatment at a two-week interval of all domestic livestock, with amitraz at 0.025% and permethrin at 0.055%. Dogs and chickens are also inspected. Owners are encouraged to reduce numbers of these species. All livestock on adjoining farms are inspected and treated on a frequent basis. There has been no evidence of any spread and the infestation is expected to be eliminated within 18 months.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Economic analysis of malaria control for migrant workers in eastern Thailand.

A randomized, double-blind field trial was carried out to compare the economic impact of permethrin-treated nets with that of untreated nets as a method of malaria control. The study was conducted in 261 long-term migrant workers and 138 seasonal agricultural migrant workers in the eastern rural areas known to be highly endemic for multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection. One hundred and twenty-six longterm migrants and 59 seasonal migrants used treated nets, while 135 and 79, respectively, used untreated nets. The impregnated-nets program was cost-saving as well as offering improved effectiveness. The net benefit of using a treated net was US$1.17 per worker from the Malaria Division's perspective and US$1.61 per worker from the worker viewpoint. The use of impregnated nets with large-scale primary health care programs likely will be the most cost-effective and cost-beneficial method for controlling malaria in eastern Thailand.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1993

Field evaluations in malaise and canopy traps of selected targets as attractants for tabanid species (Diptera: Tabanidae).

Various configurations of an inflated vinyl beach ball covered with black fabric were evaluated in Malaise and canopy (modified Manitoba) traps for possible use as an insecticide-impregnated visual target (T) for Tabanidae. In Malaise traps, T attracted 2x more flies than no T. When inflated with carbon dioxide, T was not significantly different from T filled with air, no matter which type of trap it was in. In canopy traps, 2 or 4 white spots applied to T did not increase its attractiveness to tabanids. When treated with octenol, T was 2-5x more attractive than an untreated T in canopy traps. However, when an octenol treatment was aged for 48 h, it was less effective than a fresh treatment. Overall, the 3 most frequently collected species, in order of abundance, were: Tabanus lineola hinellus, Hybomitra vicina and Chrysops atlanticus. Significantly more T. l. hinellus and H. vicina were collected at T with octenol than at T without octenol. Attempts to detect an insecticidal effect on flies captured in both types of trap that had been baited with Ts treated with permethrin were unsuccessful.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Attack of the scabies: what to do when an outbreak occurs.

Scabies remains a significant source of morbidity in nursing home residents because of its highly contagious nature. It is characterized by severe pruritus and papules, pustules, burrows, nodules, and occasionally urticarial lesions. Lesions are commonly found on the wrists, finger webs, antecubital fossae, axillae, areolae, periumbilical region, lower abdomen, genitals, and buttocks. Diagnosis is based on the history, physical examination, and demonstration of mites, eggs, or scybala on microscopic examination. Several topical scabicides are available, but permethrin cream appears to be less toxic and more effective in cases that are resistant to other agents. Successful management requires evaluation of individuals with close patient contact.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1993

Clinical and parasitological aspects on human scabies in Qualyobia Governorate, Egypt.

In the last decade, human scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei and other non human strains is one of the most common contagious parasitic disease. Over a period of one year (June 1991--May 1992), a total of 200 scabietic patients were diagnosed in the outpatients' clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, Benha University Hospitals. They were 120 females and 80 males (sex ratio = 1.5:1). Their ages ranged between three months up to 70 years old. Most of the patients were parasitologically positive (160 or 80%). The most common signs and symptoms were itching, skin burrows, scratch markings, papules and pustules. Regional lymphadenitis was sometimes present as well as fever in patients with secondary bacterial infection. The most affected sites were the abdomen (100%), followed by the buttocks (81.3%), the thigh (50%), legs (50%) and the arms and web spaces (62.5%). The male external genitalia was infested in 60% and the female breast was infested in 72.7%. The sex and site distribution of the infestations were attributed to the risk factor of exposure to infestation. The patients were successfully treated with 5% sulfur precipitate and 2-5% permethrin. The whole results were discussed on the light of the previous work.

Adolescent↗