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At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Mapping determinants of variation in energy metabolism, respiration and flight in Drosophila.

We employed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to dissect the genetic architecture of a hierarchy of functionally related physiological traits, including metabolic enzyme activity, metabolite storage, metabolic rate, and free-flight performance in recombinant inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster. We identified QTL underlying variation in glycogen synthase, hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, and trehalase activity. In each case variation mapped away from the enzyme-encoding loci, indicating that trans-acting regions of the genome are important sources of variation within the metabolic network. Individual QTL associated with variation in metabolic rate and flight performance explained between 9 and 35% of the phenotypic variance. Bayesian QTL analysis identified epistatic effects underlying variation in flight velocity, metabolic rate, glycogen content, and several metabolic enzyme activities. A region on the third chromosome was associated with expression of the glucose-6-phosphate branchpoint enzymes and with metabolic rate and flight performance. These genomic regions are of special interest as they may coordinately regulate components of energy metabolism with effects on whole-organism physiological performance. The complex biochemical network is encoded by an equally complex network of interacting genetic elements with potentially pleiotropic effects. This has important consequences for the evolution of performance traits that depend upon these metabolic networks.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Electrophoretic evidence for disomic inheritance and allopolyploid origin of the octoploid Cerastium alpinum (Caryophyllaceae).

The mode of inheritance of six enzyme markers in the octoploid alpine plant Cerastium alpinum was analyzed. Offspring from crosses between heterozygotes showed fixed heterozygosity at malate dehydrogenase-2, phosphoglucoisomerase-2, triosephosphate isomerase-2, and triosephosphate isomerase-3. Phosphoglucomutase-1 also showed fixed heterozygosity except in offspring from one cross. Fixed heterozygosity in five enzyme systems suggests that C. alpinum has originated through at least some allopolyploidization. Offspring from plants heterozygous for two alleles at the menadione reductase-1 (Mr-1) locus did not deviate significantly from a 1:2:1 ratio. The large proportion of homozygotes suggests disomic inheritance because any kind of polysomic inheritance would result in a substantially increased proportion of heterozygotes relative to disomic inheritance. Assuming a diploid model for Mr-1, this locus was used to analyze the population genetic structure within C. alpinum populations. Inbreeding was found in many alpine populations. This may help explain the large genetic distances found among alpine populations in a previous study. The analysis is only based on one segregating locus, and the results should therefore be treated with caution. However, by establishing the mode of inheritance through crosses, we have been able to use a codominant marker in population genetic analysis of an octoploid plant.

Caryophyllaceae↗
PubMed1990

Genetic relationships among phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the verrucarum species group.

Isozyme data were used to identify populations of certain Lutzomyia taxa in the verrucarum species group, mostly in the series townsendi. Lutzomyia youngi Feliciangelis and Murillo and L. spinicrassa Morales, Osorno, Osorno, and Hoyos each have diagnostic allomorphs for phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) and fumarate hydratase (FUM). The 6PGDH and FUM data and those from 6-phospho-fructokinase and phosphoglucomutase distinguish Lutzomyia sp., a new species from Columbia to be described and named later. Data from these enzymes and glucose phosphate isomerase will separate L. townsendi (Ortiz) from the others and from L. longiflocosa Osorno, Morales, Osorno, and Hoyos, L. quasitownsendi Morales, Osorno, Osorno, and Hoyos, and L. sauroida Osorno, Morales, and Osorno (three species that are inseparable using enzyme data). Three other species, L. serrana (Damasceno and Arouck) (series serrana) and L. columbiana (Ristorcelli and Van Ty) and L. andina Osorno, Osorno, and Morales (both in series verrucarum), are morphologically distinct using conventional characters and have fixed diagnostic differences at several enzyme loci. Statistical analyses of the enzyme data using genetic identities (I), differences (D), and the amount of genetic variation among these taxa indicated that such statistics can be as useful in the study of sand fly phylogeny and population genetics as they have been for other organisms. I and D values indicated that L. longiflocosa, L. quasitownsendi, and L. sauroida are very similar (I = 0.991 and D = 0.010) and possibly are populations of the same conspecific species. The levels of divergence, based on combined enzyme data for up to 21 gene loci among the taxa, are discussed, and a dendrogram based on genetic distance is presented. The genetic data confirmed established phylogenetic relationships among the sand fly taxa based on structural similarities.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Genetic variation in two field populations and a laboratory colony of Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae).

Glossina pallidipes Austen from Lambwe and Nguruman in Kenya and a laboratory colony, originating from flies collected at Lambwe, were compared for 12 enzyme-gene systems using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the Nguruman, Lambwe, and colony flies, mean heterozygosities were 9.1, 15.3, and 16.5%, and polymorphism was observed in 3, 4, and 5 loci, respectively. Significant differences in number of gene products were observed between Nguruman and Lambwe flies at three loci, between Nguruman and colony flies at four loci, and between Lambwe and colony flies at two loci. Evidence is presented indicating that the locus for phosphoglucomutase is on the X chromosome, whereas loci for octanol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and a thoracic esterase (Esterase-1) are autosomal.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Breeding structure of screwworm fly populations (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Colima, Mexico.

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to resolve gene frequencies among populations of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel). The loci examined coded for alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, octanol dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucomutase. Flies were sampled by traps widely distributed in Colima Province, southwestern Mexico. Gene frequencies at Odh differed significantly among the 11 populations. Alleles segregating at Pgm and alpha-Gpdh were homogeneous among populations. There were significant departures from random mating within populations, but no genetic differentiation among populations was detected. The data suggest unrestricted gene flow among populations. Departures from random mating within populations were explained by the pooling of samples from separate breeding units.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Genetic variation in a Tanzanian population of Glossina swynnertoni (Diptera: Glossinidae).

Adult Glossina swynnertoni Austen that emerged from puparia collected during 1989 and 1991 near Makuyuni, Tanzania, were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fourteen of 17 enzymes were monomorphic. Midgut alkaline phosphatase (ALKPH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (PGI) from the head and thorax were polymorphic. Banding patterns indicated that the locus for PGM was on the X chromosome and loci for ALKPH and PGI were autosomal. For the 17 loci studied, the mean heterozygosity per locus was 6.1 +/- 3.7% in the 1989 sample and 5.7 +/- 3.7% in the 1991 sample. The effective number of alleles per locus was 1.11 and 1.10 in these samples. This level of genetic variation was low compared with other populations of tsetse flies and indicated that the sample may have been drawn from a small inbred population or one that recently had gone through a genetic bottleneck.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

Enzymatic variability in natural populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae) from Brazil.

Yellowfever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L), were collected from 3 towns located within 70 km of each other in the State of Sao Paulo to evaluate the protein variability of natural populations. Electrophoretic analysis permitted the identification of 6 loci responsible for the production of leucine aminopeptidase, 3 for esterases and malic enzyme, 2 for malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and 1 for phosphoglucomutase. For the 3 populations, the range for alleles per locus (1.63-2.03), the proportion of polymorphic loci (37.5-50.0%), and the expected mean heterozygosity (0.48-0.53) were greater than reported for other populations of A. aegypti. Although the 3 populations were similar genetically, the 1.8% differentiation was significant.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Segregation and mapping of allozymes of the apple maggot fly.

The genetics of electrophoretic enzyme variants (allozymes) of 11 enzymes of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, has been investigated by single-pair crosses. All allozymes segregated as simple Mendelian genes. Null alleles occur at two enzymes--phosphoglucomutase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Five linkage groups have been established.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetics of screwworm: new genetic markers and preliminary linkage map.

Eight new genetic markers for Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), the screwworm, are characterized. The markers include three eye mutants, lemon-eye (le), cherry-eye (ch), and red-eye (re); one wing mutant, curly-wing (cw); and four allozyme markers, amylase (Amy-1), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpd), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm), and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh). The markers are associated into four linkage groups. Radiation-induced translocations were used to correlate the linkage groups with their respective chromosomes. A preliminary genetic linkage map with these and three previously characterized loci is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Protein phosphorylation in pea root plastids.

Protein phosphorylation has been investigated in non-photosynthetic plastids of pea roots. Intact and lysed preparations of plastids were incubated with [gamma-(32)P]ATP and three stromal proteins of sizes 41, 58 and 62 kDa were phosphorylated on a serine residue. No other proteins were significantly labelled under the conditions used. The 62 kDa protein is probably phosphoglucomutase and represents a phosphoenzyme catalytic intermediate. The protein kinase(s) and phosphatase(s) acting on the other proteins were not sensitive to exogenous calcium but were sensitive to magnesium. The protein phosphatase which acts on the 41 kDa protein is possibly of type 2C, whereas that acting on the 58 kDa phosphoprotein did not fall into any class defined by mammalian systems. Metabolism of exogenous glucose 6-phosphate by the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in intact plastids abolished the phosphorylation of the 58 kDa protein. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate and 3-phosphoglycerate also inhibited phosphorylation of the 58 kDa protein and had a time-dependent effect on the phosphorylation of the 41 kDa protein. The significance of these results in relation to a possible role for protein phosphorylation in these plastids is considered.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2005

Sucrose synthase controls both intracellular ADP glucose levels and transitory starch biosynthesis in source leaves.

The prevailing model on transitory starch biosynthesis in source leaves assumes that the plastidial ADPglucose (ADPG) pyrophosphorylase (AGP) is the sole enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of the starch precursor molecule, ADPG. However, recent investigations have shown that ADPG linked to starch biosynthesis accumulates outside the chloroplast, presumably in the cytosol. This finding is consistent with the occurrence of an 'alternative' gluconeogenic pathway wherein sucrose synthase (SuSy) is involved in the production of ADPG in the cytosol, whereas both plastidial phosphoglucomutase (pPGM) and AGP play a prime role in the scavenging of starch breakdown products. To test this hypothesis, we have compared the ADPG content in both Arabidopsis and potato wild-type (WT) leaves with those of the starch-deficient mutants with reduced pPGM and AGP. These analyses provided evidence against the 'classical' model of starch biosynthesis, since ADPG levels in all the starch-deficient lines were normal compared with WT plants. Whether or not SuSy is involved in the synthesis of ADPG accumulating in leaves was tested by characterizing both SuSy-overexpressing and SuSy-antisensed transgenic leaves. Importantly, SuSy-overexpressing leaves exhibited a large increase of both ADPG and starch levels compared with WT leaves, whereas SuSy-antisensed leaves accumulated low amounts of both ADPG and starch. These findings show that (i) ADPG produced by SuSy is linked to starch biosynthesis; (ii) SuSy exerts a strong control on the starch biosynthetic process; and (iii) SuSy, but not AGP, controls the production of ADPG accumulating in source leaves.

Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Temporal and spatial aspects of root and stem sucrose metabolism in loblolly pine trees.

We studied root and stem sucrose metabolism in trees excavated from a 9-year-old artificially regenerated loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Sucrose synthase (SS) activities in stem and taproot vascular cambial tissues followed similar seasonal patterns until they peaked during September. After September, stem SS activity disappeared quickly, whereas taproots exhibited SS activity even in January. Pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK) activity tracked SS activity. The activities of ATP-dependent PFK and several other glycolytic enzymes (e.g., phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucoisomerase) remained relatively constant in cambial tissues of stem, taproot, and all first-order lateral roots (FOLRs) throughout the year. However, during the growing season, individual FOLRs exhibited variable sucrose metabolic activities that were independent of root diameter or position on the taproot. The FOLRs with low or no SS activity also had low PPi-PFK activity. We propose that when intense competition for sucrose occurs among different organs of a tree, the variable activities of the sucrose metabolic enzymes in FOLRs ensure that enough sucrose is allocated to the stem and taproot for growth. For a tree's long-term survival and growth, second or higher-order roots can be sacrificed, whereas FOLRs, stem and taproot are essential.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Sucrose metabolic pathways in sweetgum and pecan seedlings.

Sucrose metabolism and glycolysis were studied in one- to two-year-old seedlings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and pecan (Curya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch). The sucrose synthase pathway was identified as the dominant sucrose metabolic activity in sucrose sink tissues such as terminal buds and the root cambial zone. The sucrose synthase pathway was completely dependent on uridine diphosphate and pyrophosphate and it was activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Both acid and neutral invertases were less active than sucrose synthase in sucrose sink tissues. According to the magnitude of seasonal changes in activity, sucrose synthase, the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase, and fructokinase were identified as adaptive enzymes, whereas neutral invertase, uridine diphosphate-glucopyrophosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, and the nonspecific, nucleotide triphosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase were identified as maintenance enzymes. The periodically high activities of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase indicate that pyrophosphate can serve as an energy source in trees. The observations support the hypothesis that sucrose glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in plants proceed by a network of alternative enzymes and substrates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Proteomic analysis of soybean root hairs after infection by Bradyrhizobium japonicum.

Infection of soybean root hairs by Bradyrhizobium japonicum is the first of several complex events leading to nodulation. In the current proteomic study, soybean root hairs after inoculation with B. japonicum were separated from roots. Total proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In one experiment, 96 protein spots were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) to compare protein profiles between uninoculated roots and root hairs. Another 37 spots, derived from inoculated root hairs over different timepoints, were also analyzed by tandem MS (MS/MS). As expected, some proteins were differentially expressed in root hairs compared with roots (e.g., a chitinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase). Out of 37 spots analyzed by MS/MS, 27 candidate proteins were identified by database comparisons. These included several proteins known to respond to rhizobial inoculation (e.g., peroxidase and phenylalanine-ammonia lyase). However, novel proteins were also identified (e.g., phospholipase D and phosphoglucomutase). This research establishes an excellent system for the study of root-hair infection by rhizobia and, in a more general sense, the functional genomics of a single, plant cell type. The results obtained also indicate that proteomic studies with soybean, lacking a complete genome sequence, are practical.

Bradyrhizobium↗
PubMed1984

The action of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the incorporation of glucose into (1----3)-beta-glucan in stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans.

2-Deoxy-D-glucose added to cultures of Candida albicans in the stationary phase of growth inhibited the incorporation of glucose into the (1----3)-beta-glucan fraction of the organisms. In the presence of ATP and cell extracts it was converted to 2-deoxy-D-glucose phosphate and when UTP was also present, material with the electrophoretic properties of UDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose was formed. In similar conditions glucose formed glucose phosphates, UDP-glucose and other products. Evidence was obtained that the analogue, after conversion to a phosphate derivative, was an inhibitor of phosphoglucomutase. When C. albicans was grown in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose for 24 h, analogue residues became incorporated into the (1----3)-beta-glucan fraction and the subsequent rate of incorporation of glucose into that fraction was enhanced. The rate of turnover of glucose in this beta-glucan fraction was greater than in controls. Pretreatment of cultures with beta-glucanase, or incubation under conditions known to stimulate endogenous beta-glucanases, increased the subsequent rate of glucose incorporation and this increase was enhanced by growth in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The analogue thus had the effect of altering the stability and glucose-acceptor function of (1----3)-beta-glucan chains. This could affect the properties of the polymer network leading to the known effect of the analogue in delaying the onset of phenotypic resistance to amphotericin methyl ester in stationary phase cultures of C. albicans.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1994

Isozyme analysis of anaerobic rumen fungi and their relationship to aerobic chytrids.

Isozymes of 23 cultures of the anaerobic rumen fungi and seven cultures of aerobic chytridiomycete fungi were analysed by PAGE. A total of 14 isozyme loci were successfully typed by PAGE. They were peptidase A & C-1, peptidase A & C-2, peptidase D-1, peptidase D-2, malate dehydrogenase-1, malate dehydrogenase-2, esterase-1, esterase-2, malic enzyme-1, malic enzyme-2, isocitrate dehydrogenase, shikimate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Isozyme analysis can be used for studying the genetic relationships among the different anaerobic rumen fungi and the aerobic chytridiomycete fungi and the isozyme characteristics can serve as additional taxonomic criteria in the classification of the anaerobic rumen fungi. A dendrogram based on the isozyme data demonstrated that the anaerobic rumen fungi formed a cluster, indicating a monophyletic group, distinctly separated from the aerobic chytridiomycete fungi. Piromyces communis and P. minutus showed a close relationship but P. spiralis showed a more distant relationship to both P. communis and P. minutus. Piromyces as a whole was more related to Caecomyces than to Neocallimastix. Orpinomyces was also found to be more related to Piromyces and Caecomyces than to Neocallimastix. Orpinomyces intercalaris C 70 from cattle showed large genetic variation from O. joyonii, indicating that it is a different species.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2001

Genetic localization and regulation of the maltose phosphorylase gene, malP, in Lactococcus lactis.

Maltose phosphorylase (MP) from Lactococcus lactis was purified and the corresponding gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The isoelectric point of the pure enzyme was determined to be 7.0. According to zymogram analysis and SDS-PAGE, the native MP was shown to be a monomeric enzyme with a molecular mass of 75 kDa. A polyclonal antiserum was produced to assess the regulation of the gene encoding MP in LC: lactis. According to immunoblot analysis, synthesis of the enzyme was markedly repressed by both glucose and lactose in the growth medium. When the lactococci were cultivated in the presence of other sugars, including maltose, trehalose or galactose, there was a pronounced expression of the MP gene. In addition, when the cells were grown in media without any added sugar, there was also pronounced expression of the enzyme, according to immunoblot analysis and specific activity data. These results indicated that no particular sugar specifically induces the gene encoding MP. However, an effect of glucose on MP expression was demonstrated by performing fermentations in the presence of both maltose and glucose. When glucose was added to maltose-grown lactococci in the mid-exponential growth phase, both the specific activity and amount of MP per millilitre of cell extract decreased rapidly. The genetic locus for the MP gene was found to be in the vicinity of the region encoding a possible regulator belonging to the LacI-GalR family of transcriptional regulators. Furthermore, this genetic location was separated from the previously characterized maltose-inducible and glucose-repressible beta-phosphoglucomutase (beta-PGM) gene. The different genetic loci for the genes encoding MP and beta-PGM explains the different gene regulation behaviour.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2007

A defect in carbohydrate metabolism ameliorates symptom severity in virus-infected Arabidopsis thaliana.

Altered starch accumulation is a characteristic biochemical symptom of virus infection in plants. To assess its biological importance, infection of Arabidopsis thaliana with Turnip vein-clearing virus, Cucumber mosaic virus or Cauliflower mosaic virus was investigated in plants grown under continuous illumination (under which there is no net breakdown of starch) and in pgm1 mutant plants lacking chloroplastic phosphoglucomutase, an enzyme required for starch biosynthesis. Virus-infected wild-type plants grown under continuous light exhibited more severe leaf symptoms, but no reduction in growth compared with plants grown under diurnal illumination. Comparing lines grown in perpetual light, pgm1 mutant plants displayed less severe symptoms than the wild-type controls. However, accumulation of all three viruses was similar in wild-type and mutant plants and was unaffected by the light regime. The results show that, although changes in starch accumulation during infection are not required for successful viral infection, carbohydrate metabolism does influence symptom development.

Arabidopsis↗