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PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of 112 halogenated pesticides using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring.

A procedure for the analysis of 112 halogenated pesticides that do not contain phosphorus has been developed. The procedure uses gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (GC-MSD), electron impact ionization, and selected-ion monitoring. This GC-MSD procedure provided lower limits of quantitation and provided increased confirmational data compared to the traditional element-selective GC procedures that are commonly used for the detection of this class of pesticides. These analytical improvements were demonstrated by the 25 pesticides that were detected at < or =50 ng/g levels in a variety of fruit and vegetable matrixes using this procedure that were missed by the traditional element selective GC procedures. Validation of the procedure was performed using 20 representative target pesticides with an acetone extraction and a solid-phase extraction cleanup. These target pesticides were used to demonstrate repeatability and linearity of the chromatographic response and recovery from fruit and vegetable matrixes.

Capsicum↗
PubMed2005

[Study on fluorescence analysis for carbamate pesticides].

In the present paper the basic theory that an organic substance can emit fluorescence as it is excited by ultraviolet rays is described and the relationships between the molecular structures of organic substances and fluorescence generation are studied. According to this theory, the molecular structures of a few common carbamate pesticides such as carbaryl, carbofuran and propoxur etc.are analyzed, their fluorescence characteristics are shown, and the mechanism of fluorescence generation of carbamate pesticides is ascertained. It provides a theoretic basis for further detecting carbamate pesticides by means of a fluorescence analytical method. Moreover a steady-state fluorescence spectrograph is applied to conduct fluorescence spectrum experiments with standard carbaryl solution and carbofuran solution. The results indicate that carbamate pesticides may emit fluorescence as excited by UV under the condition of a certain solvent, and that their fluorescence spectra are distinct and have fine resolution and less interference. It is feasible to detect carbamate pesticides by fluorescence spectral analysis.

Carbamates↗
PubMed2006

[Isolation and identification of a bacterial strain JS018 capable of degrading several kinds of organophosphate pesticides].

Organophosphate pesticides are used widely all over the world and play an important role in plant pest control. However these pesticides are considered as pollutants and harmful to human health. To search for microorganisms that can degrade organophosphate pesticides with high efficiency, a bacterial strain, coded as JS018, was isolated and screened from the soil in the vicinity of Shanming Pesticides Factory, Shanming, Fujian. Laboratory tests showed that the bacterium could degrade several kinds of organophosphate pesticides, such as Parathion-methyl and phoxin. The strain's degrading rates on phoxin, Parathion-methyl, hostathion and dichlorvos in LB liquid fermentation medium for 36 h were 99%, 96%, 80.4% and 69.0% respectively. The bacterial colonies on LB plate appeared shiny and pale-pink in color. The bacteria were Gram-negative coccoids, 0.5 - 0.7 microm in diameter. They grew well at 30 - 38 degrees C and pH 7.0 - 9.0. The optimal temperature and pH for cell growth was 32 degrees C and pH 7.5 - 8.0, respectively. They did not grow in medium containing 6% or more NaCl. The antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that the strain was resistant to ampicillin, penicillin and lincomycin. It was sensitive to kanamycin, tetracycline and gentamicin. Laboratory tests also showed that the strain could ferment D-glucose, trehalose, melezitose and ethanol. It was negative in the production of indole and hydrogen sulfide. It could not liquefy gelatin, utilize citrate, nor ferment L-arabinose, sucrose, D-mannitol, D-xylose, fructose, D-galactose, maltose or lactose. The catalase, urease and nitrate reduction were positive. Based on its morphological, physiological and biochemical properties as well as the 16S rDNA sequence analysis result, the strain was tentatively identified as Roseomonas sp.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2006

PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin ameliorate pesticide-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth and neurite degeneration.

BACKGROUND: Pesticide exposure is a recognized risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, bifenthrin, a pyrethroid pesticide, was shown to inhibit the formation of neurites and cause neurite retraction, raising concern that these newer and less toxic pesticides may also contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin are nutraceutical supplements which promote the survival of neurites in neuronal cell cultures. Here we determine if PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin can ameliorate the neurodegenerative effects of bifenthrin. MATERIAL/METHODS: PC12 cells were treated with NGF, bifenthrin, PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin in various combinations and the formation of neurites was assessed microscopically at times ranging from 12 to 72 hours post treatment. Bifenthrin was also withheld at the time of NGF, PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin treatment and added after neurite formed to assess neurite retraction. RESULTS: Bifenthrin (1 x 10(-6) M) inhibits neurite outgrowth, in the absence of cell death, by more than 50% at 12 hours and by more than 80% at 72 hours. With addition of PolicosanolPlus and/or Neuroprevin at the time of cell seeding, bifenthrin does not inhibit neurite outgrowth. Addition of bifenthrin to differentiated cells results in a retraction of 90% of neurites, while those with PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin show no significant retraction of neurites. CONCLUSIONS: The pesticide, bifenthrin, inhibits neurite formation and causes neurite retraction. PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin are nutraceutical supplements which ameliorate the effects of bifenthrin on neurite outgrowth and retraction. Dietary supplementation with PolicosanolPlus and Neuroprevin may protect against developmental and long-term neurodegenerative events that result from exposure to pesticides.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database for environmental decision-making.

The only thing all pesticides have in common is that they are used to control pests. Otherwise, they come from almost every imaginable class of chemical. Everyone associated with pesticide use--farmers, Extension, EPA, state regulatory agencies, manufacturers, and environmentalists--needs information that will allow them to distinguish between pesticides that may be a problem as pollutants in certain situations, and those which may not. There are five basic properties that, when combined with information about site and use, provide much information about the potential of a pesticide to be a pollutant. These five properties are solubility in water, volatility, soil sorption tendency, persistence, and ionization potential. We have compiled the most complete collection of these properties available, using others' compilations but verifying values from the primary literature in many cases. A complete primary literature search was not done. For each parameter we suggest a "Selected Value" which we believe to be the best available, recognizing, however, that persistence and soil sorption are sensitive to specific site conditions. These Selected Values are being incorporated into pesticide environmental-impact risk assessment procedures by state and federal agencies, and are considered to be consensus values. However, there is a serious potential for misuse of these data, particularly the error of using small differences between active ingredients to make regulatory distinctions between them. The ability to relate these data to environmental impact is an essential need and is improving, but is currently at a primitive level.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Performance characteristics of methods of analysis used for regulatory purposes. Part II. Pesticide formulations.

The precision parameters of the method-performance (collaborative) studies published in the AOAC Journal from 1915 through 1990 for pesticide formulations have been recalculated on a uniform basis by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 1987 protocol. About 93% of the 953 accepted assays, which are predominantly gravimetric (G), volumetric (V), and gas (GC) and liquid (LC) chromatographic methods, exhibit relative standard deviations among laboratories (RSDR) that are generally less than 2 times the values predicted from the Horwitz equation: RSDR (%) = 2 exp (1-0.5 log C), where C is the concentration expressed as a decimal fraction. UV, VIS, and IR spectrophotometric (S) methods are somewhat poorer, with about 80% of the reported RSDR values less than twice the predicted RSDR value. The precision parameters of pesticide formulations analyzed by the older methods (G, V, GC) are equivalent to those previously found for drug preparations in the same concentration range; the precision parameters of pesticide formulations analyzed by LC and S are somewhat poorer. Overall, however, the precision parameters of pesticide formulations are generally independent of analyte, method, and matrix, and are primarily a function of concentration. The method-acceptability decisions of the AOAC for pesticide formulations during the past 75 years can be approximated retrospectively by using a criterion for RSDR that is less than 2 times the RSDR calculated from the Horwitz equation.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed1991

[The use of pesticides indoors with special reference to pyrethrins. Description of problems and attempts at solution from the viewpoint of ecological health protection].

One of the primary concerns of ecological health protection is to take of preventive health measures via the assessment of indoor toxic levels and the implementation of regulations governing the use of such toxics. Underlying this concern is the premise that the use of toxics should be minimised to the greatest possible extent. The use of pesticides indoors, which is often carried out without adequate expert knowledge and in excessive quantities, is a problem that affects all aspects of life but has thus far been addressed only insufficiently. Two recent incidents in Berlin involving the use of pesticides urgently point to the need of increasing our understanding of this complex subject. The incidents in Berlin involved the incorrect utilization of pesticides--mainly pyrethroids--in schools, leading to illness among pupils and school staff. After a short description of the problem of the use of pesticides indoors, potential means of solving this problem are discussed. In addition, individual recommendations regarding the use of specific pesticides are discussed with the aim of minimising the health risks associated with their application.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Medico-biological aspects of the problem of preventing the harmful action of pesticides].

The main principles in the prevention of pesticide health hazards are a comprehensive toxicological evaluation of new compounds to be introduced into practice and adequate hygienic regulations allowing for all sorts of pesticides' pathogenic action and various sources of their supply from the environment. In acute, subacute and chronic experiments pesticides are examined for toxicity, adverse effects on reproductive function and embryogenesis, mutagenic, carcinogenic and allergenic potential. The hygienic classification is based on the limiting criterion of the greatest damage. Safe levels are derived from the tolerance thresholds resting on persistence and changes of the shifts found, from investigations of borderline health conditions, assessment of homeostasis, hepatic immune and monooxygenase systems involved in metabolism of lipid-soluble pesticides. Animal experiments findings extrapolated to clinical conditions help to predict probable long-term responses. The directions of the research into prevention of pesticides-induced health hazards are outlined.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Problems encountered in the design of epidemiologic studies of cancer in pesticide users.

Epidemiologic studies of cancer in pesticide users suffer from three main difficulties: lack of appropriate controls, exposure ascertainment, and exposure to multiple pesticides. Principles of control selection are discussed in the context of cohort and case-control studies. Residence on a farm is associated with unique dietary and lifestyle factors which are important to account for in case-control studies of pesticides users on farms. Exposure ascertainment methods include information collected from job descriptions, interviews, pesticide suppliers, expert panels, application records, passive dosimetry, and biological monitoring. Sensitive methods based on cell receptor-pesticide complexes have been proposed, but have not yet been validated and field tested as methods of quantitative exposure assessment. Examination of studies which successfully helped demonstrate cancer causation is suggested as a means of determining which epidemiologic methods are most fruitful and efficient at identifying human carcinogens.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health effects of pesticides in the flower-bulb culture in Holland.

In a comprehensive project the health risk for workers using pesticides in the flower-bulb culture was addressed in several studies regarding biological monitoring, occupational hygiene and health effects. With respect to biological monitoring, methods were developed for the analysis of metabolites in urine of captan, pirimicarb, zineb and maneb and the soil fumigant dichloropropene. For dichloropropene in a field study a clear relationship was found between the external personal exposure and the excretion of two metabolites (mercapturic acids) in urine. The application technique distinctly influenced the extent of exposure. For the other substances preliminary measurements were performed in the urine of exposed workers; for captan and pirimicarb the methods are promising for further studies of the uptake of these substances under working conditions. In an occupational hygiene study, the dermal exposure due to different application techniques used in crop protection and bulb disinfection was investigated. This resulted in method specific exposure values (grams/field area of bulbs) that showed large differences between the techniques. These exposure values in combination with information on the type of techniques used, the treated area and the frequency of application were used to calculate a personal exposure index (grams/working life); this is an estimate of the potential (external) exposure of individual workers. In an effect study 137 workers who applied pesticides for more than 10 years (average 20 years) in at least bulb disinfection and crop protection (the most important area's of exposure for the growers) were compared to 73 controls. Tests for autonomic and peripheral nerve functions including the distribution of conduction velocities and refractory periods, were applied as well as computerized neurobehavioral tests and electro-encephalography. Significant effects were found on peripheral nerve function parameters, on measures of attention and perceptual coding and on the amount of beta-activity in the EEG; the data suggest that for the majority of subjects these effects are small. No effects were found on liver and renal function and no difference in the prevalence of symptoms that might be ascribed to the usage of pesticides. In a number of exposed workers a cutaneous allergy to pesticides was found. Based on this study, measures are recommended to diminish effectively the exposure to pesticides in this culture.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1989

Pesticide-related health problems and farmworkers.

1. Migrant and seasonal farmworkers are primarily ethnic minorities who are excluded from federal laws that protect other workers. Farmworkers live and work under substandard conditions that place them at increased risk of pesticide-related illness. 2. Agriculture uses 80% of all pesticides in the U.S. Handlers who mix, load and apply pesticides as well as workers cultivating and harvesting crops sprayed with them are at risk of acute poisoning or even death from their exposures. Drift and run-off of agricultural pesticides pollute the air, soil and water, creating additional hazards to workers' families, community residents, and the environment. 3. Chronic effects, including cancer in adults and children, adverse reproductive outcomes, delayed neuropathy and neurobehavioral effects, are also associated with occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1989

[Ability to remove pesticides in the production of dialysis water (1)].

In many cases it can be demonstrated that the amount of plant protective and plant treatment substances (pesticides) in drinking water exceeds the permitted levels of the drinking water ordinance which will come into effect on October 1st, 1989. Since some of these components are of toxicological relevance, an investigation was done on how far pesticides are removed during conventional purification of dialysis water, and especially during reverse osmosis. The retention rates of a reverse osmosis plant for 14 different pesticides applied in different concentrations and compositions were determined. Almost all of the substances examined were retained with an effectiveness of 92-98%. The elimination efficiency did not depend on the initial concentration of the pesticides. After an initial phase of 50 h duration, the concentration in the treated water reached a constant value which no longer changed even after more than 700 h. In part 1 of this contribution at first the fundamentals of dyalisis water purification are reviewed and a selection of the pesticides to be investigated is carried out. In addition experimental set up and procedure are described.

Filtration↗
PubMed1989

Incidence of cancers of the brain, the lymphatic tissues, and of leukemia and the use of pesticides among Quebec's rural farm population, 1982-1983.

Massive use of pesticides in agriculture poses risks for the environment and for human health. Pesticides are toxic substances and the suggestion that some may be carcinogenic has been the source of much controversy. In this article we focus on the relation between the use of pesticides in agriculture and the incidence of cancers of the lymphatic tissues, the brain, and of leukemia in the rural farm population in 34 major drainage basins in the province of Quebec (Canada) for the period 1982-1983. The basins were grouped into three categories (low, intermediate and high exposure) based upon the amount of pesticide sold. The study of highly exposed basins shows an excessive incidence of leukemia (SMR = 1.69, p less than or equal to 0.05) for men in rural farm areas in the Yamaska river basin. This specific group's relative risk (RR) of incidence as compared to the urban male population is 2.27 (p less than or equal to 0.05). The RR is also high and statistically significant among the men in municipalities that draw their drinking water from wells (RR = 2.07, p less than or equal to 0.05) as compared to those where water is drawn from rivers. Most municipalities using wells are in the rural farm areas. These results suggest that there may be a relationship between leukemia and the use of pesticides in this drainage basin, and this hypothesis could be verified at the individual level in epidemiological studies.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1988

Potential future requirements for immunotoxicology testing of pesticides.

The thoughts presented above comprise a possible approach for revising Subdivision F guidelines with respect to testing of chemical pesticides as immunotoxicants. The main points of this report can be summarized as follows: 1. The tier system approach to Subdivision M guidelines allows for an effective screen (Tier I), and for in-depth (Tier II) evaluation of biochemical pesticides as immunotoxic agents. 2. Subchronic and chronic studies in Subdivision F guidelines can be modified to provide a more effective screen for evaluating the immunotoxic potential of chemical pesticides. 3. Addition to Subdivision F of studies to measure certain specific and non-specific cell-mediated immune responses might be considered appropriate for an immunotoxicity screen and, if included, would render Subdivision F data requirements analogous to those of Subdivision M. 4. When considered necessary, further studies can be done with chemical pesticides to provide sufficient data for an in-depth immunotoxicological risk evaluation. These studies would not necessarily be performed routinely (i.e., would not be included as data requirements in Subdivision F), but rather would be reserved for pesticides for which the immune system is shown to be a sensitive target of toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Cancer risk of pesticides in agricultural workers. Council on Scientific Affairs.

This report discusses some of the inherent limitations of cancer studies in animals and humans and presents a qualitative carcinogen risk assessment of a number of pesticides based on the judgment of national and international authorities who have reviewed the available experimental and epidemiologic evidence. A large number of pesticidal compounds have shown evidence of genotoxicity or carcinogenicity in animal and in vitro screening tests, but no pesticides--except arsenic and vinyl chloride (once used as an aerosol propellant)-definitely have been proved to be carcinogenic in man. Resolution 94 (1-86), which was referred to the Board of Trustees, calls for the American Medical Association, through its scientific journals and publications, to alert physicians to the potential hazards of agricultural pesticides, to provide physicians with advice on such hazards for their patients, and to urge that these substances be appropriately labeled. This report addresses the potential carcinogenicity of pesticides by review of the available literature.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of the genetic danger of pesticides.

Literature and personal data are presented concerning the genetic effect of 160 pesticides. Methods and test objects used to detect genetically active pesticides are analyzed. A scheme is proposed for screening pesticides with mutagenic effect at all levels of the organization of life. In connection with the pervasive influence of pesticides on the biosphere, the necessity of detailed study of the genetic effects of pesticides on a series of test systems is stressed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Organochlorine pesticide residues in soils from six U.S. Air Force bases, 1975--76.

Soil samples collected during 1975 and 1976 from United States Air Force installations in California, Georgia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah were analyzed for organochlorine pesticide residues. Sigma DDT, chlordane, and dieldrin were the pesticides most commonly found. In 1975, sigma DDT residues were significantly higher in samples from residential areas than in samples from golf courses or areas free of pesticide application. Chlordane residues in 1975 were significantly higher in both residential and golf course areas than in areas where pesticides had not been used. No significant differences were found in 1976 in residue levels of any pesticide monitored among various land use areas.

Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated↗
PubMed1979

Pesticide residue concentrations in soils of five United States cities, 1971--urban soils monitoring program.

Soil samples from five metropolitan areas including Baltimore, Maryland; Gadsden, Alabama; Hartford, Connecticut; Macon, Georgia; and Newport News, Virginia were analyzed for elemental arsenic, organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A representative number of samples were analyzed for organophosphorus pesticides, but none was detected. All areas exhibited heavy soil concentrations of organochlorine pesticides including sigma DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, photodieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin, endrin ketone, and endosulfan sulfate. PCBs were detected in three of the five metropolitan areas. Within the metropolitan areas, samples from the urban, or core city, locations generally had higher pesticide concentrations than did samples from suburban locations. Finally, pesticide residue concentrations were generally higher in soils of metropolitan areas than in nearby agricultural soils.

Arsenic↗