Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Movement”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

The hand movement test as a tool in neuropsychological assessment: interpretation within a working memory theoretical framework.

While the Kaufman Hand Movements Test (KHMT) is argued to be sensitive to cognitive impairment secondary to various forms of brain dysfunction in adults, it is unknown which cognitive processes it addresses. Dual-task research has employed tasks similar to the KHMT to determine whether such tasks assess (1) verbal or visuospatial memory, or (2) a proposed additional short-term memory component, movement memory. However findings consistent with both hypotheses have been reported. Experiment 1 involved 24 participants completing a hand movement task and a letter span task under articulatory suppression, finger movement and no interference conditions. Performance on both the hand movement task and letter span task was significantly reduced by articulatory suppression. In Experiment 2, 16 participants were administered the hand movement task and a Corsi span task under articulatory suppression, finger movement, spatial tapping, and no interference. Again, hand movement span was most reduced by articulatory suppression, in contrast to Corsi span which was most reduced by spatial tapping. Hand movement task performance was therefore assumed to rely upon verbal recoding strategies and thus the proposition of an additional component of movement memory was not supported.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Whisker movements evoked by stimulation of single pyramidal cells in rat motor cortex.

Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evoke long sequences of small whisker movements. For layer-5 pyramids, we find that evoked rhythmic movements have a constant phase relative to the AP train, indicating that single layer-5 pyramids can reset the rhythm of whisker movements. Action potentials evoked in layer-6 pyramids can generate bursts of rhythmic whisking, with a variable phase of movements relative to the AP train. An increasing number of APs decreases the latency to onset of movement, whereas AP frequency determines movement direction and amplitude. We find that the efficacy of cortical APs in evoking whisker movements is not dependent on background cortical activity and is greatly enhanced in waking rats. We conclude that in vibrissae motor cortex sparse AP activity can evoke movements.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2001

Three dimensional analysis of facial movement in normal adults: influence of sex and facial shape.

The aim of this study was to quantify facial movements in a sample of normal adults and to investigate the influence of sex and facial shape on these movements. The study sample consisted of 50 healthy adult subjects, 25 males and 25 females (age: mean = 27.3 years; range = 23-39 years). A video-based tracking system was used to track small-diameter retroreflective markers positioned at specific facial sites. Subjects were instructed to make 7 maximum facial animations from rest, and the facial movements for each animation were characterized as the vectors of maximum displacement. Hotelling's T2 was used to test for significant sex differences in facial movements. In order to determine the effects of facial shape on facial movements, an index of facial shape was first calculated for each subject, and then a mixed-model ANOVA was used with facial shape (index), sex, and the interaction between facial shape and sex as fixed effects and subject as a random effect. The results demonstrated specific movement patterns for each animation. In general, males had larger movements than females and facial shape had a small but significant effect on facial movements. By comparing patient movements with the data from this large normative sample, the utility of this method to assess region-specific movement deficits was demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Young children's acquisition of the movement aspect in American Sign Language: parental report findings.

The acquisition of the movement aspect of American Sign Language signs was examined longitudinally in 9 young children of deaf parents. During monthly home visits, the parents demonstrated on videotape how their children formed the different signs in their lexicons. The parents also demonstrated how they formed or modeled these same signs. Overall, the children correctly produced 61.4% of the movements that were present in the adult sign models. Although the production accuracy of the movement aspect of signs did not improve over the course of the study, the number and complexity of movements produced by the children did increase as they got older and their vocabularies grew in size. Of the different sign movements, contacting action was by far the most frequently produced. The children were also relatively successful in their production of closing action and downward movement. The order of acquisition for the remaining ASL movements, however, was quite variable, with the exception that bidirectional movements tended to be produced more accurately than unidirectional movements. The relationship between children's early rhythmical motor behaviors and the development of sign movements is discussed.

Female↗
PubMed2003

A new non-invasive ultrasonic method for simultaneous measurements of longitudinal and radial arterial wall movements: first in vivo trial.

During recent years, the radial movement of the arterial wall has been extensively studied, and measurements of the radial movement are now an important tool in cardiovascular research for characterizing the mechanical properties of the arterial wall. In contrast, the longitudinal movement of vessels has gained little or no attention as it has been presumed that this movement is negligible. With modern high-resolution ultrasound, it can, however, be seen that the intima-media complex of the arterial wall moves not only in the radial direction, but also in the longitudinal direction during pulse-wave propagation. This paper describes a new non-invasive ultrasonic method that is able to measure simultaneously two dimensionally arterial vessel wall movements. The method is demonstrated in a limited in vivo trial. Results from the in vivo trial show that, apart from the well-known radial movement, there is a distinct longitudinal movement in the human common carotid artery with, in this case, the intima-media complex moving substantially as compared with the region of the tunica adventitia. Two-dimensional evaluation of the vessel-wall movements, taking not only the radial movement, but also the longitudinal movement into account, may provide novel information of importance in the evaluation of vessel-wall function.

Carotid Artery, Common↗
PubMed1994

Quality of spontaneous general movements in full-term small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age newborn infants.

Quality of spontaneous movements was studied in 15 healthy full-term appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and in 15 full-term small-for gestational age (SGA) newborn infants. All general movements with a minimal duration of 20 seconds were judged on different aspects of movement quality. From the general movements in each group (AGA: n = 106; SGA: n = 187), dominant patterns were isolated. In the AGA Group 3 dominant patterns of general movements were present. In the SGA Group 5 dominant patterns of general movements were found. Three of those were identical to the movement patterns in the AGA group, the remaining two patterns were unique for the SGA infants. Our results indicate that the three different types of general movements which constitute the major part of the normal repertoire of healthy full-term infants can be used as a reference for normal spontaneous motor behaviour. The two different types of general movements in the SGA infants might be used to discriminate between healthy and neurologically suspect newborn infants. The difference in movement pattern between AGA and SGA infants might be explained by the effect of intrauterine malnutrition on CNS development.

Apgar Score↗
PubMed1997

Chewing movements in near ideal occlusion with and without TM symptoms.

Orthodontic models hand-articulated into maximum intercuspation of 720 untreated subjects were evaluated by 17 criteria for grading an ideal anatomic occlusion including good dental interdigitation and alignments. Of the 720 subjects screened, the best 17 subjects were divided into three groups that contained 11 near ideal occlusions scored with 92-98%, three lower evaluated occlusions scored with 86-88% and three near ideal occlusions with TM signs or symptoms scored with 90-94%. Border and chewing movements were recorded using incisor tracking instrument (Visitrainer, model 3). Border movements in asymptomatic subjects demonstrated a well-defined intercuspal position, smooth and equal lateral excursions, and straight opening/closing movements. However, one subject with pain of right joint recorded an inconsistent intercuspal position, restricted excursions and a deviated path corresponding to a reciprocal click in opening/closing movements. Chewing movements in asymptomatic subjects with near ideal occlusion demonstrated either no or a lower rate of opening gliding tooth contact along the lateral border movement on non-working side, and a higher rate of closing gliding tooth contact along border movement on the working side. Chewing movements in symptomatic subjects with near ideal occlusion showed opening and closing without gliding along the lateral excursions, and closing point was inconsistent with maximum intercuspal position in the pain subject. In examining these near ideal occlusion subjects, the different characteristic chewing and border movements were defined for subjects with and without TM symptoms, respectively. Asymptomatic subjects with near ideal occlusion and lower evaluated occlusion showed almost the same chewing function. The goal of orthodontic treatment might be anatomic ideal occlusion with good chewing and border movements indicated in this study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Detection of body movements during sleep by monitoring of bed temperature.

We have modified a previously developed bed temperature monitor and used it to evaluate a sleeper's body movements. Sleep was monitored both at home and in the laboratory in normal subjects. From laboratory monitoring, a new algorithm to assess body movements using the sum of a square of temperature differences (SSD(t)) method was proposed, and the best conditions for detection of body movements are discussed. The experiment was performed with 12 normal male subjects and the body movement obtained from temperature changes was compared with that from video images. The sensitivity and positive predictive accuracy of body movement at the lower limbs with a sampling interval of 15 s and a threshold value of 0.2 degrees C2 were 88.7% and 95.4% respectively, over a total of 22 nights' observation. The results show that body movement can be accurately detected by placing one belt sensor under the lower limbs with a sampling interval of 15 s and a threshold value of 0.2 degrees C2 in SSD(t) analysis. We also found that body movement frequency is different among individuals during sleep, but has a certain range for an individual. No significant relationship between average body movement or average time in bed (TIB) and sleep profiles was observed among individuals for all subjects in one week of home monitoring. However, significant relationships between frequency of body movement or TIB and sleep profiles were observed in the long-term home monitoring for an individual. This suggests that body movements and TIB detected by bed temperature measurement can be used as indices for the assessment of sleep stability and continuity.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Movement preparation in Parkinson's disease. The use of advance information.

The effects of advance information on movement planning in parkinsonism were assessed by means of movement precuing. Using this technique, the response latencies of identical sets of movements were compared across conditions in which the degree and type of advance movement information were manipulated. Specifically, prior information concerning three movement dimensions (the direction and extent of forthcoming movements, as well as the limb to be used) was or was not provided. Eight patients with Parkinson's disease and 8 neurologically normal age-matched controls served as subjects. The experiment showed that the elevated reaction times of the Parkinsonian subjects are not primarily caused by delays in response selection. Estimates of specification times for each of the three dimensions showed only a modest slowing in parkinsonians. The specification of those movement dimensions unknown before the response signal appears to occur serially, and can occur in a variable order as in normals. Since parkinsonians can initiate movements with shorter latencies when partial or complete information is available, albeit more slowly than normals, we conclude that response selection and specification processes preceding rapid discrete movements are relatively unaffected by the disease. The overall slowness in movement initiation in parkinsonians as compared with normals may in part be caused by excessive delays in motor time and, in general, to those 'input' and/or 'output' processes which are unaffected by advance information.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Parkinsonian deficits in serial multiarticulate movements for speech.

Unlike the single joint arm movements so commonly the focus of Parkinson's disease (PD) studies, orofacial movements for speech are well-learned, complex motor sequences generated without visual guidance. The present study of upper lip, lower lip, and jaw movements during speech in PD was thus aimed at determining whether (1) PD speech kinematic deficits are comparable to those often observed in simpler limb movements; (2) coordination for multimovement actions such as speech is aberrant in PD, as recently claimed; and (3) the component muscle groups involved in this behaviour manifest uniform deficits. Results indicated that despite reduced amplitudes of jaw and upper lip displacement in PD subjects, all three of these oral movements were of normal duration. Secondly, PD lower lip movements manifested no deficits and bradykinesia (reduced velocity) was only found in movements of the jaw. Finally, there was an indication of movement coordination aberrations in these parkinsonian subjects. Overall, these results not only suggest a difference between orofacial and limb movement impairments in PD, but also document the need to broaden our perspectives on this movement disorder by examining a wider range of functional motor tasks.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Performance of repetitive wrist movements in Parkinson's disease.

The timing of repetitive alternating 80 degrees flexion-extension movements of the right wrist was studied in 42 patients with Parkinson's disease, tested while not receiving dompaminergic medication and 20 age- and sex-matched controls. Five rates of movement (0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 2 Hz, 2.5 Hz) were examined. The interval between two successive flexion movements, as measured from the electromyography (EMG) records was taken as the unit of analysis or inter-response interval (IRI). At 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz and 1.5 Hz there were no differences between groups in mean IRIs. At higher rates of movement (2 Hz and 2.5 Hz), however, the controls were significantly more accurate in timing of repetitive movements than the patients. At all five frequencies, the patients with moderate or severe Parkinson's disease were less accurate in timing of repetitive movements than those with mild disease, although the differences were not significant. In nine patients tested in the 'on' and 'off' medication states, administration of 250 mg of levodopa/carbidopa resulted in significantly more accurate timing of repetitive movements. Wing and Kristofferson's (1973b) two-process model of repetitive movements was applied to the IRI data. At various rates of movement, the primary prediction of the model that lag 1 autocorrelations should be in the 0 to -0.5 range was violated in 40-70% of the patient and controls. For those subjects who had lag 1 autocorrelations in the expected range, IRI variability was to break down into a timekeeper and a motor delay variance. At all frequencies, the patients had significantly higher variance for IRI, timekeeper and motor delay than the controls. Although not significant, more severe Parkinson's disease was associated with greater IRI, timekeeper and motor delay variance, while administration of levodopa resulted in reduction of the three types of variance. The validity of the Wing and Kristofferson model for the analysis of this type of movement is discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Effects of magnetic stimulation over supplementary motor area on movement in Parkinson's disease.

Movement execution can be delayed by transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered over primary motor cortical areas, resulting in transient inhibition of cortico-motor output. Inhibition or disruption of higher-order motor planning and preparatory processes, such as are thought to occur in the supplementary motor area (SMA), would allow an examination of processes at other stages of the motor control system. In this study, six subjects with Parkinson's disease and six healthy control subjects performed a non-cued sequential finger movement task. At various times relative to movement, high-intensity single-pulse magnetic stimulation was delivered over the region of the SMA, with minimal current spread to primary motor areas. When magnetic stimulation was given at early stages during the movement for parkinsonian subjects, movement times were significantly increased, indicating disrupted movements. Supplementary motor area stimulation had no effect when delivered during later stages of the movement or immediately prior to movement onset, and had no apparent effect on control subjects at any time. It is therefore suggested that the SMA is important in motor planning and preparatory processes, since SMA stimulation has no effect on movements in their later stages when planning may be complete, but may disrupt movements in their early stages, when preparation for later stages may still be in progress. Further, possible instability of motor planning/preparation processes in Parkinson's disease is suggested, since these processes appeared more susceptible to disruption by magnetic stimulation in parkinsonian subjects than controls.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Delayed onset mixed involuntary movements after thalamic stroke: clinical, radiological and pathophysiological findings.

Although occurrence of involuntary movements after thalamic stroke has occasionally been reported, studies using a sufficiently large number of patients and a control population are not available. Between 1995 and 1999, the author prospectively identified 35 patients with post-thalamic stroke delayed-onset involuntary movements, which included all or some degree of dystonia-athetosis-chorea-action tremor, occasionally associated with jerky, myoclonic components. A control group included 58 patients examined by the author during the same period who had lateral thalamic stroke but no involuntary movements. Demography, clinical features and imaging study results were compared. There were no differences in gender, age, risk factors, side of the lesion and follow-up periods. During the acute stage of stroke, the patients who had involuntary movements significantly more often had severe (< or = III/V) hemiparesis (50 versus 20%, P < 0.05) and severe sensory loss (in all modalities, P < 0.01) than the control group. At the time of assessment of involuntary movements, the patients with involuntary movements significantly more often had severe sensory deficit (in all modalities, P < 0.01) and severe limb ataxia (60 versus 5%, P < 0.01) than the control patients, but neither more severe motor dysfunction (7 versus 0%) nor more painful sensory symptoms (57 versus 57%). The patients with involuntary movements had a higher frequency of haemorrhagic (versus ischaemic) stroke (63 versus 31%, P < 0.05). Further analysis showed that dystonia-athetosis-chorea was closely associated with position sensory loss, whereas the tremor/myoclonic movements were related to cerebellar ataxia. Recovery of severe limb weakness seemed to augment the instability of the involuntary movements. Persistent failure of the proprioceptive sensory and cerebellar inputs in addition to successful, but unbalanced, recovery of the motor dysfunction seemed to result in a pathological motor integrative system and consequent involuntary movements in patients with relatively severe lateral-posterior thalamic strokes simultaneously damaging the lemniscal sensory pathway, the cerebellar-rubrothalamic tract and, relatively less severely, the pyramidal tract.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The size of corpus callosum correlates with functional activation of medial motor cortical areas in bimanual and unimanual movements.

Effects of the size of corpus callosum measured from in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) recordings on cortical activations evaluated using functional MRI (fMRI) were analyzed during motor tasks. Twelve right-handed men performed unilateral finger movements and bilateral movements either with or without a temporal delay between left and right fingers. The size of the rostral part of corpus callosum and the anterior and posterior callosal truncus explained 11.9 and 15.2% of activation in the mesial frontal cortex in unimanual left and right finger movements, respectively. In bimanual simultaneous movements, 34.2% of the activated voxels in the mesial frontal cortex were related to the size of corpus callosum. In bimanual movements in which left finger movement preceded the onset of the right finger movement, the callosal size accounted for 88.7% of activation in the mesial frontal cortex. In contrast, when the right finger movement preceded the left, callosal size accounted for only 31.3% of the mesial frontal cortex activation. The correlations between callosal parameters and activation over the lateral cortex were sparse and occurred only in bimanual movements. The results suggest that corpus callosum modulates the activity of the supplementary motor and cingulate cortical areas depending on temporal complexity of bimanual movements.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Motor cortex dynamics in visuomotor production of speech and non-speech mouth movements.

We investigated timing and hemispheric balance of motor cortex activation when kinetically similar speech and non-speech mouth movements and sequences of such movements were triggered by visually presented letter- and symbol-strings. As an index of motor cortex activation, we used magnetoencephalographic recording of task-related change of precentral 20 Hz (16-24 Hz) activity. Suppression of the 20 Hz rhythm revealed pre-movement activation in the face representation areas that was tied to visual instruction, not movement onset. The 20 Hz rhythm remained suppressed throughout the preparation and execution of mouth movements and was followed by post-movement rebound. Left hemisphere preceded the right at the onset and offset of the suppression, similarly for isolated and sequential speech and non-speech movements. Pattern of task-related change in 20 Hz activity was otherwise symmetrical. In the face areas, the overall modulation of 20 Hz activity increased with sequence length and motor demands. Hand representation areas showed also weak reactivity, with systematically larger modulation of 20 Hz activity for non-speech than speech movements. Our results suggest an active role for the motor cortex in cognitive control of visually triggered mouth movements, not limited to movement execution.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Spinal position sense is independent of the magnitude of movement.

STUDY DESIGN: Position sense in the spine was recorded at T1, T7, L1, and S2 in three incremental angular ranges of flexion and on return to upright standing from these movements. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of angular range of movement on position sense. The main purpose was to establish a protocol for whole spine assessment of position sense in healthy and pathologic spines. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Position sense is one dimension of proprioception, classically assessed by the ability to reproduce preselected target positions. This approach was used in the current study to determine whether spinal position sense is affected by the magnitude of movement traversed in repositioning tasks. METHODS: Spinal position sense was assessed in 20 healthy subjects during repeated flexion movements carried out in one-third, half, and two thirds of the full range of movement in the sagittal and coronal planes. During each movement, the 3-Space Fastrak (Polhemus Inc., Colchester, VT) was used to record angular movement of the spine at four sensor locations (T1, T7, L1, and S2). The absolute difference in the sensor angles between repeated trials was calculated for each flexed position and on return to upright standing from these. These absolute differences were used as a measure of position sense. RESULTS: Absolute position sense after one-third angular movements was accurate to within 4.30 degrees +/- 2.84 degrees in flexed positions and 2.70 degrees +/- 2.20 degrees in upright postures. Corresponding results for two-thirds movements were 4.75 degrees +/- 2.63 degrees and 3.33 degrees +/- 2.60 degrees, respectively. Range of movement had no significant influence on the accuracy of position sense. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Healthy individuals are able to reposition their spine accurately under conditions of incremental increases in angular range. 2) Range-related variations in position sense are small and unlikely to be of clinical significance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Deep and superficial fibers of the lumbar multifidus muscle are differentially active during voluntary arm movements.

STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted. OBJECTIVE: To determine the activity of the deep and superficial fibers of the lumbar multifidus during voluntary movement of the arm. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The multifidus contributes to stability of the lumbar spine. Because the deep and superficial parts of the multifidus are near the center of lumbar joint rotation, the superficial fibers are well suited to control spine orientation, and the deep fibers to control intervertebral movement. However, there currently are limited in vivo data to support this distinction. METHODS: Electromyographic activity was recorded in both the deep and superficial multifidus, transversus abdominis, erector spinae, and deltoid using selective intramuscular electrodes and surface electrodes during single and repetitive arm movements. The latency of electromyographic onset in each muscle during single movements and the pattern of electromyographic activity during repetitive movements were compared between muscles. RESULTS: With single arm movements, the onset of electromyography in the erector spinae and superficial multifidus relative to the deltoid was dependent on the direction of movement, but the onset in the deep multifidus and transversus abdominis was not. With repetitive arm movements, peaks in superficial multifidus and erector spinae electromyography occurred only during flexion for most subjects, whereas peaks in deep multifidus electromyography occurred during movement in both directions. CONCLUSIONS: The deep and superficial fibers of the multifidus are differentially active during single and repetitive movements of the arm. The data from this study support the hypothesis that the superficial multifidus contributes to the control of spine orientation, and that the deep multifidus has a role in controlling intersegmental motion.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Expression of the tomato ringsport nepovirus movement and coat proteins in protoplasts.

Tomato ringspot nepovirus (TomRSV) produces a 45 kDa movement protein and a 58 kDa coat protein in infected plants. Accumulation of the movement protein in relation to that of the coat protein was studied in infected protoplasts using a monoclonal antibody against the movement protein and polyclonal antibodies against the coat protein. Unlike most other viral movement proteins, the TomRSV movement protein was present at late stages of infection. Pulse-chase labelling experiments revealed that the release of the movement protein from the precursor polyprotein was coordinated with that of the coat protein. However, the movement protein was less stable than the coat protein in the extractable fraction of the protoplasts. The expression pattern of the TomRSV movement protein is discussed in the light of the proposed mechanism of cell-to-cell movement of virus-like particles through tubular structures composed of the movement protein.

Animals↗