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PubMed1989

The UV problem: have the rules changed?

In summary, the increase in numbers and longevity of the population is clearly demonstrated by the census records. The facts that human behavioral patterns have drastically changed to permit ever-increasing exposure to sunlight is a matter of history. The changes in the environment will have a profound effect on the world in which we live. Our food supply could be severely disrupted, the incidence of skin cancer is likely to increase substantially, and ocular radiation trauma to the cornea, lens and retina will be expected to increase in prevalence. This alarming information has been acknowledged by the national press in the newspapers and magazines, and by the radio and TV networks. The attention has resulted in a striking awareness of the public to the UVR hazard. Likewise, the scientific community has devoted considerable attention to the harmful nature of UVR exposure to the skin and the eye. The brief survey of UV research presented in this paper consistently demonstrates that the cornea, lens and retina are all vulnerable to permanent UVR damage. Our survey of available facts indicates that the "rules have changed dramatically on all counts." Ocular protection against UVR exposure must be provided to our patients in the form of contact, ophthalmic or intraocular lenses. The additional cost of UV protection is insignificant when compared to the cost in visual loss over a lifetime. We are truly talking about trivial costs when UV protection is contrasted to what people spend on getting extra UV exposure at the solarium, spa, ski slopes, beach, mountains, etc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Contact Lenses↗
PubMed1989

Marketing smokeless tobacco in California communities: implications for health education.

In the first phase of a 5-year research project aimed at curtailing smokeless tobacco use among youth, we examined the marketing of smokeless tobacco within California. Observational data were collected from almost 200 retail stores located near high schools and colleges in 14 California counties. Interviews were conducted with over 100 school personnel and youth leaders in 13 counties and with seven retailers from 4 counties. Overall, 81% of the stores in the sample carried smokeless tobacco, and even in urban areas most stores (71%) had these products for sale. Urban stores were more likely to have materials promoting them (e.g., posters, displays, coupon offers). Almost all (98%) stores that carried smokeless tobacco sold moist snuff. Most (78%) school personnel and youth leaders, especially in urban areas, were aware of advertisements for it, particularly on television and in magazines. Rogers' theory regarding the diffusion of innovations was the basis of the discussion of our results. The implications of marketing for the development of health education programs are examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Turf battles rock radiology.

CEOs tell Hospitals magazine that imaging is a major area of expansion for their hospitals. But radiology is in a state of transition. Technological advances have made it possible to do more radiological procedures in the physician's office. This situation has created competition--and tension--between physicians in the same community, physicians and hospitals, and physicians on the same medical staff. How can you avoid costly turf wars at your hospital? Health care executives and directors of medical affairs say that the answer to this realignment of specialties is to create integrated teams of medical specialists.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1989

The use of a self-report instrument for eating disorders diagnoses: how different are DSM-III-R vs. DSM-III?

In response to a 1982 magazine article 641 women completed self report instruments concerning their eating disorders. Simulated DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses were generated from these responses. Rediagnosis of 397 DSM-III normal weight bulimics (NWB) yielded 93.7% with DSM-III-R bulimia nervosa (BN) and 6.3% with DSM-III-R anorexia nervosa with bulimic features (ANB). Rediagnosis of 30 DSM-III ANB, yielded 66.7% with DSM-III-R ANB, 13.3% with DSM-III-R BN and 20% with subdiagnostic eating disorders (SDED). Rediagnosis of 214 DSM-III SDEDs yielded 93.5% DSM-III-R SDEDs, and 6.5% DSM-III-R BNs a relatively small shift. No Eating Disorders Inventory Scale Score or eating disorders behavioral symptom differences were noted between DSM-III and DSM-III-R ANB, or between DSM-III NBW and DSM-III-R and BN in 1982 or 20 months later. Although DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for eating disorders are more specific than those in DSM-III, our findings suggest they may ultimately make little difference clinically. Self report instruments may be useful in approximating clinical diagnoses in large surveys. They may be especially useful for syndromes such as eating disorders, in which measureable physical criteria and observable behaviors are prominent.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The changed picture of the aged in advertising--results of a recent study 1985].

The proportion of advertisements relevant to older people in selected papers has increased. Advertisements including this age group have increased considerably, especially in TV and women's magazines. The image of older people is more positive, to the extent that they are not so isolated. Also the enlarged number of illustrations with married couples, job-fellows or social gatherings shows that these three important spheres of life are also fully assigned to older people. Professions are also being seen more often. The outcome of "Markenkompass 1982" shows that older people are far more receptive to advertising than younger ones. As a consequence of this it should be noted that in 1985 advertising experts more often aroused additional demands from this open-mindedness, for example out of ties with tradition, and gave the older people they depicted a more open character than in 1975. If we look at the function older people in advertising, this up-to-date character is nevertheless coupled with the stereotype attributes of wisdom and experience and therefore receives a more positive valuation. The presentation of older people in advertising is, by the way, very realistic. The conspectus now shows a much more positive "image of the old" than was to be found ten years ago. An analysis of the products offered, however, shows that the advertising experts still regard the older primarily as consumers of medical products, even if in a reduced form.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Advertising↗
PubMed1988

Dangerous information: product tampering and poisoning advice in revenge and murder manuals.

This paper reviews 18 publications that advocate the use of product tampering and other poisoning methods as techniques for exacting revenge against individuals and corporations, as methods of committing murder, and for other criminal purposes. Several of the particular techniques recommended in these publications subsequently have been used in criminal tampering incidents. The published sources of technical guidance for the would-be tamperer and poisoner are examined in detail to alert forensic scientists, law enforcement authorities, and the food and drug industry to the particular techniques that are being advocated. Possible criminal and civil liability of the publishers and authors is discussed. The author suggests that food and drug retailers consider the wisdom of selling magazines that advertise the availability of revenge and murder manuals advocating product tampering and poisoning, that food and drug manufacturers test the effects on their products of the contaminants that are being recommended, and that investigators be alert to the existence of such manuals and mail-order suppliers of poisons.

Crime↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How people obtain their health information--a survey in two Pennsylvania counties.

A sample of 182 respondents to a mail survey in two Pennsylvania counties, one rural, one urban, provided information on the sources of their health information. Research questions addressed were from what sources did they obtain their health information, what differences were there in patterns of response between middle-aged and older residents, and how much did various subgroups use health information. Respondents indicated they received most of their health information from printed materials, television, and informal network members, in that order, with little difference between rural and urban respondents. Radio and organizations, such as unions, were less frequently used as health information sources. The amount of information received from printed materials decreased slightly with age for women, but decreased sharply for men. The amount of information received from TV decreased with age, especially for urban residents. The youngest and oldest groups reported receiving the most health information from printed materials. TV was the most common source of health information for middle-aged adults. The findings indicate that persons disseminating health information should target their efforts through printed materials, TV, and informal networks. The most frequently mentioned sources of health information were TV specials, news stories, magazines, news articles, publications, medical books, and physicians. Radio and organizations, used by large segments of the population, are relatively untapped in terms of their potential, and not fully used when available. The urban elderly appear to receive little health information from any source.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Firearm availability and the incidence of suicide and homicide.

The present studied explored the validity of several indirect measures of firearm ownership in the states of the USA: the percentage of homicides and suicides committed with firearms, the accidental death rate from firearms, the strictness of state handgun control laws, and subscription rates to firearm magazines. These measures were then correlated with rates of suicide and homicide, and it was found that states with a greater availability of firearms had higher firearm suicide rates and higher firearm homicide rates.

Firearms↗
PubMed1988

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and secondary school students: their knowledge is limited and they want to learn more.

Information was gathered from 657 junior high school and senior high school students in two Connecticut school districts regarding their knowledge of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although many students had some factual knowledge about the virus that causes AIDS, many students were misinformed about methods of viral transmission, high-risk groups for acquiring AIDS, and methods to avoid acquisition of the virus. Most students did not recognize the existence of a carrier state. Responses from students of different grades, ages, sexes, races, and school districts differed rarely and without apparent pattern. Students reported that they had learned about AIDS mostly from television or radio (57%) or magazines or newspapers (16%); few had learned from persons with whom they had frequent contact, such as parents (6%) or teachers (4%). Seventy-four percent of students said they wanted to learn more about AIDS, and 49% said they wanted to learn it in school. Results of this study indicated that students' knowledge about AIDS is not adequate, students wish to learn more, and information about AIDS should be presented in public schools.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Imagery associated with menstruation in advertising targeted to adolescent women.

Education about menstruation is not restricted to school instruction or information provided by adults and peers; exposure to advertisements in teen media provides imagery depicting menstruation and feminine role expectations. This paper analyzes the imagery in advertisements for sanitary products and products for the relief of menstrual symptoms. A 25% random sample of Seventeen magazine issues from 1976 to 1986 stratified by year were reviewed. A total of 135 ads for sanitary products and 32 ads for products for the relief of menstrual discomfort were analyzed. Each ad was examined for recurrent themes in text, context and tone. Data collected were examined for similarities in themes across both product type and time. The ads depict menstruation as a "hygienic crisis" that is best managed by an effective "security system" affording protection and "peace of mind." The failure of adequate protection places the woman at risk for soiling, staining, embarrassment and odor. Menstruating women are depicted as dynamic, energetic and always functioning at their optimal level. Such imagery may encourage guilt and diminished self-esteem in the adolescent who experiences discomfort. A lack of maternal, teacher or male figures in the ads is evident; the importance of peer support is reinforced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[The early history of the anatomical journals and the significance of the anatomischer anzeiger (author's transl)].

It is reported the history of the eldest anatomical journals and their precursors, the periodicals of scientific societies and academies (part 1). The first anatomical periodical striktly speaking is the Archiv für die Physiologie founded in 1795 by the famous neuronanatomist REIL in Halle/Saale. Subsequently the genealogy of several journals founded in the 19th century is represented and continued up to our days. In the same way it is proved the history of the refering and abstracting publications. The eldest refering magazine is the Bericht über die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie published by HENLE and MEISSNER in 1856--71. The Publisher GUSTAV FISCHER in Jena takes a leading part in publication of anatomical periodicals, esp. Anatomischer Anzeiger and his supplements Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft, and of annual reports in anatomy. In the centre of this paper it is standing the importance of the Anatomischer Anzeiger founded by KARL VON BARDELEBEN in 1886 and published by the Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena. Reporting the fateful history of Anatomical Recorder and of the Proceedings of the Anatomical Society until 1945 (part 2) and since the last world war (part 4) it is told about the editors follows one upon another. The Anatomischer Anzeiger represented a central paper of the entire scientific anatomy and in a body one of the most spreaded and versatilest anatomical journals in the world. Important stages in the history of anatomy are formed by the Anzeiger till our days.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1986

Women's health. Changing definitions; changing times.

The implications of the above observations and questions are far from prescriptive. During this time of rapid social change and economic retrenchment, there is a need for both individual and professional clarification of values. An awareness of one's philosophy of life and philosophy of nursing requires constant re-evaluation and may reflect personal developmental changes, changes within nursing, and changes in social demands. Woods' schema for evaluating health phenomena by considering variables in context and with an awareness of developmental dimensions might well be used as a model for such personal and professional self-evaluation. It is only following such efforts that it will be possible to make knowledgeable decisions about the relationship between philosophy and public policy, personal/private behavior, and public/social consequences. Social change is invariably accompanied by a disquieting ambivalence. Whether one agrees with the philosophies of the women's health movement, one fact is clear. Change has occurred and it is no longer possible to ignore the paternalistic tendencies within the health care field. When lay magazines proclaim that the women's health movement is in the forefront of the consumer movement, it behooves all health care professionals to be aware that consumers will be seeking more information, more power in decision making, and will expect professionals to share responsibility for the development of treatment plans and for the evaluation of such treatments. Consumers and nurses can be expected to continue to demand that their experiences and perspectives be valued and taken into consideration.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed1986

Control of fluid palatability by exteroceptive Pavlovian signals.

Tastes elicit a set of palatability-dependent orofacial and somatic responses in rats. We investigated whether discrete auditory conditioned stimuli that signal the availability or onset of unconditioned taste stimuli (sucrose, quinine) can control orofacial responses in the absence of those unconditioned stimuli. In Experiment 1, one auditory stimulus (CS+) was paired with the delivery of a sucrose solution to the magazine floor, and another auditory stimulus (CS-) was never followed by sucrose. Following conditioning, oral infusions of water that were preceded by the CS+ were found to elicit more ingestive (sucrose-typical) orofacial responses than did water alone or water preceded by the CS-. In Experiment 2, the conditioned ingestive reactions to a signal for sucrose observed in Experiment 1 again occurred, and conditioned aversive (quinine-typical) orofacial responses occurred in response to water infusions preceded by a former signal for quinine. These data suggest that perceived palatability may be influenced by Pavlovian associations involving exteroceptive conditioned stimuli. Further, they illustrate the importance of supporting stimuli in modulating the effects of Pavlovian associations upon behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Data storage and retrieval.

The entire face of modern medical and surgical practice is being significantly affected by the application of technologic developments to the practice of surgery--developments that will tie together such areas as information management and processing, robotics, communication networks, and computerized surgical equipment. The achievements in these areas will create a sophisticated, fully automatic system that will assist the plastic surgeon in many aspects of work, such as regular office activities, doctor-patient interaction, professional updating, communication, and even assistance during the operational process itself. It will be as simple as dialing a telephone today. When it is necessary to consult with other colleagues, a combined vocal and visual consulting network in other medical centers as well as consulting computerized expert systems will be available all day and night as part of the communication services. The plastic surgical expert systems will store valuable information, based on the knowledge of the best human experts, on any important subtopics and will be accessed in a very friendly way. This will be an invaluable tool for the residents in training, for emergency room work, and for just getting a second opinion, even for the more experienced practitioner. All the electronic mail, professional magazines, and any other required professional information will flow between central and personal retrieval systems. The doctor, at a desired time in the privacy and comfort of his or her own home or office, can read the mail, make required changes to suit his or her needs, and store, send back, or distribute information, all in a speedy and efficient manner. The simulation of a planned surgery will give the surgeon the ability to prepare and will prevent difficulties during complicated procedures through the luxury of a dry run, without any sequelae if certain expected outcomes fail to materialize. The preprogrammed control of sophisticated surgical equipment and the use of robotics would generate new operational possibilities for more complicated surgeries, which are now prevented owing to the surgeon's physical limitations. Information urgently required during the operation as a result of an unexpected situation will be available immediately from storage and retrieval systems, and real-time vocal and visual consulting with expert colleagues, often in remote locations, will bring the operations process itself to a new era.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent pregnancy in the United States: an interstate analysis.

Rates of teenage pregnancy, birth and abortion vary greatly among states. Because states that have high birthrates tend to have low abortion rates, pregnancy levels vary much less than do the birth and abortion measures. The role of unintended pregnancy is highlighted by the fact that in states that have very high pregnancy rates, the adolescent abortion rate is higher than the birthrate and the abortion rate combined in states that have the lowest pregnancy rates. A series of multivariate analyses that controlled for the percentage of the state population that was black, poor and metropolitan showed that social factors tend to be more important determinants of state differences in teenage pregnancy, birth and abortion levels than are policy-related variables, particularly for whites. Nevertheless, some policy measures have important associations for both races, especially for blacks. Social factors. High rates of population growth and residential mobility over the previous decade, a high crime rate, a high teenage suicide rate, extensive circulation of sexually explicit magazines, a large percentage not voting in elections and a high level of stress are all associated with high pregnancy-related rates for teenagers. The percentage of children living in female-headed households correlates positively with abortion and pregnancy levels among white teenagers, but has no significant association with the birthrate. The percentage of a state's population that belongs to fundamentalist religious groups is positively associated with adolescent birthrates. Political liberalism correlates with relatively low pregnancy rates and birthrates but with a somewhat higher likelihood of pregnancies being terminated by abortion. In states where women's status is higher, birthrates are lower, but abortion levels are higher. Policy measures. States that have high proportions of teenagers dropping out of school and of young women not graduating from high school tend to have high pregnancy rates and birthrates and a somewhat lower proportion of pregnancies ending in abortion. Increased spending on education is associated with relatively high abortion rates (and, therefore, pregnancy rates). The higher the teacher-student ratio, the lower the adolescent birthrate and the more likely the pregnant teenager is to have an abortion. Welfare payments to teenage mothers are negatively associated with both black and white teenage birthrates, and higher maximum payments are associated with relatively high abortion levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1986

Learning resources for medical computing.

For medical professionals to acquire computer literacy can be an arduous task. Resources for learning medical computing fall into four major categories: learning technical microcomputer use, computerizing an office practice, tracking patient care experience and integrating medical information systems. Both microcomputer use and tracking patient care experience are technical skills similar to learning any medical procedure with which physicians are already familiar. These skills can be acquired by consulting general, commercial resources such as computer stores, popular computer magazines or software manuals. Computerizing an office practice involves diagnosing office information problems by thoroughly analyzing how data flow during outpatient care. Medical information system design and management is a cognitive specialty in which principles of computer science and medical information management are applied to patient care experience.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed1986

Previous exposure to a novel experience enhances performance in two simple memory tests in humans.

Young healthy human volunteers (N = 52), non-amnesic patients (N = 53), and amnesic patients (N = 52) were submitted once a day on three consecutive days to two simple memory tests: recognition of the pictures of famous faces (actors, politicians, sports figures) cut from newspapers or news magazines, and the recall of the year in which widely publicized major events happened (the Pope's visit to Brazil, a famous fire that destroyed a block downtown, etc.). One, 3 or 6 h prior to testing either on the 2nd or the 3rd day, the subjects were exposed to one of the following experiences: staying in a room where they had never been before for 10 min, or a 5 min digit learning task to which they also had never been submitted. Exposure to either of the two novel experiences 1 or 3, but not 6, h before testing was followed by increased scores in both memory tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Popular press coverage of eight National Institutes of Health consensus development topics.

The quality of medical journalism has been widely criticized. As part of a larger evaluation study, we analyzed popular press coverage of eight topics selected by the National Institutes of Health for consensus development conferences in 1979 and 1980. Using periodical indexes to identify relevant articles, we analyzed the characteristics of 269 topical articles published in newspapers and magazines in the four years surrounding each conference and examined the role that the conference played in subsequent reporting. Most topics received widespread press interest that culminated around the time of each conference. Consensus findings were widely cited in articles that appeared after the conferences. Articles were mostly factual and balanced, relied on experts, and emphasized major themes covered by the conference. We conclude that the popular press can make an important contribution to the dissemination of new medical information.

National Institutes of Health (U.S.)↗