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PubMed1997

[A view of the representation of the Pan-American Health Organization in Mexico with respect to support for molecular epidemiology].

In spite of the fact that epidemiology has the same commitments that in the past, in terms of political orientation, the changes of the epidemiological patterns offer new challenges. The scientific and technological development gives new tools for a better knowledge of the behaviour of diseases in populations. This is the case of molecular biology, which provides with the option of identifying risk factors in individuals and in populations. Several developing countries including Mexico, have satisfactory epidemiology programs and research groups in molecular biology contributing to the better epidemiological understanding. IMETAF is a collaborative network to reinforce infrastructure, support projects and personnel training. The World Health Organization, the Panamerican Health Organization and consequently, the Mexico Representation of the mentioned Organizations, contribute to the development of modern technology related to epidemiological tasks.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1997

[Model for evaluating the risk of introducing rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease based on experience in Mexico].

Viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD) of rabbits was introduced into Mexico from the United States of America in November 1988, following the importation of infected carcasses from China. In February 1989, the National System for Animal Health Emergencies was created, and an eradication programme was implemented at that time. The VHD virus was eradicated in 1992, by means of disease control procedures which included active epidemiological surveillance, publicity campaigns, slaughter, cleaning and disinfection of affected premises, the use of sentinel animals, serological monitoring and repopulation. The eradication programme involved the serological sampling of 39,727 rabbits (revealing an incidence of 1.4%) and the slaughter of 121,275 affected rabbits and rabbits at risk of exposure to infection. The final outbreak of the disease was recorded in April 1991. The country maintained strict epidemiological surveillance through serological testing, certification of premises free from the disease, and control of movement of animals and animal products. Mexico was declared free from the disease on 20 January 1993, becoming the first country to have eradicated VHD. The authors propose a model to evaluate the risk of introducing VHD through the importation of animals and animal products. A guide is provided to evaluate each branch of the relevant scenario tree and the principal criteria which indicate the event at each parameter.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Epidemiology of lymphomas in children residing in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper is to present the epidemiological characteristics of time, subject and place of lymphomas in children residing in Mexico City, Mexico (MC). METHODS: The type of study was a retrospective hospital survey. All records of children with lymphomas registered between 1982 and 1991 at the main hospitals that treat children with cancer in MC were reviewed. Neoplasms were classified into Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NonHL). Trend and incidence by sex, age and area of residence in MC were evaluated. Time of diagnosis, as well as parental occupation and educational level, were registered. RESULTS: A trend was only observed for HD in the total group (r:0.62; P = 0.05). In 1991, incidence for HD was 6.12 (rates x 10(6)) and 3.87 for NonHL. The highest average incidence was found in children 5-9 years of age (5.40) for HD, and in the age groups of 1-4 and 5-9 (3.10 and 3.33, respectively), for NonHL. Incidence was higher among boys for both lymphoma categories, but the male-to-female ratio was much higher in HD. Time of diagnosis, incidence in terms of place of residence, and parental educational level and occupation also differed from one lymphoma category to the other. CONCLUSION: The epidemiology of HD is different from that of NonHL, both showing a pattern similar to that of Latin American children.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in the Mazatec population of the State of Oaxaca, Mexico].

The occurrence non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus has increased during the second half of this century in Mexico as well as in other countries. American Indians have one of the highest prevalences in the world, but there are few studies that have estimated the occurrence of diabetes in Mexican Indians. The authors conducted a cross-sectional study in Huautla, Oaxaca, Mexico, to estimate the prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Mazatecos Indians, as well as its related risk factors. A total of 798 subjects were interviewed, and 16 diabetics were found, the prevalence of diabetes was 2.01%. The prevalence increased with age, but declined in those 65 years of age or older, mainly in women. The prevalence was slightly higher in women (2.2%) than in men (1.6%). There was a relation of diabetes with obesity, central body fat distribution, a family history of diabetes and hypertension. The prevalence is low if compared with the notified prevalence in the country, but there are certain age groups where its occurrence is similar to those living in an urban area. There is a need of intervention measures to prevent an epidemic such as the one seen nowadays among American Indians.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of hepatitis D in a population of Northeast Mexico and its relationship with other viruses].

BACKGROUND: There are few reports in Mexico on the prevalence of infection by virus D. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to study the hepatitis D virus infection prevalence in patients entering to the University Hospital. METHODS: Seventy three HBsAg positive patients sera were studied. There were 38 patients with acute hepatitis, 28 patients with chronic liver disease and 7 were asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. Serological markers for hepatitis viruses B, D and C were detected by means of ELISA test (Abbott). RESULTS: Anti-HDV was detected in 3 cases (4%). The first two cases were men with acute hepatitis B. Both had a coinfection by viruses B and D, however IgM anticore could not be demonstrated in the first case, this patient developed hepatic cirrhosis within 13 months, in addition he had a concurrent infection by hepatitis C virus with a positive second generation ELISA antibody. The second case recovered from the acute hepatitis. The third case was a female nurse with acute hepatitis and a coinfection by viruses B and D who recovered from the acute attack. Antibody to hepatitis C was present in 3 out of 22 patients with chronic liver disease (13.6%), one of them having an hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Our results coincide with the previously reported low incidence of hepatitis D and represent the first report in Mexico of concurrent infections by viruses B-C and B-D-C.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women in New Mexico.

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of an interviewer-administered, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among 132 volunteer New Mexico Hispanic (H) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) women, aged 35-74 years, with (n = 47) and without (n = 85) a breast cancer history, and to add to the limited data presently available on the performance of FFQs among different ethnic groups. Validity was measured at one month and six months from baseline against four-day food records, and reproducibility was tested by comparing FFQs. Unadjusted validity correlation coefficients were highest at one month, ranging from 0.38 (polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat) to 0.57 (calcium); energy-adjusted correlation coefficients were highest at six months, ranging from 0.15 (polyunsaturated fat) to 0.68 (calcium). Energy-adjusted correlation coefficients were statistically significant by ethnicity for vitamins A and C, protein, carotene and calcium, and by case status for saturated fat, folate, fiber, and vitamins A and E. Reproducibility correlation coefficients (unadjusted) ranged from 0.40 (polyunsaturated fat) to 0.71 (carbohydrate, retinol); energy-adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from 0.42 (vitamin E) to 0.78 (fiber), and differed significantly by ethnicity for saturated fat and retinol, and by case status for carbohydrate. Overall, our FFQ has comparable characteristics to other FFQs and is suitable for use with New Mexico's H and NHW women.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cenotes (sinkholes) of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, as a habitat of adult trematodes of fish.

Examination of a total of 581 fish specimens of 15 species from 39 cenotes (sinkholes) in the Yucatan Peninsula, southeastern Mexico, revealed the presence of 10 species of adult trematodes. These were as follows: Saccocoelioides sogandaresi Lumsden, 1963, Saccocoelioides sp. (family Haploporidae), Cichlasotrema ujati Pineda et Andrade, 1989 (Angiodictyidae), Crassicutis cichlasomae Manter, 1936 (Homalometridae), Magnivitellinum simplex Kloss, 1966 (Macroderoididae), Stunkardiella minima (Stunkard, 1938) (Acanthostomidae), Oligogonotylus manteri Watson, 1976 (Cryptogonimidae), Genarchella tropica (Manter, 1936), G. astyanactis (Watson, 1976), and G. isabellae (Lamothe-Argumedo, 1977) (Derogenidae). Saccocoelioides sogandaresi is reported from Mexico for the first time. Poecilia velifera and P. latipunctata for S. sogandaresi, Cichlasoma octofasciatum for C. cichlasomae, Cichlasoma friedrichstahli and C. meeki for O. manteri, and C. meeki, C. octofasciatum and Gobiomorus dormitor for G. isabellae represent new host records. Most species found are described and figured and their host range and distribution are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Pseudocapillaria yucatanensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Capillariidae) from the bagre Rhamdia guatemalensis (Pisces) from cenotes in Yucatan, Mexico.

A new nematode species, Pseudocapillaria yucatanensis sp. n., is described from the intestine of the freshwater pimelodid catfish Rhamdia guatemalensis (Günther) from cenotes (= sinkholes) in Yucatan, Mexico. It differs from other three related species parasitizing freshwater fishes mainly in possessing the spicule with a simple rim of its proximal end and a non-expanded distal end, in the length of the spicule (0.218-0.295 mm), and the size (0.050-0.060 x 0.025-0.030 mm), shape and structure of eggs, and also in the host types and geographical distribution. Pseudocapillaria yucatanensis is the first known autochtonous species of Pseudocapillaria parasitizing freshwater fishes in Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Population-based survey for drug resistance of tuberculosis--Mexico, 1997.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 90 million cases of tuberculosis (TB), resulting in 30 million deaths, will occur during the 1990s. To address this problem, WHO has recommended a comprehensive strategy of directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS). Although DOTS results in cure rates of > or =80%, the worldwide emergence of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) resistant to antimycobacterial agents threatens this strategy for TB control. In 1994, WHO and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) proposed the establishment of a global surveillance program to monitor drug resistance. In 1997, the Secretary of Health of Mexico, in collaboration with CDC, developed and implemented a national survey of drug resistance for TB as part of the global project on TB drug resistance. This report describes study results for three states in Mexico (Baja California, Oaxaca, and Sinaloa) and presents the first population-based TB drug-resistance data available for that country.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Survey of professionalism among medical professors in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: We explored the type of academic training and labor relationship of medical teachers in the schools of medicine in Mexico. METHODS: We considered two types of academic training (formal and informal) and of labor relations (primary and secondary): we considered a teacher as professional when he or she had formal training and a primary relationship with the school. A questionnaire was applied to 436 medical professors chosen at random from 10 medical schools (who were selected as representatives of the 10 types of medical schools identified by crossing characteristics of financing (public vs private), curricula (traditional vs modular), size (< 500 vs > or = 500 students) and longevity (established before 1970 vs 1970+). RESULTS: Only 2.8% (n = 12) of the teachers had a professional standing, and in private schools the proportion decreased to 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Medical education as a professional activity was seen in very few teachers. Medical education in Mexico appears to be a secondary and informal activity for a large number of teachers.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1998

Maternal mortality regionalization and trend in Mexico (1937-1995)

BACKGROUND: The objectives were to establish regions by level of maternal mortality in order to evaluate its trend from 1937-1995 and to analyze characteristics of cases which occurred from 1990-1995. METHODS: Regionalization of the country by maternal mortality level was carried out using Poisson regression. Level and mortality trends were analyzed globally and compared by regions using Poisson and linear regression. Characteristics of cases were analyzed from 1990-1995 using proportions and X2 test. RESULTS: Four well-differentiated and independent regions were established. Low and medium maternal mortality rate regions were found in northern and northwestern Mexico. High and very high maternal mortality regions were found in the South and the Southeast of the country. Even when maternal mortality had descended, the speed of the descent has decreased and in the last few years, maternal mortality has increased. The quality of health care is a challenge for regions with low mortality rates, while the problem of accessibility is present in those with very high mortality rates. CONCLUSION: The employment of this regionalization approach in maternal mortality analysis would be useful to determine specific problems for each region. The establishment of programs according to this analysis could contribute to decrease in maternal mortality cases in Mexico.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in a cohort of Mexico City].

In order to investigate the prevalence of atherosclerosis in Mexico, high resolution ultrasound and color Doppler flow imaging of carotid arteries were carried out in a group of participants in CUPA project, a cohort study started in 1989 among persons 60 years and older living permanently in a high rise in México City. Imaging studies included identification of 4 atherosclerosis related abnormalities: 1) intima media thickness; 2) kinkings and tortuousness; 3) non-stenosing plaques; and 4) significant carotid stenosis (> 50%). Analysis of 198 Doppler ultrasonographic studies in 56 males and 142 females showed an overall prevalence of atherosclerosis related lesions of 65.6%, with increasing frequency by age groups: 33% in younger than 65 year-old, 71% in 65-74 years, and up to 88% in the 75 years and older group. The prevalence of high grade stenosis was low (6%) whereas the overall frequency of non-stenosing plaques and intima-media thickness was higher than 60%. Intima-media thickness was more common in males while non-stenosing plaques and high grade stenosis were more frequent in females. However, there were not significant differences among women and men when atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed by age groups. This is the first report on the prevalence of atherosclerosis in a Mexican population using ultrasonography. Findings of the investigation document the high prevalence of atherosclerosis among elderly resident in Mexico City.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

TSP, PM10 and PM10/TSP ratios in the Mexico City Metropolitan area: a temporal and spatial approach.

Data for PM10 and TSP collected from SEDUE's (Secretary of Urban Development and Ecology) five principal air monitoring stations from March of 1988 to March of 1989 were analyzed with an emphasis on spatial and temporal distributions. The Mexico City sites consisted of a mixed residential and industrial setting in the NW, a highly industrialized area in the NE, the commercial and administrative district downtown, and areas in the SW and SE dominated by residential neighborhoods. High volume samplers for TSP and PM10 running in parallel were used following a protocol similar to the one specified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The individual data collected ranged from 24 to 1494 micrograms/m-3 for TSP and from 17 to 607 micrograms/m-3 for PM10. The PM10-to-TSP ratios ranged from 0.104 to 0.914 for a one year period, 0.495 being the overall mean ratio. Seasonal and geographical differences in this ratio may reflect the range of sources, transport and transformations of primary and secondary particles. High concentrations of particles were found during the winter and early spring, followed by relatively low concentrations during the summer. Statistically significant differences were found for the two most contrasting sites, the NE and SW areas of the city. The northern and eastern parts were the most impacted by particulate matter, while the area at the southwestern edge of the city was least polluted by fine and total suspended particles. Two interesting observations have emerged from this analysis. First, there is the exceedingly high daily and annual values for both TSP and PM10, relative to the Mexican and U.S. standards and WHO criteria for particulate matter. Second, although the SW area of Mexico City had the lowest fine suspended particle concentrations, it is in this area that the highest concentrations of ozone have been observed.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1993

A survey of street sellers' exposure to carbon monoxide in Mexico City.

The aim of this study was to explore the CO exposure experienced by street sellers working on busy roads in Mexico City. In January 1991, CO measurements were taken at street level of selected avenues in the city centre. A survey of the numbers of street sellers working on the monitored streets, and their working schedules, was also undertaken. Pavement CO levels were compared with the concurrent concentrations measured at the nearest fixed-site monitoring station. Short term pavement CO concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 70.0 ppm with a mean concentration of 26 ppm. There was a significant positive correlation between pavement and fixed-site CO concentrations. CO concentrations at the pavements were consistently higher than the concurrent fixed-site monitor levels; the average ratio of street/fixed-site concentrations was 2.2. There were more than 1000 street sellers working in the surveyed avenues. More than 80% of the sellers reported that they work at least 6 days a week, with an average working shift of 10 hours per day. The findings of this study suggest that street sellers in Mexico City are exposed to CO concentrations well above national and international air quality criteria. Further research is needed to evaluate the health effects caused by CO exposures among such occupationally exposed groups.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1998

A new Eimeria species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting Onychomys species (Rodentia: Muridae) in New Mexico and Arizona.

Fecal samples from 3 species of Onychomys (Rodentia: Muridae) captured in New Mexico and Arizona were examined for coccidia. Six of the 59 (10%) were infected with a new species of Eimeria. Sporulated oocysts (n = 105) of this new species are subspheroidal, 17.4 x 16.1 (14-21 x 13-19) microm, with ellipsoidal sporocysts 10.4 x 5.7 (9-12 x 5-8) microm. This species occurred in 3 of 24 (13%) Onychomys arenicola, 2 of 31 (6%) Onychomys leucogaster from New Mexico, and 1 of 4 (25%) Onychomys torridus from Arizona. Isolates recovered from O. leucogaster and O. torridus were inoculated into O. leucogaster (n = 5) and produced infections with a prepatent period of 7 days and a patent period of 7-23 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Outcome of recruitment and report on participation rate in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey.

The purpose of this paper is to report on the outcome of recruitment and participation rate in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey. This survey is the first community based epidemiological survey to examine health and health related issues of elderly (65 years or older) Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in Bernalillo County (Albuquerque), New Mexico. This survey was conducted from May 1993 to September 1995. Subjects (N=2200) were randomly selected from the list of 50,700 Medicare recipients residing in Bernalillo County and stratified by ethnicity and gender. Hispanics were identified using a computer program that selects Hispanic surname patterns and ethnicity was verified by self report. Subjects participated in a home interview, followed by an interview and examination in a senior health clinic. Use of the Medicare list resulted in 75.7% (N=1666) of subjects being contacted. Of the 1666 subjects available, 1130 (67.8%) completed a home interview and 883 (54%) completed the full examination. There were no significant differences in participation by ethnicity, but there were significant differences by gender, with women less likely to participate. The mean age of participants was 74 years, age range 65 to 100. Hispanic elderly demonstrated greater economic poverty and lower levels of formal education. Our survey results show that the elderly and Hispanic elderly can be successfully recruited to participate in a research study. This paper is the first to summarize the details of the survey design, present the results of recruitment and participation, and describe the survey participants.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

A preliminary study of reproductive outcomes of female maquiladora workers in Tijuana, Mexico.

Maquiladoras are plants on the Mexican side of the United States-Mexico border which are used largely by U.S. manufacturers to assemble premanufactured parts. We examined reproductive outcomes of women employed in electronics (N = 120) and garment (N = 121) maquiladora work compared to women employed in the service sector (N = 119) in Tijuana, Mexico. Women recruited by community health workers were interviewed about their reproductive history, sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and characteristics of their current job. Length of regular menstrual cycle in the past year as well as time of conception and rates of fetal loss in the most recent pregnancy were similar across occupational groups. However, infants of garment maquiladora workers were 653 g lighter (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1,041 g, -265 g) and infants of electronic maquiladora workers were 337 g lighter (95% CI: -682 g, 9 g) than infants of service workers after adjusting for potential confounders. The cause of these differences remains unclear.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2001

Microsatellite variation among red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) from the Gulf of Mexico.

Allelic variation at a total of 20 nuclear-encoded microsatellites was examined among adult red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) sampled from 4 offshore localities in the Gulf of Mexico. The number of alleles at the 20 microsatellites ranged from 5 to 20; average (+/- SE) direct count heterozygosity values ranged from 0.148 +/- 0.025 to 0.902 +/- 0.008. No significant departures from expectations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found for any locus within samples, and genotypes at pairs of microsatellites appeared to be randomly associated, i.e., in genotypic equilibrium. Tests of homogeneity in allele distributions among the 4 localities were nonsignificant for 19 of the microsatellites. Allele distribution at microsatellite Lca 43 was heterogeneous among localities before (but not after) Bonferroni corrections for multiple tests executed simultaneously. Tests of homogeneity in the distribution of individual alleles at Lca 43 gave similar results: one low frequency allele was distributed heterogeneously among samples before, but not after, Bonferroni correction. Molecular analysis of variance indicated that more than 99% of variation at each microsatellite was distributed within sample localities. These results generally are consistent with the hypothesis of a single population (stock) of red snapper in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Journal Article↗