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PubMed2003

Differential responses of three acyl-lipid desaturases to immediate temperature reduction occurring in two lipid membranes of Spirulina platensis strain C1.

In cyanobacteria, the elevation of unsaturated fatty acid levels in membrane lipids has been shown to play a major role in the response to temperature change. The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis strain C1 contains three desaturases--delta9, delta12 and delta6 desaturases--which are encoded by desC, desA and desD, respectively. In light of the above, a study was conducted of the regulation of desaturase gene expression in response to temperature change in S. platensis strain C1. The two lipid membranes, thylakoid and plasma, were separated, while the expressions of the desaturase genes to the downward shift of growth temperature were studied in the translation level by Western blot analysis. The results revealed that the expression of delta9 desaturase is independent of temperature. In the case of delta12 desaturase, two forms of the enzyme were found, at 45 and 40 kDa. In terms of correlation with the results in the transcription level, it is more likely that the 45 kDa-delta12 desaturase and the 40 kDa-delta12 desaturase are translated from 1.7 kb and 1.5 kb mRNA, respectively. Taken together, the results indicate that the expression of the 40 kDa-delta12 desaturase is temperature independent, whereas, the 45 kDa protein form demonstrates a response to the immediate temperature reduction. Furthermore, the activity of delta6 desaturase in the two lipid membranes is possibly regulated by temperature reduction. However, alteration in the level of gamma-linolenic acid, the product synthesized by delta6 desaturase, was observed in the plasma membrane prior to the thylakoid membrane.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Expression, purification, and ligand-binding analysis of recombinant keratinocyte lipid-binding protein (MAL-1), an intracellular lipid-binding found overexpressed in neoplastic skin cells.

The keratinocyte lipid-binding protein (KLBP) has been identified on the basis of nucleotide sequence analysis of its cloned cDNA as a new member of the intracellular lipid-binding protein (iLBP) multigene family. To characterize KLBP and determine its ligand-binding properties, its cDNA was subcloned into Escherichia coli, and the protein was overexpressed and purified to homogeneity by a combination of acid extraction, gel permeation, and ion-exchange chromatographies. Purified KLBP exhibited high-affinity binding of the fluorescent hydrophobic probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (1,8-ANS), displaying an apparent dissociation constant of 390 +/- 90 nM (n = 0.74 +/- 0.2). Using an assay based upon displacement of the bound fluorophore, KLBP was found to bind long chain fatty acids most avidly; oleic acid (18:1) bound with an apparent Kd of 248 +/- 12 nM, and arachidonic acid (20:4) exhibited a dissociation constant of 318 +/- 14 nM. As the length of the fatty acid decreased, the binding affinity was reduced; myristic acid (14:0) bound with a K(d) of 1409 +/- 423 nM, but medium-chain (decanoic acid, 10:0) and short-chain (octanoic acid, 8:0) lipids were not bound at all. The protein did not bind prostaglandin E2 with any measurable affinity but did associate with eicosanoids such as 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE; K(d) of 848 +/- 211 nM) and 15-HPETE (Kd of 463 +/- 243 nM) and to a lesser extent their hydroxy derivatives, 5-HETE and 15-HETE (Kd of 1560 +/- 115 nM and greater than 4 microM, respectively). all-trans-Retinoic acid was a weak ligand for KLBP, binding with a Kd of 3600 nM, and all-trans-retinol did not displace 1,8-ANS. Molecular modeling of the KLBP sequence upon the X-ray crystal structures of several iLBP's suggested that the side chains of one or more cysteine residues may reside within the putative ligand-binding cavity. Consistent with this, sulfhydryl titration of purified KLBP with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) at pH 8.0 in the presence and absence of oleic acid revealed that at least one residue was protected from modification by the fatty acid. These results describe the first purification and characterization of the ligand-binding properties of KLBP and indicate that the protein is a fatty acid binding protein with a tertiary structure likely to be similar to other members of the iLBP multigene family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Pomegranate flower improves cardiac lipid metabolism in a diabetic rat model: role of lowering circulating lipids.

Excess triglyceride (TG) accumulation and increased fatty acid (FA) oxidation in the diabetic heart contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Punica granatum flower (PGF) is a traditional antidiabetic medicine. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of action of PGF extract on abnormal cardiac lipid metabolism both in vivo and in vitro. Long-term oral administration of PGF extract (500 mg kg(-1)) reduced cardiac TG content, accompanied by a decrease in plasma levels of TG and total cholesterol in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, indicating improvement by PGF extract of abnormal cardiac TG accumulation and hyperlipidemia in this diabetic model. Treatment of ZDF rats with PGF extract lowered plasma FA levels. Furthermore, the treatment suppressed cardiac overexpression of mRNAs encoding for FA transport protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, acyl-CoA oxidase and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase alpha2, and restored downregulated cardiac acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA expression in ZDF rats, whereas it showed little effect in Zucker lean rats. The results suggest that PGF extract inhibits increased cardiac FA uptake and oxidation in the diabetic condition. PGF extract and its component oleanolic acid enhanced PPAR-alpha luciferase reporter gene activity in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and this effect was completely suppressed by a selective PPAR-alpha antagonist MK-886, consistent with the presence of PPAR-alpha activator activity in the extract and this component. Our findings suggest that PGF extract improves abnormal cardiac lipid metabolism in ZDF rats by activating PPAR-alpha and thereby lowering circulating lipid and inhibiting its cardiac uptake.

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases↗
PubMed2006

[Comparative study of treatment of the dry eye syndrome due to disturbances of the tear film lipid layer with lipid-containing tear substitutes].

BACKGROUND: A deficiency in the tear film lipid layer is aetiological in about 80 % of the patients suffering from dry eye, which results in excessive evaporation (so-called hyperevaporative dry eye). The treatment with conventional artificial tears did not prove to be successful here. In this study the treatment with two tear substitutes containing lipids were set in contrast with each other. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The randomised, controlled, multicentre cross-over study included 74 patients suffering from dry eye caused by a deficiency of the tear film lipid layer, which were organised into two groups. Group A (n = 38) was treated for the first 6 weeks with a liposomal eye spray (Tears Again), while the patients of the group of B (n = 36) were treated with an eye gel containing triglycerides (Liposic) in the same period. After 6 weeks the crossover was performed. The patients were treated in the following 6 weeks with the product which was not used before. Control examinations by masked examiners took place at the beginning of the study as well as after 6 and 12 weeks, considering the following parameters: eyelid edge-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF), BREAK UP time (BUT), Schimer-I test, measurement of the tear meniscus, investigation of the edges of eyelid and visual acuity. In addition. the subjective feelings of the patients were also determined by means of questionnaires. RESULTS: At the beginning of the study the two groups did not differ significantly with respect to the initial values. After the first treatment period the improvement of the examined parameters LIPCOF, BUT, Schirmer, visual acuity and inflammation of the lid margin in group A (eye spray) proved to be significantly superior in comparison to group B (eye gel). The results of the second treatment period after the crossover were similar and showed an analogous supremacy of the liposomal eye spray. The interviews with the patients revealed that the subjective evaluation concerning efficacy and compatibility of the eye spray turned out to be explicitly more favourable than that concerning the eye gel. 74.6 % of the patients favoured the application as an eye spray onto the closed eyelids over the eye gel into the conjunctival sac. 62.5 % of the patients rated the liposomal eye spray to be better all in all, 12.5 % rated that both preparations are equal and 25 % favoured the eye gel. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment with phospholipids liposomes shows statistically significant clinical advantages and proves to be favourably and explicitly superior compared to the conventional standard treatment all in all.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Defective binding of neutral lipids by a carboxyl-terminal deletion mutant of cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Evidence for a carboxyl-terminal cholesteryl ester binding site essential for neutral lipid transfer activity.

The plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP, 476 amino acids) transfers cholesteryl ester (CE) from high density lipoprotein (HDL) to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and plays a major role in HDL catabolism. Using deletional and site-directed mutagenesis, we previously showed that the carboxyl terminus of human CETP comprises the epitope of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody and is necessary for neutral lipid transfer activity. To assess the nature of the involvement of the COOH terminus in cholesteryl ester transfer activity, we characterized a deletion mutant of CETP lacking amino acid residues 470-475 in terms of CE transfer kinetics, association with HDL, and capacity to bind CE, triglyceride (TG), and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Kinetic analysis indicated a major catalytic defect of the deletion mutant, as shown by markedly decreased maximum cholesteryl ester transfer activities (apparent Vmax) for donor (HDL) and acceptor (low density lipoprotein (LDL)) lipoproteins but there were no significant changes of concentrations of the donor and acceptor at 50% Vmax (apparent Km). The binding of CETP to HDL, as determined by native gel electrophoresis, was similar for wild-type and mutant protein. When egg PC/CE vesicles were incubated with wild type CETP and then separated by gel filtration chromatography, there was maximum binding of about 1 mol of CE/mol of CETP. Under similar conditions the mutant CETP bound 0.09-0.37 mol of CE/mol of protein. Similarly, when egg PC/TG vesicles were incubated with the CETP proteins, there was a maximum binding of 0.5 mol of triglyceride/mol of wild-type CETP, whereas there was only 0.00-0.07 mol of TG/mol of deletion mutant. The binding of phosphatidylcholine was similar for wild-type and the deletion mutant. The studies suggest that amino acids 470-475 (forming part of a COOH-terminal amphipathic helix) are involved in CE and TG binding by CETP but are not required either for the binding of PC by CETP or the association of CETP with HDL. The COOH terminus of CETP may comprise a neutral lipid binding site directly involved in the lipid transfer mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The potential role of proteoglycans in cationic lipid-mediated gene delivery. Studies of the interaction of cationic lipid-DNA complexes with model glycosaminoglycans.

Recent evidence supports a role for proteoglycans in polycation-mediated gene delivery. Therefore, the interaction of glycosaminoglycans with cationic lipid-DNA complexes (CLDCs) has been characterized using a combination of biophysical approaches. At low ionic strength, CLDCs bind to heparin-derivatized Sepharose particles, with the ratio of cationic lipid to DNA controlling the binding. Incorporation of the helper lipids cholesterol or 1,2-dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine increases the amount of bound CLDC. Heparin also induces the aggregation of CLDCs, with cholesterol reducing this effect. Isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrates an endothermic heat for the binding of heparin to CLDCs at low ionic strength, whereas circular dichroism studies suggest a heparin-stimulated release of DNA from CLDCs at a greater than 20-fold charge excess. Increasing the ionic strength to 0.11 reduces CLDC binding to heparin beads, and greatly enhances the release of DNA from CLDCs by heparin. The ability of the cell surface glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate to release DNA from CLDCs is more sensitive than heparin to the incorporation of the cholesterol or 1,2-dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. Titration calorimetry reveals an exothermic heat for the interaction glycosaminoglycans with CLDCs at higher ionic strength. These results are consistent with the direct involvement of proteoglycans in transfection.

Calorimetry↗
PubMed1993

Adhesion to fibronectin stimulates inositol lipid synthesis and enhances PDGF-induced inositol lipid breakdown.

The aim of these experiments was to investigate whether inositol lipids might mediate some of the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) on cellular form and functions. The lipid phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) plays a role in cytoskeletal regulation while its hydrolysis products, diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate, serve as second messengers. We therefore measured the effect of adhesion to fibronectin (FN) on PIP2 and its hydrolysis products, in the presence and absence of the soluble mitogen PDGF. PDGF induced a threefold increase in release of water-soluble inositol phosphates in C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts when cells were attached to FN, but had little effect in suspended cells. Suppression of inositol phosphate release in unattached cells was not due to dysfunction of the PDGF receptor or failure to activate phospholipase C-gamma; PDGF induced similar tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma under both conditions. By contrast, the total mass of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2), the substrate for PLC-gamma, was found to decrease by approximately 80% when cells were detached from their ECM attachments and placed in suspension in the absence of PDGF. PIP2 levels were restored when suspended cells were replated on FN, demonstrating that the effect was reversible. Furthermore, a dramatic increase in synthesis of PIP2 could be measured in cells within 2 min after reattachment to FN in the absence of PDGF. These results show that FN acts directly to stimulate PIP2 synthesis, and that it also enhances PIP2 hydrolysis in response to PDGF. The increase in PIP2 induced by adhesion may mediate some of the known effects of FN on cell shape and cytoskeletal organization, while regulation of inositol lipid hydrolysis may provide a means for integrating hormone- and ECM-dependent signaling pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Dihydrolipoic acid as an effective cofactor for peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase in enzymatic repair of oxidative damage to both lipid-free and lipid-bound apolipoprotein a-I.

The aim of this study was to examine the possible use of dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), the reduced form of lipoic acid, in the reduction of oxidized apolipoprotein A-I mediated by peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (PMSR), and to test the accessibility of methionine sulfoxides in the lipid-bound oxidized apolipoprotein A-I to this reaction. We show that DHLA acts as an effective cofactor for PMSR, mediating restoration of the native secondary structure, tertiary structure, stability, and lipid-binding properties of the native unoxidized protein. Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins were used to demonstrate effective enzymatic reduction of the lipid-bound oxidized protein in the presence of DHLA. These findings suggest that the enzymatic repair of oxidative damage to intact lipoproteins could provide a model of a possible repair mechanism active in vivo during oxidative stress and that the restoration of high-density lipoprotein function could be one of the therapeutic benefits of lipoic acid.

Apolipoprotein A-I↗
PubMed1984

Influence of type and amount of dietary lipid on plasma lipid concentrations in endurance athletes.

Changes in plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein concentrations were assessed in three male endurance cyclists who consumed isoenergetic diets for 28-day periods in which carbohydrate, polyunsaturated fat, or saturated fat contributed about 50% of the daily energy intake. Dietary cholesterol was similar among the diets. Maximal aerobic capacity was maintained at 62 ml O2/(kg X min). Body weights were held within 3% of admission levels. The polyunsaturated fat diet significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced mean fasting plasma total cholesterol in comparison to the saturated fat and carbohydrate diets (160 versus 254 and 243 mg/dl, respectively). Similarly, the polyunsaturated fat diet depressed (p less than 0.05) mean plasma triglycerides relative to the saturated fat and carbohydrate diets (37 versus 62 and 79 mg/dl, respectively). No significant dietary effects were seen on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The observed changes in plasma total cholesterol were not significantly different than the values predicted by the Keys' equation, delta CHL = 1.35(2 delta S-delta P) + 1.5 delta Z. We conclude that under controlled conditions in which physical activity is constant l) dietary lipid differences influence fasting serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations among men with high energy expenditures, and 2) the Keys' equation gives useful predictions of changes in plasma total cholesterol among vigorous men consuming different types and amounts of dietary lipid.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Parent-offspring aggregation of plasma lipids in selected populations in North America and Israel. The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study.

Parent-offspring associations of total cholesterol and triglycerides were compared between family dyads in six North American populations examined between 1972 and 1976 as part of the North American Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study and those from families examined between 1976 and 1979 at the Lipid Research Clinic located in Jerusalem. Common study design, protocol, and laboratory techniques were used by all Lipid Research Clinics. The authors first examined homogeneity of familial correlations across clinics in the North American population and across origin groups in the Israeli sample. In general, correlations were homogeneous across clinics and origin groups, except for parent-daughter pairs for triglycerides in North America. The pooled familial correlations were similar in the two study populations. There was no asymmetry in parent-offspring correlations by the sex of the offspring. The pooled mother-child correlations were significantly higher than father-child values in the North American sample only. The strength of parent-offspring similarity showed no consistent pattern of change with level of education of parents in either study group. Patterns of familial similarity are discussed in relation to genetic, cultural, and environmental differences between the two study populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Rosuvastatin reduces plasma lipids by inhibiting VLDL production and enhancing hepatobiliary lipid excretion in ApoE*3-leiden mice.

The present study was designed to investigate the lipid-lowering properties and mechanisms of action of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, rosuvastatin, in female ApoE*3-Leiden transgenic mice. Mice received a high fat/cholesterol (HFC) diet containing either rosuvastatin (0 [control], 0.00125%, 0.0025%, or 0.005% [w/w]) or 0.05% (w/w) lovastatin. The highest dose of rosuvastatin reduced plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels by 39% and 42%, respectively, compared with the HFC control. Lovastatin had no effect on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In ApoE*3-Leiden mice on a chow diet, rosuvastatin (0.005% [w/w]) decreased plasma cholesterol levels by 35% without having an effect on triglyceride levels. On a chow diet, expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake in the liver was increased by rosuvastatin. Further mechanistic studies in HFC-fed mice showed that rosuvastatin treatment resulted in decreased hepatic VLDL-triglyceride and VLDL-apolipoprotein B production. VLDL lipid composition remained unchanged, indicating a reduction in the number of VLDL particles secreted. Lipolytic activity and expression of genes involved in cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis and beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver were not affected by rosuvastatin treatment, and hepatic lipid content did not change. However, activity of hepatic diacylglycerol acyltransferase was significantly decreased by 25% after rosuvastatin treatment. Moreover, biliary excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, and bile acids was increased during treatment. The results indicate that rosuvastatin treatment in ApoE*3-Leiden mice on a HFC diet leads to redistribution of cholesterol and triglycerides in the body, both by reduced hepatic VLDL production and triglyceride synthesis and by enhanced hepatobiliary removal of cholesterol, bile acids, and phospholipids, resulting in substantial reductions in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

LIPID arrays: new tools in the understanding of membrane dynamics and lipid signaling.

Phospholipids are the structural building blocks of the membrane bilayer, which retains and regulates intra-cellular content. In addition to creating a protective barrier around the cell, lipids modulate membrane trafficking and are themselves precursors of important intracellular signaling molecules. Identification and quantification of these molecular species is essential for a more complete understanding of cell signaling pathways, and more reliable and sensitive methods are needed for determining membrane phospholipid content. Recent improvements in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry have made possible the direct identification of more than 400 phospholipid species from biological extracts of a single cell type. Changes in the cellular concentration of diverse lipids can be determined by analysis of the mass spectra by statistical algorithms. In the future, lipid arrays will be integrated with other high-throughput profiling technologies, and computational lipidomics will expand our understanding of the molecular basis of cellular processes and diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Chemical proof of lipid-protein interactions by crosslinking photosensitive lipids to apoproteins. Intermolecular cross-linkage between high-density apolipoprotein A-I and lecithins and sphingomyelins.

The molecular interactions and spatial arrangements of phospholipids and apoproteins of human high-density lipoprotein were studied by a chemical approach. Phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins substituted with fatty acyl residues of high specific radioactivity and labelled with the photosensitive azido group in specific positions were prepared by chemical synthesis. They were recombined with apolipoprotein A-I of human serum high density lipoprotein. The lipoprotein complexes containing either azido lecithins or azidosphingo-myelins were purified by agarose chromatography from excess lipids. The irradiation was performed under conditions which prohibit the interference with the apoprotein structure as proven by circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, immunodiffusion test and disc electrophoresis. Non-covalently bound lipid molecules were removed by Sephadex LH 20 chromatography. Mild alkaline treatment liberated radioactive fatty acids which were not directly linked to the polypeptide chain, but rather via neighbouring phospholipid molecules. The lipoprotein appeared as a single radioactive band in dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as seen by radioscanning, which further proved the covalent linkage of the fatty acyl residues to the polypeptide chain. In the immunodiffusion test, there is no difference between covalently crosslinked phospholipid-apoLp A-I complex and the non-photolyticall treated complex. This is the first chemical proof of the spatial relationship of the hydrophobic side chains of the lipid and polypeptide chains in a lipoprotein complex.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed2000

[Effect of lipid lowering diet on serum lipids in peritoneal dialysis patients].

The aim of the study was to assess an effect of lipid lowering diet on serum lipids in peritoneal dialysis patients. Total cholesterol (TC) decreased after 3 months of low-fat diet from 203.7 mg/dl to 181 mg/dl, probably due to increased P/S ratio (PUFA/SFA) from 0.4 to 0.57. After another 3 months of the diet, a decrease in P/S ratio and concomitant increase in TC and LDL-C levels were found. Nutritional status of patients during lipid lowering diet was stable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

A lipid-linked oligosaccharide intermediate in glycoprotein synthesis. Characterization of [Man-14C]glycoproteins labeled from [Man-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid and GDP-[14C]Man.

Endogenous proteins of cell-free preparations of hen oviduct labeled from GDP-[14C]Man or from [Man-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid have been compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under the conditions tested, a polypeptide chain of molecular weight about 25,000 was the principle acceptor for the oligosaccharide moiety of exogenous [Man-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid. The product labeled by [Man-14C]oligosaccharide-lipid appeared identical with one of three glycoproteins formed when GDP-[14C]Man was incubated with a crude membrane fraction. These three proteins (apparent molecular weight of 75,000, 55,000, and 25,000) accounted for nearly two-thirds of the [14C]mannose-labeled glycoprotein products using GDP-[14C]Man and either the crude membrane fraction or a total oviduct homogenate. Thus, all of the mannose acceptor proteins present in the oviduct homogenate appear to be membrane-bound. Analyses of the [Man-14C]glycoproteins labeled from GDP-[14C]Man in membrane fractions from hen kidney, liver, brain, and oviduct indicated that a labeled polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 25,000 was the only major protein product common to the four preparations.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Esterification of fatty acids by alcohols and functional role of polar and non-polar lipids in blood flow. Double bonds of lipid fatty acids in lipoproteins].

An original method of automatic titration of dual bindings by ozone was made use of to show the functional role of alcohols, i.e. glycerin and cholesterol, in the transfer, within the lipoproteins' composition, and in the receptor absorption of saturated and essential polyene acids by cells. The values of correlations dual bindings/glycerin and dual bindings/cholesterol are indicative of that the saturated fat acids are etherified by glycerin in blood serum, and the essential polyene fat acids are etherified by cholesterol. The presence of dual bindings in lipids of some lipoproteins shows that lipoproteins of a very low density are carriers of saturated fat acids (in the form of non-polar triacilglycerides), and lipoproteins of low density are the key carrier of essential polyene fat acids (in the form of non-polar ethers of cholesterol). The cells absorb passively the fat acids (in the form of polar lipids); and they absorb actively the fat acids (in the form of non-polar lipids and by means of receptor endocytosis). A stable correlation dual binding/cholesterol at alterations of the alcohol content in the blood serum by 20 times, and similar correlation values in man, rats and mice demonstrate that the cells absorb, be means of receptor endocytosis, the essential polyene fat acids (in the form of ethers of cholesterol). The level of cholesterol depends on a content of fat acids, mainly of the omega-3 and omega-6 essential polyene fat acids, in the blood serum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Influence of lovastatin on serum lipids in patients with primary hyperlipidemia and phenotype IIa and IIB. II. Changes of lipid composition of plasma lipoprotein fractions after lovastatin administration].

In this study lipid composition of lipoprotein fractions LDL, VLDL and HDL was determined in 30 men with primary hyperlipoproteinemia phenotype IIa and IIb during lovastatin treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment in VLDL and LDL fractions decrease of percentage of cholesterol content and increase percentage of protein content was observed. The percentage of esterified cholesterol decreased in VLDL fraction and increased in LDL fraction during treatment. In HLP IIa significant decrease of percentage cholesterol content in VLDL and LDL fraction was observed. In HLP IIb decrease of percentage cholesterol content in VLDL and increase in percentage triglyceride content was found. Esterified cholesterol percentage decreased in VLDL fraction in HLP IIa. Lipids to protein ratio decreased significantly during treatment in VLDL and LDL fraction. The results of this study indicate that hypolipidemic treatment with lovastatin is associated with changes in lipid composition of lipoproteins, mainly with the decrease of percentage cholesterol content.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Skin moisturizing effect and skin penetration of ascorbyl palmitate entrapped in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) incorporated into hydrogel.

This study was performed as a complimentary to our previous study regarding the chemical stability of ascorbyl palmitate (AP) in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and for comparison, in nanoemulsion (NE) incorporated into a hydrogel produced by high pressure homogenization. AP is known as an effective antioxidant that protects tissue integrity similar to vitamin C. Recently, its moisturizing activity in conventional topical formulations was found to be high. The aim of the present study was to investigate the moisturizing potential of AP in SLN and NLC incorporated into hydrogel as colloidal carrier systems. It has been known that SLN and NLC have occlusive effects, but AP incorporation moisturized skin significantly better than placebo in short-term (p < 0.001) and long-term trials (p < 0.01) for both SLN and NLC. In the second part of the study, SLN and NLC were found to sustain the penetration of AP through excised human skin about 1/2 and 2/3 times compared to NE (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01), respectively, due to the solid state of Witepsol E85 in the lipid phase.

Adult↗