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PubMed1986

Predictors of scientific majors for black and white college students.

The differences in the personality and social backgrounds of science and non-science majors were assessed for 91 black and 109 white natural, social, and nonscience college majors. Subjects were administered the 16PF, Bem Sex-Role Inventory, and the Attitude Toward Women Scale, and data were collected on birth order, number of siblings, and social class level. Natural science majors were of a higher social class, had higher intelligence test scores, were more reserved, sober, practical, and male sex-role oriented than the social and non-science majors. Blacks and females resembled their white or male counterparts when categorized by college major.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Otitis media in early childhood and its relationship to later verbal and academic performance.

The relationship between the occurrence of otitis media with effusion during the first 3 years of life and subsequent verbal and academic performance was examined in 61 socioeconomically disadvantaged children who attended a research day-care program. Study children were participants in a longitudinal study of child development in which the number of episodes of otitis media and duration of each otitis episode were reported prospectively from infancy. The incidence of otitis media was highest during the first 2 years of life. Bilateral otitis media accounted for 66% of the days with otitis media with effusion. Standardized tests of intelligence and academic performance were administered to the children when they were 3 1/2 to 6 years of age. No evidence of associations between measures of early childhood otitis media experience and these measures of verbal or academic functioning was found in this study population.

Achievement↗
PubMed1987

A later look at borderline and mildly retarded preschoolers.

A group of 38 preschool children, first evaluated when 2 to 4 years old, functioning within the borderline or mildly retarded ranges of intelligence, were reevaluated at the ages of 6 or 7 years. It was found that cognitive and linguistic limitations remained fairly stable over time. The most global of the early measures best predicted subsequent attainment, both for children with language skills significantly below performance and for those with more even function. Preschool language deficiencies reflected in a significant discrepancy between verbal and performance abilities in early intelligence testing were not subsequently associated with greater academic difficulties. At the time of reevaluation, receptive understanding of language exceeded expressive competence, and semantic skills were stronger than syntactic abilities.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Crises in old age. Trial with a multivariant analysis of adjustment strategies in crises].

After a short review of some relevant theories focusing mainly on their developmental aspects, an own model is proposed. This is statistically analysed by means of the LISREL-algorithm, which is applied to data concerning crises behavior in a problematic housing situation, and which were gained from the Bonn-Longitudinal Study of Aging. From the psychological point of view, especially those findings seem to be important which imply that an active and problem-oriented coping strategy is often joined but not overruled by a passive and problem-disoriented one, whereas, if a problem-disoriented strategy predominates, this interferes with any rather active solution strategies turning up. Moreover, the situational stress is perceived more intensive under active rather than under passive strategies and--additionally--health and (test-)intelligence turned out to interact with other variables in a specific way: high intelligence covaries with low scores on perceived stress and passive coping styles, while stressed health rather correlates with passive strategies and a raised subjective load.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Depressed T cells following neonatal steroid treatment.

Fourty-four patients received two doses of 12.5 mg/kg of hydrocortisone or placebo on the first day of life in attempted therapy for respiratory distress syndrome. Follow-up studies were performed on survivors at 5 years of age in ten steroid-treated and seven placebo-treated respiratory distress syndrome subjects. There were no significant differences in growth, intelligence tests, or neurologic examinations in the patients assessed. Abnormal EEGs are present in both groups. Immunologic tests showed no differences in lymphocyte counts, immunoglobulin levels, diphtheria and tetanus antibody titers, or complement components. Diminished percentages of T lymphocytes were found in steroid patients (53%) compared to control subjects (69%). There were also increased percentages of lymphocytes with C3 receptors in steroid patients (20.1%) compared to control patients (13.8%). Episodes of otitis and/or pneumonia were documented in eight of 11 steroid-treated patients between the ages of 1 and 5 years, compared to two of seven patients in the placebo group in the same time period. It is concluded that large doses of steroids on the first day of life may induce lasting immunologic abnormalities and may predispose to an increased incidence of infections.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1982

Interpreting the Leiter IQ: performance profiles of young normal and language-disordered children.

Language-disordered children with normal range performance IQ may nevertheless evidence cognitive deficits. This suggests the need for content validity studies of performance tests of intelligence. In the current investigation, items from the Leiter International Performance Scale (LIPS) were analyzed for their conceptual versus perceptual character; these item groupings were then used to create intratest LIPS profiles for 16 language-disordered children and 16 children with normal language, aged 4:4-5:5, who were matched for CA, sex, and Leiter IQ. Interjudge (N = 4) reliability for determination of item type was 96%, and the results of the item analysis revealed that 65% of LIPS items in the 2-8 year range were perceptual in nature. A repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that subjects performed relatively better on the perceptual items regardless of group (p less than .01) and that there were no significant group differences. Analysis of individual subject profiles, however, revealed accentuated intratest profiles for two of the language-disordered subjects and reversal of the dominant perceptual greater than conceptual trend for four of the language-disordered subjects. These results indicate that LIPS scores for children under age 8 primarily represent their ability to assess the physical characteristics of visual stimuli and may not adequately reflect the transforming, interpretive aspects of nonverbal cognition.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The typology of postsuicidal posthypoxic encephalopathies].

A group of young patients (n = 324)) with posthypoxic encephalopathy developed after suicidal attempts through hanging himself/herself were subjected to clinical and experimental psychological examination, using Wechsler standardized tests (intelligence scales). All examines manifested varying degree deterioration of intellect, with reference to which a new classification of posthypoxic encephalopathy is suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Composite acupuncture treatment of mental retardation in children.

128 children of mental retardation were diagnosed in accordance with the diagnostic standards proposed by WHO in 1985. The patients were treated compositely with acupuncture, auriculo-acupoint pellet pressure and herbal plasters on acupoints, bringing about improved mental developments in intelligence quotient (IQ) and social adaptation behaviour (SAB), as evidenced by recognized intelligence tests for children.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed1993

Childbirth and the measurement of fatigue.

Fatigue during labor concerns women and nurses alike, yet few studies have directly measured fatigue during childbirth. Many issues and difficulties with the conceptualization and measurement of fatigue have been raised because of the multidimensionality of the concept. Fatigue was conceptualized as including subjective, cognitive, and physical dimensions, and was therefore operationalized using multiple methods. In the two studies described, fatigue was measured using the Modified Fatigue Symptom Checklist (MFSC), the Pearson-Byars Feeling Checklist (PBFC), Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), the Digit Span Subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Test (revised R), and a hand held bulb dynamometer. These studies support the reliability and validity of the measures used to quantify fatigue during labor. These findings support the operationalization of fatigue as a multidimensional concept.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Sexual abuse of children (section 176 StGB)--general practice of forensic perpetrator assessment].

Data from 28 paedophilic persons seen on the occasion of forensic psychiatric assessment are presented. These persons represented a remarkable 25% proportion of all sexual offenses seen at the department of forensic psychiatry between 1986 and 1992 (n = 111). Paedophilics were on the average elderly persons who tended to have a lower education level and achieved poorer results in intelligence testing (WIP-72). In their medical history, data on brain injury and child development retardation were not significantly more often available than from other sexual delinquents. Comparing persons accused because of paedophilic acts with those accused because of other sexual offenses the proportion of recurrent sexual offenses was not significantly different. Personality traits of paedophilics (FPI-A1) were dominated by signs of passive and dependent behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Speech recognition in recurrent otitis media: results in a set of identical twins.

Performance-intensity functions for Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test (PSI) word and sentence materials presented in competition were obtained for a set of identical female twins, aged 4 years, 2 months. Twin B had a medical history significant for recurrent otitis media, while Twin A had only one reported occurrence of the disease. Twin A yielded normal functions for both word and sentence materials. Twin B, however, yielded an essentially normal function for sentences, but the function for monosyllabic words was grossly depressed. These findings support the hypothesis that transient conductive hearing loss and auditory deprivation resulting from recurrent otitis media can affect the processing of phonetic information essential to the development of word recognition skills.

Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗
PubMed1994

Clinical decision making: describing the decision rules of practicing speech-language pathologists.

The diagnostic decision-making standards used by practicing clinicians to determine language impairment were investigated. Randomly selected ASHA members who worked with children were asked to review hypothetical and real case profiles of children ages 4 to 9:11 (years: months) with language performance skills ranging from slightly above average to substantially below average. Based on the child's age and language and intelligence test information, clinicians were asked to decide if the child was language impaired (LI) and, if so, to provide a severity rating. Results show significant interrater agreement among the 27 clinicians' LI decisions (generalized kappa = 0.14, p < .0001) and moderate intrarater reliability within clinician's LI decisions (phi = .68). Most of the clinicians' diagnostic decision-making standards could be modeled using stepwise logistic regression. These decision rules can provide guidance for those who wish to employ diagnostic standards that reflect those used in clinical practice. Also, these results provide insight into the manner in which clinicians use information for the determination of language impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[A dementia occurred during therapy for multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis].

A 47-year-old woman was thirdly admitted to our hospital for therapy to multi-drug resistant tuberculosis of the lung in June 88. Although she was treated with TH, PAS and EVM, M. tuberculosis were positive constantly in her sputum. She complained of sleep disturbance, irritability, headache on September 89, she was diagnosed reactive depression. But her symptoms were progressive, low level of intelligence test in November, apatic in December and became spastic paralysis and vegetable state at next year. She was died of pneumonia in November 90. Her autopsy findings showed no brain atrophy nor meningitis. Microscopically, central chromatolysis were showed in Betz cells and anterior horn cells, these findings sometimes suspected for Peragulla, but we could not obtained definite pathological diagnosis, because we could not have been obtained findings indicating for Peragulla. Finally, we reported the clinical course and autopsy findings of dementia occurred during therapy for multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.

Dementia↗
PubMed1993

Pediatric clinical assessment of mother-child interaction: concurrent and predictive validity.

This study examines whether clinical assessments of mother-infant interactions collected at 8-month health supervision visits are associated with standardized measures of the home environment and mother-child interaction collected at later dates in other settings, and whether these clinical assessments are associated with the child's future developmental and behavioral status. The observation component of the Pediatric Review of Children's Environmental Support and Stimulation (PROCESS) was collected on 46 consecutive mother-infant pairs during an 8-month health supervision visit. The Home Observation Measurement of Environment (HOME) Inventory was collected on these infants' families at 12 and 36 months of age, and mother-child interaction was assessed in a laboratory setting at 30 months. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were collected at 12 and 24 months, and the Stanford Binet Intelligence Test and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist were collected at 36 months of age. The 8-month clinical ratings were strongly associated with the measures of the home environment and mother-child interaction and with child developmental and behavioral problem status at 36 months. These findings attest to the power and usefulness of systematic observations of maternal behavior by the clinician during health supervision visits.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1993

School difficulties in childhood and risk of overweight and obesity in young adulthood: a ten year prospective population study.

Cross-sectional studies of adult males have shown that intelligence test score and educational level are inversely correlated to obesity. This study prospectively assessed whether school difficulties in the third school grade are related to the risk of overweight and obesity in young adulthood. In 1974, body weight, height and social background were ascertained in 987 randomly-selected Copenhagen third graders. For each child, information about learning difficulties, scholastic proficiency, special education received, scholarly difficulties, reduced hearing, speech handicap, and speech or hearing education received was obtained. When the subjects were 20-21 years old, they reported their height and weight. The risk of being obese (above the 95th percentile of body mass index distribution) in young adulthood was assessed by logistic regression analysis taking social background, body mass index in childhood, and gender into account. The risk of being obese in young adulthood, measured by the odds ratio (OR), was increased if the child had learning difficulties (OR = 4.2; P = 0.0003), scholastic proficiency below the class average (OR = 2.8; P = 0.006), had received special education (OR = 2.7; P = 0.007), or had scholarly difficulties in childhood (OR = 2.9; P = 0.006). Reduced hearing did not increase the risk (OR = 1.5; P = 0.4). The results of the analysis of being overweight (above the 90th percentile) showed statistically weaker odds ratios around two. None of the individuals either having speech handicap or having received speech or hearing training exceeded the 90th percentile of the body mass index distribution in young adulthood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗