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PubMedDate not supplied

Furosemide vasodilates the canine gastrointestinal tract.

The ability of furosemide to induce vasodilation in the canine gastrointestinal system was studied by quantitative flowmetry. Blood flow and conductance increased maximally by 60 per cent in the stomach and duodenum and by 80 per cent in the small and large intestine. Vasodilation was evident at 2.4 mg/kg furosemide and higher. The onset of vasodilation occurred at 24 to 30 seconds and was maximal at 36 seconds in the stomach, at 66 seconds in the duodenum, at 78 to 84 seconds in the small intestine, and at 90 seconds in the large intestine. Hepatic arterial, splenic, and renal blood flows were unchanged. Simultaneous arteriovenous sampling from the small intestine indicated that the increased blood flow was not associated with increased O2 consumption. However, CO2 addition to the venous effluent decreased by 70 per cent. These data indicate that furosemide has a vasodilatory action on the gastrointestinal tract due either to a delayed effect on the vascular smooth muscle cell or on anaerobic bowel wall metabolism. The CO2 data are compatible with, but do not prove, stimulation of secretion of HCO3- by the intestinal mucosa.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Immunohistochemical demonstration of EC cells in rat gastrointestinal tract.

Selective immunohistochemical demonstration of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the rat gastrointestinal tract has been carried out, using a highly specific rabbit antiserotonin (5-HT) serum and the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique. The daily profile of the EC cell density was also studied using this method. No significant change was recorded.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Adherence of Candida strains isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract.

The adherence of different Candida strains isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract was studied. The 23 Candida strains isolated from faeces were C. albicans (12), C. glabrata (2), C. krusei (2), C. parapsilosis (2), C. tropicalis (2), C. colliculosa (1), C. kefyr (1) and C. lusitaniae (1). Buccal epithelial cells from different healthy donors were used. Adherence values were maximal for C. albicans and minimal for C. krusei. A relation exists between yeast adherence capacity and the ability to colonize mucosal surfaces.

Candida↗

PubMed1987

The value of glucagon in routine barium investigations of the gastrointestinal tract.

Four hundred thirty-five consecutive barium studies of the gastrointestinal tract were examined to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of routinely giving intravenous (IV) glucagon in these studies. Administration of glucagon was randomized. Two staff radiologists evaluated the examinations to determine whether they were of diagnostic quality and rated them on a scale of 1 to 3. Patient response to the injection was monitored. Diagnostic quality of the examinations with and without IV glucagon did not differ significantly, and patient response to the injection was unfavorable. It is concluded that with the additional cost of glucagon, and the lack of demonstrable benefit, routine administration of glucagon is not warranted.

Barium Sulfate↗

PubMed1982

Influence of high-fiber diet on bacterial populations in gastrointestinal tracts of obese- and lean-genotype pigs.

Bacterial populations from gastrointestinal tracts of genetically lean and obese pigs fed a low- or high-fiber diet (0 or 50% alfalfa meal, respectively) were enumerated with rumen fluid media and specific energy sources. Total culture counts in rectal samples declined 56 (P greater than 0.05) and 63% (P less than 0.05) in lean and obese animals, respectively, 3 weeks after feeding the high-fiber diet. After 8 weeks, culture counts had risen and were similar to those obtained before alfalfa was fed (0 week). At slaughter, 12 to 17 weeks after feeding the high-fiber diet, total counts from rectal samples of lean pigs continued to rise and were 13% greater than the 0-week counts, whereas counts from obese animals declined 37% (P greater than 0.05). The number of cellulolytic bacteria in rectal samples of lean-genotype pigs fed the high-fiber diet increased 80 and 71% from 0 to 3 weeks and 3 to 8 weeks, respectively. This overall increases from 0 to 8 weeks in lean pigs was significant (P less than 0.05); however, these increases were not seen in obese pigs. These data suggest that the microflora is initially suppressed when exposed to a high-fiber diet and that later some adaptation takes place, apparently more so in lean than in obese pigs. When specific energy sources were used to delineate the distribution of different bacterial populations in the cecum, colon, and rectum, trends could be detected between high- and low-fiber diets. These data also support the concept that bacteria populations from different sites in the large bowel differ.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1989

Colonization of the porcine gastrointestinal tract by lactobacilli.

Eight strains of lactobacillus isolated from the porcine gastrointestinal tract were tested for their ability to adhere in vitro to cells collected from stratified squamous epithelium in the digestive tracts of newborn piglets. Piglets were inoculated with individual strains, and their digestive tracts were sampled at intervals to determine the colonizing ability of the lactobacilli. The results of the in vitro test did not predict whether a lactobacillus strain would associate with stratified squamous epithelium in the piglet digestive tract, but epithelial association in vivo appeared to be an important factor in the maintenance of lactobacillus populations in the tract. None of the lactobacillus strains used as inocula was numerically dominant in the tract 7 days after inoculation of the piglets with a single dose of the bacteria.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Radiologic features of vasculitis involving the gastrointestinal tract.

Vasculitides can cause local or diffuse pathologic changes in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in nonspecific paralytic ileus, mesenteric ischemia, submucosal edema and hemorrhage, or bowel perforation or stricture. The extent and clinical course of disease depend on the size and location of the affected vessel and the histologic characteristics of the lesion. Vasculitis may primarily involve large vessels (eg, giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis), medium-sized vessels (eg, polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, primary granulomatous central nervous system vasculitis), or small vessels (eg, Wegener granulomatosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, microscopic polyangiitis, Henoch-Schönlein syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid vasculitis, Behçet syndrome). Radiologic findings in various types of vasculitis often overlap considerably and therefore have limited value in making a specific diagnosis. Nevertheless, the possibility of vasculitis should be considered whenever mesenteric ischemic changes occur in young patients, are noted at unusual sites (eg, stomach, duodenum, rectum), have a tendency to concomitantly involve the small and large intestine, and are associated with genitourinary involvement. Knowledge of systemic clinical manifestations in affected patients may suggest and even help establish the specific diagnosis.

Angiography↗

PubMed1992

Technical note: preservation of tissues and gastrointestinal tract portions by plastic coating or plastination.

Two methods to preserve gastrointestinal tract (GIT) organs and tissues, plastic coating (PC) and plastination (PN), were investigated and compared. Specimens to be preserved were removed from animals within 2 h of death and immediately cleaned with water. Digesta contents were removed by flushing desired portions of GIT with water until the exiting water was clear. In the PC method, cleaned specimens were dehydrated by immersion in an isopropanol solution, dried with forced air after positioning and orientation as in situ, and finally coated on the outer and inner surfaces with a clear plastic material. In the PN procedure, specimens were filled with, and submerged in, a low-formaldehyde fixative, then dehydrated by immersion in a cold acetone solution. Dehydrated specimens were immersed in silicone and placed in a freeze drier for impregnation under low vacuum, followed by overnight gas curing with a silicone crosslinker. Finally, viewing windows were cut out with a scalpel in GIT preserved by both methods. Preserved GIT and tissues had an appearance similar to their appearance in vivo. The PC method was simple and inexpensive. Plastinated specimens were more flexible, durable, and lifelike than those preserved by the PC method. In addition, many body parts, such as muscles, nerves, bones, ligaments, and central nervous system specimens, were preserved by PN. Both methods were found to be useful tools for postmortem studies of tissues and GIT organs.

1-Propanol↗

PubMed1999

The metabolic fate of the amido-N group of glutamine in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract in 24 h-fasted sheep.

Whole-body and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) metabolism of [5-(15)N]glutamine were monitored in lambs (33 kg live weight) fasted for 24 h. Animals were previously prepared with vascular catheters across the mesenteric-(MDV) and portal-drained viscera (PDV) to permit quantification of mass and isotopic transfers of metabolites by arterio-venous difference. Continuous infusions of [5-(15)N]glutamine into the jugular vein were conducted for 10 h and integrated blood samples withdrawn over 75 min intervals for the last 5 h of infusion. The lambs were then killed and portions from various tissues of the digestive tract and other body organs removed for determination of 15N enrichment in RNA, DNA and protein (the latter obtained by difference using total acid-precipitable N). Whole-body glutamine flux was 108 mumol/min of which 23 and 47% could be attributed to MDV and PDV metabolism (P < 0.001) respectively. There was a small net production of glutamine across the MDV. GIT blood-flows and NH3 production were partitioned 3:2 between MDV and non-MDV components. Less than 5% of the NH3 produced was derived from the amido-N of glutamine, while across the small intestine (MDV) 26% of the glutamine flux was converted to NH3, compared with 18% for non-MDV transfers. The 15N enrichments in protein were of the order jejunum > duodenum > ileum with mucosal cells more labelled than serosal (P < 0.001). Lesser enrichments were observed for other GIT tissues (abomasum > caecum > rumen) while liver and lymph were comparable with the abomasum; kidney, spleen and muscle were lower still (P < 0.05). Enrichments of RNA were similar to that of protein and followed the same pattern, except for higher relative values for liver, spleen and lymphoid tissue. The lowest enrichments were observed for DNA, but again the pattern order was similar except for increased label in lymph, caecum and the spleen. For the MDV there was reasonable agreement between 15N-disappearance as glutamine and appearance in NH3 (24%), protein (81%), RNA (3.6%) and DNA (2.1%). For the total PDV there was a shortfall (-12%), however, which may be due to losses in lumen components. These results show the importance of the GIT as a contributor to total glutamine plasma flux, but indicate a lesser reliance on glutamine metabolism by the digestive tract of the ruminant compared with observations from non-ruminants.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1975

Isolation and identification of prostaglandin E2 from gastrointestinal tract of shark Triakis scyllia.

A prostaglandin was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of the shark Triakis scyllia and identified as prostaglandin E2 by bioassay, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectrometry and mass spectrometry. The fatty acid composition of the tissue was also determined. The amount of eicosatetraenoic acid in this tissue was 17.2% of the total fatty acids, but the percentages of eicosatrienoic acid and eicospentaenoid acid were low.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract: catalyst of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome].

The abnormal colonization of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the loss of the intestinal barrier function, the bacterial translocation (BT) are signs of intestinal insufficiency which are supposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of MODS. This worsens the condition or leads to lethal outcome in patients after major abdominal surgery in ICU. The goal of this investigation was to consider the scientific and clinical evidence for the BT role in the pathogenesis of MODS and to present evidence about the advantages and the efficiency of antibiotic combination Amikacin plus Clindamycin as a new therapeutic strategy for the improvement of the outcome in patients with MODS and sepsis. To that purpose patients with diffuse peritonitis of different origin were analyzed. After surgery some patients were left with laparostomy. This gave the possibility for revisions and lavages of the abdominal cavity and for taking material for microbiological analyses. The patients were grouped into two subgroups according to antibiotic treatment: 1st group--combination of usually used antibiotics; 2nd group--Amikacin plus Clindamycin. The second group patients showed good tolerance to this antibiotic combination and good therapeutic effect.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1992

[Cytomegalovirus infections of the gastrointestinal tract].

Histopathological findings in 8 cases of CMV infections of the gastrointestinal tract including 5 cases with AIDS are presented. The cytomegalic cells were irregularly distributed and were predominantly found in esophagus, small bowel and colon. Viral inclusions were detected in "stromal" cells and in endothelial cells, sometimes associated with lesions of the vascular wall. Cytomegalic smooth muscle cells and glandular epithelia were also observed. No correlation was found between the number of cytomegalic cells per mm2 of tissue and the inflammatory response. Monoclonal CMV antibodies reacted immunohistologically not only with cytomegalic cells but also with a few normally appearing cells. The in-situ-hybridization detected CMV-DNA also in cells which were negative for CMV antigens. Notwithstanding the new immunohistological techniques the searching for cytomegalic cells and their recognition still belong to the most important steps required for the diagnosis of CMV infection.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1990

Short-term malnutrition in neonatal rabbits: effect on function and synthesis of free radical metabolizing enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract.

Oxygen-derived free radicals are an important component of gastrointestinal injury in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). To assess the effect of a 72-h fast on the ability of neonatal small bowel to metabolize free radicals, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and the glutathione cycle were quantitated in mucosal scrapings from proximal and distal small bowel of fed and fasted neonatal rabbits. Hexose monophosphate shunt activity, quantitated in enterocytes from fed and fasted neonatal rabbits, was significantly less, p less than 0.01, in fasted animals. SOD activity was lower in distal small bowel from fasted animals than fed. The two mechanisms available to metabolize H2O2, catalase and the glutathione cycle, were significantly lower in both proximal and distal small bowel from fasted animals than in those from fed animals. To determine if fasting caused decreased enzyme activity at the level of gene expression, gastrointestinal tract DNA, RNA and protein, and specific mRNA levels for catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and SOD were quantitated. DNA, total RNA, and mRNA for SOD were lower in mucosal scrapings from fasted animals. However, mRNA for catalase, and GPx were not lower in fasted animals. Thus, a 72-h fast in neonatal rabbits causes a regional-specific decrease in SOD activity, which may be explained by decreased transcription. Changes in transcription do not completely account for regulation of catalase and glutathione cycle enzymes.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Metallic mercury in the gastrointestinal tract. A case of ingested thermometer mercury.

In a healthy, intact gastrointestinal tract, metallic mercury cannot produce symptoms of systemic intoxication. If retained in the appendix, however, the mercury can cause local inflammation and--should penetration result--also systemic poisoning. A case is described in which ingested thermometer mercury was retained in the appendix and thereby constituted an indication for appendectomy.

Accidents, Home↗

PubMed2001

[The new "Vienna Classification" for epithelial neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract. Pros or cons?].

A number of seminars have shown considerable differences between Japanese and Western pathologists in the the diagnostic differentiation of regenerative changes, dysplasia, and well differentiated adenocarcinoma in gastroenterological biopsy material. Lesions which most Western pathologists identify as "dysplasia" are often considered adenocarcinomas in Japan. A comparison of the biopsy-based diagnoses with those established in resected mucosa, however, reveals appreciable diagnostic inexperience on the part of Western pathologists, with significant discrepancies between their diagnoses based on biopsies and those based on resected material. Against this background, a new classification of epithelial neoplasias of the gastrointestinal tract was drafted on the occasion of the World Congress of Gastroenterology in Vienna in 1998. By collapsing the diagnoses "high-grade adenoma/dysplasia, noninvasive carcinoma (carcinoma in situ), and suspected invasive carcinoma" into a single category ("noninvasive high-grade neoplasia," category 4), this scheme should largely eliminate the diagnostic discrepancies between Western and Japanese pathologists. As with every classification, the Vienna classification has its advantages and disadvantages; these are discussed here. The most important advantage of the Vienna classification is that the various categories are associated with different recommendations for further diagnostic and therapeutic measures. This applies particularly to category 4, with the recommendation for only local treatment initially (endoscopic mucosal resection or surgical excision). Since the introduction of the Vienna classification the new WHO classification of neoplasias of the gastrointestinal tract has recently been published, in which the term dysplasia has been replaced by "intraepithelial neoplasia." This means that the Vienna classification needs to be modified accordingly.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

PubMed2002

The new Vienna classification of epithelial neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract: advantages and disadvantages.

A number of seminars have shown considerable differences between Japanese and Western pathologists in the diagnostic differentiation of reactive changes, dysplasia and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma in gastroenterological biopsy material. Lesions that most Western pathologists identify as "dysplasia" are often considered adenocarcinomas in Japan. A comparison of the biopsy-based diagnoses with those established in resected mucosa, however, reveals appreciable diagnostic inexperience on the part of Western pathologists, with significant discrepancies between their diagnoses based on biopsies and those based on resected material. Against this background, a new classification of epithelial neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract was drafted on the occasion of the World Congress of Gastroenterology in Vienna in 1998. By collapsing the diagnoses "high-grade adenoma/dysplasia, noninvasive carcinoma (carcinoma in situ), and suspected invasive carcinoma" into a single category ("noninvasive high-grade neoplasia", category 4), this scheme should largely eliminate the diagnostic discrepancies between Western and Japanese pathologists. As with every classification, the Vienna classification has its advantages and disadvantages; these are discussed here. The most important advantage of the Vienna classification is that the various categories are associated with different recommendations for further diagnostic and therapeutic measures. This applies in particular to category 4, with the recommendation for only local treatment initially (endoscopic mucosal resection or surgical excision). Since the introduction of the Vienna classification, the new World Health Organization classification of neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract has recently been published, in which the term dysplasia has been replaced by "intraepithelial neoplasia". This means that the Vienna classification needs to be modified accordingly.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1998

Galectin-4 and galectin-6 are two closely related lectins expressed in mouse gastrointestinal tract.

Galectins are a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins that share a conserved sequence and affinity for beta-galactosides. Some, such as galectin-1, are isolated as dimers and have a single carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) in each monomer, whereas others, such as galectin-4, are isolated as monomers and have two CRDs in a single polypeptide chain. In the course of studying mouse colon mRNA for galectin-4, we detected a related mRNA that encodes a new galectin that also has two CRDs in a single peptide chain. The new galectin, galectin-6, lacks a 24-amino acid stretch in the link region between the two CRDs that is present in galectin-4. Otherwise, these two galectins have 83% amino acid identity. Expression of both galectin-4 and galectin-6 is confined to the epithelial cells of the embryonic and adult gastrointestinal tract. Galectin-4 is expressed at about equal levels in colon and small intestine but much less in stomach, whereas galectin-6 is expressed at about equal levels throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Angiodysplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

I have reviewed the English language literature on angiodysplasia of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Angiodysplasia is a distinct mucosal vascular lesion associated with acute or chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. Its etiology is unknown, but theories of its pathogenesis have evolved from its similarity to colonic angiodysplasia and an association with renal failure. Despite recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, the endoscopic diagnosis is difficult because the lesions are so small and so similar to fresh blood. Endoscopic ablation by electrocautery or laser photocoagulation can reduce bleeding or make it stop, but repeated treatments are often necessary.

Aortic Valve Stenosis↗