New technologies for amperometric biosensors.
Amperomeric-based detectors have successfully been used as personal monitors for blood glucose levels. However, there is a desire to increase the number of compounds measured in a small blood sample, the speed of detection and enhance the reliability of the measurement. Furthermore, with the increasing use of microdialysis as a clinical sampling method in metabolic medicine, paediatric medicine and neurointensive care, there is a need for rapid on-line detection of analytes such as lactate, glucose and glutamate in low microlitre volume samples. Two approaches to these problems are described. The first uses enzymes immobilized in a packed bed with electrochemical detection of a ferrocene mediator as a flow-injection assay for use with microdialysis. Results from microdialysis of the brain of freely moving rats are described. In the second approach, thin-film techniques are used to fabricate arrays of microdisk and micro line electrodes. The properties of these arrays in free solution and in a flow cell are presented together with an example using multiple arrays to identify an analyte by oxidation potential. Finally, different enzymes are entrapped onto the surface of two arrays by electrochemical polymerization of o-phenylenediamine. The resulting device detects glucose and lactate in real-time.