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PubMed1995

[The analysis of the mechanisms of both the SM and the extrapyramidal system modulating the nociceptive responses of the neurons in NRM].

The experiment was carried out on rats. Unit discharges of NRM were recorded extracellularly with glass microelectrode. Before the lesion of the head of N. Caudatus, 15 NRM neurons were recorded. The stimulation of the hindlimb areas of SM could obviously activate NRM neurons, the spontaneous discharges were increased to 59.06 +/- 25.35% (P < 0.05) and the nociceptive responses were obviously inhibited to -46.61 +/- 14.78 (P < 0.01) at 0 minute after stopping stimulation. Both effects lasted for 15 minutes, and then gradually returned to original level. After the lesion of the head of N. Caudatus, the effects of the stimulation of the hindlimb areas of SM on 19 NRM neurons were clearly decreased. The spontaneous discharges were increased to only 6.9 +/- 21.46% and the nociceptive responses were inhibited only -4.57 +/- 11.08% at 0 minute after stopping stimulation, even the nociceptive responses were slightly increased in 5-30 minutes. The difference between the two groups was statistical significance. The value of the difference was about 42% (P < 0.05) at 0 minute and lasted 30 minutes. It suggests that the effects of stimulating SM on NRM may be transmitted by the head of N. Caudatus in the extrapyramidal system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[History of the basal ganglia system. Slow development of a major cerebral system].

Initially, basal ganglia was a descriptive term for onto- and phylogenetic or topographic classifications. A variable list of structures were included as basal ganglia. A major step was made when the thalamus was separated from the "striated bodies" (Vic d'Azyr, 1786) which was sometimes taken into account in the French description of the noyaux gris centraux. Even if the term is not perfect, it is preferable to "the system of basal ganglia". The subdivisions of the putamen, the distinction between the striatum and the pallidum were not really made until the beginning of the twentieth century. Modern tracing methods were needed to demonstrate the main connections. It was not until the end of the 1960s that the importance of the striato-pallido-nigral network within the basal ganglia and the cortico-striatal connections, the main afferent system, were recognized. With the description of the cortico-striatal connections, the sub-cortical system with multiple complex "loops" was questioned. The term "extra-pyramidal system" had an exaggerated success. Initially, it designated descending non-pyramidal afferents (some which do not exist) and their source. In 1992, Spatz based his separation of this heterogeneous group on the iron content. The terms of extra-pyramidal "system" and "syndrome" should be abandoned by clinicians. Physiological interpretations have varied. The role of automatic "habitual" motricity, derived from a concept of hierarchic, Jacksonian cerebral organization, was questioned when the pyramidal network was described. Clinico-pathological analysis (hemiballism, Parkinson's disease ...) has placed new emphasis on the motor role, for a time the only role accepted as real. More recently, debate has centred on other roles, particularly in cognition and motivation. An illustration of functions other than purely motor functions of the basal ganglia is given by the syndromes of loss of psychic auto-activation secondary to bilateral lesions.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed1993

Hemiballismus in patient with blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

The authors report the clinical course and neuropathological findings in the case of hemiballismus due to leukemic infiltration of the subthalamic nucleus. The symptoms were observed in a 19-year-old patient with blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, two weeks before death, when what is called the "critical point" developed (white cell count beyond 100 G/l and thrombocytopenia less than 50 G/l). The investigation are considered to confirm the role of the "critical point" in the development of central nervous system leukemic complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Differential effects of antipsychotic and psychotomimetic drugs on neurotensin systems of discrete extrapyramidal and limbic regions.

The effects of two antipsychotic (dopamine antagonist) drugs, haloperidol and clozapine, and of two psychotomimetic (dopamine-releasing) drugs, methamphetamine and cocaine, on neurotensin (NT) concentrations in discrete regions of the caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and globus pallidus were examined. Multiple administrations of haloperidol (HA, 1 mg/kg), clozapine (20 mg/kg), methamphetamine (METH, 10 mg/kg) or cocaine (30 mg/kg) increased NT-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in the whole striatum (caudate nucleus plus globus pallidus). The effects of combined HA and METH treatment on striatal NTLI were additive. In contrast, the effects of clozapine plus METH were not different from those caused by either drug alone. The caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and globus pallidus were dissected into nine areas based on anterior-posterior and medial-lateral position. Across the caudate areas, some differences in NTLI concentrations occurred when cocaine- and METH-treated groups were compared, even though whole striata in these groups did not differ significantly. The effects of the antipsychotic drugs in discrete caudate regions, alone or in combination with METH, confirmed the observations in the whole striata, although significant regional differences existed. There were also differential regional effects in the nucleus accumbens. Drug-induced changes in the NTLI content of the anterior nucleus accumbens were similar to those observed in the whole striatum, whereas NTLI changes in the posterior region of this structure often were opposite. Finally, NTLI concentrations in the globus pallidus were increased by Ha or METH treatment, but were not affected by clozapine or cocaine treatment. These findings suggest that NT systems throughout the entire striatum and nucleus accumbens do not respond in a homogeneous manner to these drugs which stimulate or block dopamine activity. The regional differences in NT responses may reflect different dopamine neurons which are affected differentially by dopamine-altering drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Induction patterns of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the forebrain as predictors of atypical antipsychotic activity.

Clozapine and haloperidol produce different induction patterns of c-fos expression in the forebrain, with haloperidol increasing Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, lateral septal nucleus and clozapine producing such effects in the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex and lateral septal nucleus. Accordingly, it was deemed possible that this approach may be useful in characterizing compounds with known or suggested antipsychotic actions. We therefore examined the effects of 17 compounds considered to be either typical, or atypical, antipsychotics on FLI in the prefrontal cortex, medial and dorsolateral striatum, nucleus accumbens and the lateral septal nucleus. Consistent with the hypothesis that the prefrontal cortex may be a target for some antipsychotic actions, FLI was elevated in this structure by clozapine, ICI 204,636, fluperlapine, RMI-81,582, remoxipride, molindone, melperone and tiospirone. Likewise, the ability of all of the compounds, except for risperidone, to enhance FLI in the lateral septal nucleus suggests that this limbic region also may be an important locus of antipsychotic action. All of the compounds examined elevated FLI in the nucleus accumbens and medial striatum, indicating that potential antipsychotic activity is predicted most consistently on this basis. Neuroleptics with a clearly documented liability for producing extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) such as chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, metoclopramide and molindone elevated FLI in the dorsolateral striatum. In contrast, compounds unlikely to produce EPS such as clozapine, thioridazine, risperidone, remoxipride, fluperlapine, sulpiride, melperone and RMI-81,582 either failed to increase or produced minor elevations in FLI in the dorsolateral striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Pharmacological profile of the dopamine partial agonist, (+/-)-PD 128483 and its enantiomers.

(+/-)-PD 128483, ((+/-)-4,5,5a,6,7,8-hexahydro-6-methylthiazolo[4,5-f]-quinolin+ ++-2-amine, maleate (1:1)), is a racemic compound that is a p.o. active dopamine (DA) partial agonist that has DA autoreceptor agonist effects and displays antipsychoticlike activity in preclinical tests. In in vitro receptor binding assays, (+/-)-PD 128483 and its enantiomers bound selectively to DA D-2 receptors vs. DA D-1 receptors and showed no affinity for adrenergic alpha-1 or serotonin1A receptors, but had affinity for adrenergic alpha-2 receptors. In tests of DA agonist effects, including reversal of the tau-butyrolactone-stimulated increase in brain dopa synthesis in striatum and inhibition of DA neuronal firing, the rank order of efficacy was (+)-PD 128483 > (+/-)-PD 128483 > (-)-PD 128483. (+/-)-PD 128483 and (+)-PD 128483 inhibited, whereas (-)-PD 128483 increased, brain DA synthesis in normal rats. (+/-)-PD 128483 and (-)-PD 128483 inhibited spontaneous locomotion in rats and did not produce locomotor stimulation or stereotypies. In contrast, (+)-PD 128483 inhibited locomotor activity at low doses, but at relatively high doses increased locomotion and induced stereotypy in rats. (-)-PD 128483 consistently inhibited Sidman avoidance responding in squirrel monkeys. (+/-)-PD 128483 inhibited Sidman avoidance responding in one group of monkeys, but had minimal effects in another group. (+)-PD 128483 did not inhibit avoidance responding. In squirrel or cebus monkeys sensitized to the acute dystonic effects of haloperidol, only (-)-PD 128483 induced extrapyramidal dysfunction. These results indicate that (+/-)-PD 128483 is a DA partial agonist which produces DA autoreceptor agonist effects and has a preclinical behavioral profile suggestive of antipsychotic activity.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed1993

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and mental retardation: review and analysis of 29 cases.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, an uncommon but potentially lethal complication of antipsychotic medication that has received little notice in the mental retardation literature, was reviewed. An analysis of 29 cases in which the condition appeared in individuals with mental retardation was also provided. Recommendations about reducing morbidity and mortality among members of this population, for whom neuroleptic use is common, were made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[A case of rabbit syndrome--its unique pharmacological feature].

A 61-year-old woman developed cerebellar ataxia as an initial symptom when she was 52 years old. Her neurological symptom was gradually followed by autonomic nervous system disturbance, pyramidal sign, and rigidity. She was diagnosed as suffering from multiple system atrophy (MSA), when she was 53 years old. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed atrophy of the cerebellum and brainstem. She was accompanied by rabbit syndrome (RS), when she was 61 years old. She had not been given any neuroleptics, which might produce RS, before she developed RS. Her regular involuntary movement was localized in lips, and its frequency was about 3 Hz. While sleeping, she did not have the involuntary movement. We had a chance to conduct pharmacological examination on RS. The administration of atropine or trihexyphenidyl did not change her symptom of RS, and the intravenous injection of levodopa deteriorated the movement. Haloperidol, sulpiride, or chlorpromazine was significantly effective on her involuntary movement of RS. These results indicated that our patient had the supersensitivity in her dopamine receptor. Such supersensitivity might result from the denervation in MSA, because she had not been administered any neuroleptics. RS is generally considered to be a kind of extrapyramidal sign, and we have not been aware of any report about RS, which levodopa deteriorated and neuroleptics improved. The mechanism of her symptom is discussed.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1993

[Atypical tricyclic neuroleptics for treatment of schizophrenia. Clothiapine and clozapine].

The main objective of the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia has been, and still is, to obtain optimal therapeutic efficacy, which is seconded by the aim to restrict as far as possible the sometimes severe collateral effects which are acknowledged as being the major drawback to the regular use of neuroleptic agents. Tight from the start, some "atypical neuroleptics" were identified as being of interest for this reason; these included Clothiapine and Clozapine, a more recently discovered drug which is not yet commercially available in Italy. Both of these neuroleptics have been found to offer extremely interesting advantages. The authors now report data referring to the clinical use of these drugs during 1989-1990 in addition to those published in the literature on this subject.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Neuroacanthocytosis: report of 3 cases].

Neuroacanthocytosis is a syndrome characterized by extrapyramidal neurologic manifestations such as chorea, dystonia, parkinsonism or tics and acanthocytosis in the blood smear. It is often associated with self aggression (lips and tongue bites) and arreflectic amyotrophy of the extremities. Three adult patients with the characteristic neurologic manifestations of the syndrome, acanthocytosis in the blood smear and normal plasma lipoproteins are presented. Kell antigen was negative in all the patients. Two patients presented as a Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and one as a familiar Chorea. The diagnosis must be suspected in adult patients with extrapyramidal manifestations and in whom the blood smear shows the presence of acanthocytosis. This is the first report of neuroacathocytosis in Chile and the second in a group of patients of hispanic origin.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of Parkinson disease].

This review of the literature shows that Parkinson's disease can be considered as an indication of sismotherapy. The therapeutic effects of ECT on the extra-pyramidal syndrome are reviewed whether it is associated with a depression or not. The various biological mechanisms of the antiparkinsonian effect of ECT are discussed ie the increase of the permeability of the brain blood barrier, the action on the dopamin metabolism and the dopamin receptors and the action on the opioid receptors and melatonin. The role of maintenance ECT in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is cleared up. In conclusion, it appears that sismotherapy can be considered as an adjuvant therapy in Parkinson's disease especially when there is a resistance to dopatherapy.

Depressive Disorder↗