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Results of work of disinfection service using a complex of disinfecion's measures on a mode against virus infections are resulted. In view of absence now methodical normative documents on modes of disinfection in the centers of the bird's flu the recommendations on use of new disinfectants are made.
Infection control in dentistry focuses on the prevention of cross-contamination among patients, dentists and dental personnel. Difficulties in sterilizing impression materials have led to chemical disinfection as an alternative. This study evaluated the efficacy of disinfectants on the surfaces of silicon and irreversible hydrocolloid materials involved microorganisms. All disinfectants used in this study was effective on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans for silicon impression material and Candida albicans for irreversible hydrocolloid.
The disinfecting effect of ozonized water has been investigated. Under the precondition that the dental chair had been thoroughly sanitized, the system showed a good disinfecting effect. Finally, for reasons of practical medical treatment, the ozone concentration in air and, for reasons of hygiene in drinking water, the ozone concentrations in water were determined under various conditions. In addition, the influence of continuous-flow water heaters is discussed. The problem of continuous-flow water heaters regarding their effects on the colonisation of water by microbes proves not to be significant. The exposure of patients to disinfectants is discussed.
A test method was developed incorporating AOAC use-dilution stainless steel Penicylinders and H.Ep.-2 tissue culture cells for the evaluation of disinfectants as virucides. The subsequent collaborative study using Herpes simplex and poliovirus type 1 in evaluation against a quaternary ammonium compound, phenolic, and iodiphor disinfectants indicated that the basic test procedure is sound. However, an improved virus concentration technique and a modified method for drying virus-contaminated cylinders are recommended. In addition, other types of disinfectants and test viruses should be included in order to demonstrate that the procedure is versatile as well as reproducible.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the capacity of various disinfectant chemicals to cause epithelial toxicity with repeated exposure. The abdominal area of 3-month old, experimental ICR/CD-1 mice was initially shaved, denuded with a depilatory agent and allowed to rest for 24 hours. Commercial preparations of iodophors, bleach, synthetic phenols, phenolic/alcohols, and glutaraldehydes were then sprayed onto the exposed abdominal tissue 8 times/day (0.8 ml spray) for 2 consecutive days. The applied disinfectant was allowed to dry between procedures. In comparison to controls sprayed with distilled water, each disinfectant stimulated some degree of epidermal changes. Resultant multiple brownish lesions showed local thickening and hardening. Histologically, epidermal changes ranged from mild hypertrophy to extensive epithelial erosion. A few inflammatory cells were occasionally detected in the epithelium. When present, dermal reactions ranged from a mild inflammation to focal areas of collagen degeneration. The results indicated that iodophors stimulated the mildest reactions, followed by the synthetic phenol preparations, bleach, phenolic/alcohols, and glutaraldehyde sprays. Similar assays using glutaraldehyde immersion sterilants/disinfectants produced marked tissue destruction.
OBJECTIVE: To review the principles and practice of sterilization and disinfection of medical instruments in the office setting. DATA SOURCES: Searches of MEDLINE for articles published from 1980 to 1990 on disinfection, sterilization, cross infection, surgical instruments and iatrogenic disease, bibliographies, standard texts and reference material located in a central processing department. STUDY SELECTION: We reviewed surveys of decontamination practices in physicians' offices, reviews of current recommendations for office decontamination procedures, case reports of cross infection in offices and much of the standard reference material on decontamination theory and practice. DATA SYNTHESIS: There have been few surveys of physicians' decontamination practices and few case reports of cross infection. Office practitioners have little access to practical information on sterilization and disinfection. CONCLUSION: The increasing threat of cross infection from medical instruments calls for greater knowledge about decontamination. We have adapted material from various sources and offer a primer on the subject.
For organisational reasons, it is often necessary to work with pre-cultures from a refrigerated incubator after a weekend or holidays. It was investigated, whether the cold storage of cultures before the incubation technique had an effect on disinfectant testing. The work with the germs from the refrigerated incubator showed an increased resistance of the bacteria in tests with a phenolic disinfectant. In comparison to control cultures there was a 3 log (10(3) difference in the reduction factors. The decreased performance of the disinfectant did not correspond to a difference in the number of germs. The germ count from the refrigerated incubator was 10(9) cfu/ml which is the required amount for the DGHM-test-methods. The exceptionally high survival rate of the pre-cultures from the refrigerated incubator must have through their pre-test handling led to the increased resistance against the phenolic test product.
In an experimental model designed to simulate actual clinical situations, the risk period of adenovirus type 19 (AdV-19) and enterovirus 70 (EV-70) transmission by contaminated instruments has been investigated, as well as the effective methods of disinfection against these viruses. No EV-70 could be detected 6 hours after inoculation on applanation tips contaminated with viruses and naturally dried, indicating that drying the instruments and keeping them in a moisture-free environment is a convenient disinfection procedure against EV-70. In contrast, AdV-19 maintained its initial infectious level for 11 days on contaminated and subsequently dried tips. Both viruses when placed in eyedrop solutions at room temperature sustained their infectivity for more than 20 days. It was found that heating at 90 degrees C for 5 seconds is the most simple and effective disinfection against AdV-19 and EV-70. AdV-19 was about 60 times more resistant to ultraviolet irradiation than EV-70.
Twelve chemicals and commercial disinfectants were tested for inactivation of equine infectious anemia virus. In the presence of 10% bovine serum, all chemicals inactivated 4 log10 (based on 0.1 ml) of the virus within 5 minutes at 23 C. A reduction of at least 4 log10 was observed when the virus was exposed for 1 minute to substituted phenolic disinfectants (3 commercial preparations and sodium orthophenylphenate), halogen derivatives (iodophor and sodium hypochlorite), chlorhexidine, and 70% ethanol. Sodium hydroxide (5%), 2% formalin, and 2% glutaraldehyde were slower to inactivate the virus, but achieved 4 log10 reduction in titer by 5 minutes' contact time. The susceptibility of the equine infectious anemia virus to chemical disinfectants is similar to that of other enveloped viruses.
The ADA Council on Dental Therapeutics recognizes many commercial products as effective for use in dentistry as disinfectants or sterilants. Some of the products act only as disinfectants and do not sterilize; some have an odor that is unpleasant; others stain or bleach surfaces; and some of the formulations are corrosive to metallic surfaces. Therefore, it is essential that, before purchasing a chemical sterilant/disinfectant or a surface disinfectant for routine use, the practitioner, dental hygienist, and assistant obtain as much detailed information as possible. With sufficient information, subsequent decisions may be used on appropriate efficacy criteria, and the potential for product misuse may be reduced.
The effects of eight disinfectants commonly used in dental practice on the vital physical properties of a fully set die stone were examined. Distilled water was used as a control. The properties used to evaluate the effects of the disinfectants were detail reproduction, surface hardness, bulk strength, dimensional accuracy, and chemical interaction. Some of the disinfectant solutions were found to be reactive and to alter the properties of the stone to various degrees. However, two of the agents were less reactive and caused little or no observable change in the physical properties of the stone.
Three tests intended for the assessment of the bactericidal activity of surface disinfectants are compared. They are the French AFNOR test (AFNOR NF T 72-190: détermination de l'activité antibactérienne pour la décontamination des surfaces--méthode des portes-germes), the German DGHM test (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie: Flächendesinfektionsversuch unter praxisnahen Bedingungen) and the Leuven test. From the theoretical analysis of the different elements of the testing techniques in which the three methods differ, it was deduced that it should be easier to pass the AFNOR test, since relatively more disinfectant solution is available to kill the same number of bacteria, whereas the Leuven test is the more severe, because the bacterial inoculum is larger and the germs are more protected by organic matter. The same differences are found in practice. This is demonstrated by the comparison of the results for 38 disinfectant preparations: the microbicidal effect obtained (log reduction factor, RF) is the lowest in the results by the Leuven test, and the best results are obtained in the DGHM test; this difference is found statistically significant in the Wilcoxon rank sum test for paired samples It could be that because of the different norm (the Leuven test for 30 min requires only an RF of 4.0, whereas the norm for the other tests is 5.0), the number of preparations passing (or failing) a test is the same, or that at least a preparation passing the more severe test passes automatically the easier tests; this is not always the case If the notion of passing or failing a test is omitted, and the ranks of the test results are compared in pairs, then, however, a very significant correlation is found among the test results, although to a lesser extent for the AFNOR test versus the Leuven tests in case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It can be concluded that the three testing techniques yield comparable results (correlation of the ranks), although a preparation passing a severe test does not automatically pass a less severe test. In any case there is a marked difference in the severity of the testing techniques and this is not neutralized by adjusting the required norm only.
In conjunction with nosocomial infection of opthalomycoses in the ophthalmological department, from the enucleated eye and from Ringer solution (used during operations) a fibrous microscopic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus was isolated. During sensitivity tests of the isolated strain to locally used disinfectants and chemical sterilizing agents it was revealed that the strain was not killed even by the action of higher concentrations of disinfectant solutions, used in our health departments according to instructions of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic. Persteril, although supposed to act as a chemical sterilizing agent 0.5% concentrations and 10 minute exposure, killed the isolated strains only in the course of 30 minutes. Based on tests of the strain Paecilomyces lilacinus it must be foreseen that in health institutions strains of microorganisms may be present which are resistant to these concentrations of disinfectants which are considered effective.
The use of customary trade disinfectants lead to occupational disease no. 80 in many employers of public health. For that reason our aim is to improve the skin compatibility of this disinfectants. Its possible to achieve a pH-shift to a more physiological level eighter by buffer salt addition or by neutralization. Following this, disinfectants were investigated in a microbiological test.
Under defined conditions, E. coli bacteriophage f2 was subject to repeated disinfection by chlorine 10 times. The survival bacteriophage f2 was compared with its original strain in resistance to chlorine. Experimental results showed that bacteriophage f2 increased its resistance after chlorine disinfection. The increased resistance varied under different conditions. The higher the pH, the greater the increased resistance. The survival bacteriophage f2 maintained its increased resistance though it was passaged 10 times in nutrient broth. The reason for the increased resistance of bacteriophage f2 after chlorine disinfection was probably the chlorine-induced mutation or spontaneous chlorine-resistant mutation.
Filter manufacturers claim that the use of disposable filters for anesthesia and ventilation therapy would be more economical than changing the tubes and/or ventilation circuits every 24 h or 48 h. We therefore compared the costs of chemical disinfection or thermal disinfection of 4 different ventilation tube systems with those of disposable Pall filters. The cost of disinfecting tubes used for ventilation or anesthesia varies 1.81 DM to 12.60 DM and is therefore lower than that of the use of disposable filters changed daily. Tubes used for anesthesia should be changed after each patient and tubes for ventilation therapy can be changed every other day, but disposable filters must be changed daily or after each case when used for anesthesia.
The virucidal activity of 8 disinfectants was analyzed towards 3 groups of viruses responsible for diseases in animals (pneumovirus, coronavirus, parvovirus). Whether organic matter is present or not, parvoviruses are the most resistant, since concentrations of disinfectants 20-500 times higher than those inactivating coronaviruses and pneumoviruses must used. When organic matters are present the activity of disinfectant is considerably reduced. Among the products tested, 0.8% soda and sodium hypochlorite with 1 degree chlorometric were the most active.
The validity of routine disinfection of gastrointestinal fibroscopes is reported. The Authors present their work based on 204 tests performed on gastroscopes and colonoscopes after manual disinfection performed by skilled nurses. All the instruments were kept in a 1:16 solution of glutaraldehyde-phenate for 10 minutes. Microbiological tests were performed half on sterile solution flushed on the outer part of the endoscope and half into the bioptic channel. Different groups of tests are reported. When strict asepsis was observed in handling the endoscopes all tests demonstrated to be sterile. When the endoscopes were handled as in usual routine, i.e. without sterile gloves and so on, 20% of the tests showed the presence of bacteria: these were only of types present in the environment. No real pathogens or antibiotic resistant strains were observed. The total disinfection procedure showed to be easy and quick to perform. No allergic or toxic reactions were observed. The importance of this procedure as a routine one in all endoscopy units is stressed considering also that literature data demonstrate the efficacy of glutaraldehyde-phenate against hepatitis and AIDS viruses.