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At least 1,333 records · Page 74Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Lack of renoprotective effect of i.v. N-acetylcysteine in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Pre-existing chronic renal failure is a significant risk factor for acute renal failure (ARF) after cardiac surgery. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been shown to prevent contrast media-induced ARF. Our objective was to evaluate whether i.v. NAC has renoprotective effects in patients with mild renal failure undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, 80 patients with mild to moderate renal failure undergoing elective heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were recruited. All received either i.v. NAC (n=38) or placebo (n=39) at induction of anaesthesia and then up to 20 h. Urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and urine creatinine ratio, plasma creatinine, and serum cystatin C levels indicated renal function. RESULTS: Levels of urinary NAG/creatinine ratio, plasma creatinine and serum cystatin C did not significantly differ between NAC and placebo groups during five postoperative days. Urine NAG/creatinine ratio increased over 30% in 100% of patients in the NAC group vs 92.3% in the placebo group (P=0.081). Plasma creatinine increased by 25% from baseline or over 44 mumol litre(-1) in 42.1% in NAC group vs 48.7% in placebo group (P=0.560). Serum cystatin C exceeded 1.4 mg litre(-1) in 78.9% in NAC group vs 61.5% in placebo group (P=0.096). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic treatment with i.v. N-acetylcysteine had no renoprotective effect in patients with pre-existing renal failure undergoing cardiac surgery.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed2005

A comparative study of three kidney biomarker tests in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the progress of tubular damage and renal insufficiency in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a subject of doubtless interest, and is the object of this present work. METHODS: A total of 92 adult ADPKD patients of both genders were studied, none of which presented end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and classified according to an ultrasound score based on kidney size and number of cysts. Urinary albumin and beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (Hex) and its isoenzymes were determined, together with serum glutathione peroxidase, cystatin C, creatinine, and urea. RESULTS: A frequent elevation of the urinary Hex was found and an alteration of its isoenzymatic profile, with 31% of the normotensive patients with normoalbuminuria already presenting an increased proportion of Hex B isoenzyme. Keeping age constant, a partial significant correlation was found between the ultrasound score and the proportion of Hex B (r = 0.352, P < 0.05), but not with albuminuria or cystatin C. In 42 patients the different biochemical variables were again determined after 1 year, finding that in the 13 normotensive patients with normoalbuminuria there had been a significant decrease in the concentration of cystatin C (P < 0.05), and a significant increase in the urinary excretion of albumin and Hex B isoenzyme (P < 0.05). By the other hand, in the other 29 patients with micro- or macroalbuminuria and hypertension, no significant differences were found. CONCLUSION: The results point toward an important participation of tubular damage in the pathogenesis of this disease. It may also be suggested that in normotensive and normoalbuminuric ADPKD patients, a gradual increase of glomerular filtration would be produced. After the start of hypertension and microalbuminuria, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would decrease progressively, although more slowly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Chronic kidney disease and functional limitation in older people: health, aging and body composition study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) is independently associated with incident physical-function limitation. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Two sites: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Memphis, Tennessee. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five men and women aged 70 to 79 without functional limitation at baseline from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. MEASUREMENTS: Functional limitation was defined as difficulty in walking one-quarter of a mile or climbing 10 steps on two consecutive reports 6 months apart (in the same function). Kidney function was measured using serum cystatin C. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula (<60 versus > or =60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)), was a secondary predictor. Muscle strength, lean body mass according to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, comorbidity, medication use, and inflammatory markers were evaluated as covariates. RESULTS: Persons in the highest (> or =1.13 mg/L) quartile of cystatin C experienced a significantly higher risk of developing functional limitation than those in the lowest (<0.86 mg/L) quartile (hazard ratio (HR)=1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.40-2.07). The association between the fourth cystatin C quartile and functional limitation remained after adjustment for demographics, lean body mass, comorbidity, muscle strength, and gait speed (HR=1.41, 95% CI=1.13-1.75), although the association was attenuated after adjustment for markers of inflammation (HR=1.15, 95% CI=0.90-1.46). Similar results were found for eGFR less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2), although the association with functional limitation remained after adjustment for inflammatory markers (HR=1.30, 95% CI=1.08-1.56). CONCLUSION: CKD is associated with the development of functional impairment independent of comorbidity, body composition, and tests of strength and physical performance. The mechanism may be related to a heightened inflammatory state in CKD.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Long-term intake of North American ginseng has no effect on 24-hour blood pressure and renal function.

Ginseng is consumed by 10% to 20% of adults in Asia and by up to 5% in Western countries. Despite observational evidence suggesting a link between its intake and the development of hypertension, there remains no long-term scrutiny for its effect on blood pressure (BP). We therefore undertook a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover trial in 52 hypertensive individuals to determine the effect of 12-week North American ginseng intake on 24-hour BP; we also measured serum cystatin C as a marker of renal function. After a 4-week placebo run-in, we randomly assigned 52 participants to 3 g/day of ginseng or placebo for 12 weeks. This was followed by an 8-week washout and a subsequent 12-week period in which the opposite treatment was administered. At run-in and at weeks 0 and 12 of each treatment period, participants were fitted with an ambulatory BP monitor to assess 24-hour BP. The primary outcome was the treatment difference at week 12 in mean 24-hour systolic BP. Secondary outcomes were treatment differences at week 12 in other ambulatory BP parameters and serum cystatin C. Forty participants (77%) completed the trial, with 3 removed from main analysis (n=2, antihypertensive drug changes; n=1, incomplete ambulatory monitoring). In the remaining 37, 12-week ginseng treatment was associated with a neutral effect on all ambulatory BP parameters compared with placebo; an intention-to-treat analysis supported this. Ginseng did not affect serum cystatin C level. Overall, long-term ginseng use had no effect on 24-hour BP and renal function in hypertensive individuals.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1998

Clearance of Clara cell secretory protein 16 (CC16) and surfactant proteins A and B from blood in acute respiratory failure.

Surfactant proteins A and B (SP-A and SP-B) enter the circulation in a manner that acutely reflects changes in pulmonary function in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF). There is a small but significant gradient in SP-A and SP-B from arterial to mixed venous (A-V) blood, and since we have detected both proteins in urine, the kidney may be a major site of their systemic clearance. Clara cell secretory protein 16 (CC16), which leaks from the respiratory tract, is known to be freely eliminated by the kidney. Lung plasma protein levels will depend on the rates of both protein entry into and clearance from plasma. In order to study the limiting variable determining these levels, we compared plasma CC16, SP-A, and SP-B in matching A-V blood samples from 37 ARF patients with indices of lung dysfunction and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (of plasma cystatin C and creatinine). Cystatin C, CC16, SP-A, and SP-B were reduced in mixed venous plasma (all p < 0.001) and their A-V gradients were directly related to their arterial levels (all p < 0.03). Whereas CC16, SP-A, and SP-B reflected blood oxygenation (all p < 0.05), only SP-A and SP-B were related to lung injury score (LIS) (both p < 0.05). In contrast, whereas the clearances of both CC16 and cystatin C were related to that of creatinine (p < 0.02 for both), the clearances of SP-A and SP-B were not. Our study confirms that all three lung proteins are acutely cleared from the circulation of patients with ARF (half-lives < 18 min), and we conclude that whereas the plasma concentration of CC16 depends on GFR, plasma concentrations of SP-A and SP-B reflect lung function independently of this variable.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Short-term lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin improves renal function but not renal blood flow indices in patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Some studies have suggested that lipid lowering with statins exerts favorable effects on the progression of chronic kidney disease. Therefore, the authors assessed the effects of short-term atorvastatin treatment on biochemical markers of renal function and evaluated duplex indices of renal blood flow (RBF) in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Hyperlipidemic claudicants (n = 18), aged 44-85 years, were treated for 8 weeks with 20 mg/day atorvastatin. Blood tests at baseline and after 8 weeks included serum fasting lipids, creatinine, urate, and cystatin C (a sensitive indicator of renal function) levels. RBF was also assessed (n = 9) by measuring pulsatile and resistance duplex indices. As expected, there was a significant improvement in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. There was also a significant (p < 0.0001) fall in serum creatinine from 89 (58-125) to 79 micromol/L (54-119) and an increase in calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl) from 72 (40-129) to 80 mL/minute (47-138; p < 0.0001). Serum cystatin C values decreased significantly (p = 0.0002) from 1.04 (0.57-1.56) to 0.90 mg/L (0.47-1.47). There were no detectable changes in the RBF duplex indices. Treatment of stable claudicants with atorvastatin for 8 weeks was associated with improved renal function (as assessed by serum creatinine, cystatin C, and calculated CrCl) without changes in RBF. Further studies are required to identify the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

African ancestry, socioeconomic status, and kidney function in elderly African Americans: a genetic admixture analysis.

Kidney disease is a major public health problem in the United States that affects African Americans disproportionately. The relative contribution of environmental and genetic factors to the increased burden of kidney disease among African Americans is unknown. The associations of genetic African ancestry and socioeconomic status with kidney function were studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally among 736 community-dwelling African Americans who were aged >65 yr and participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Genetic African ancestry was determined by genotyping 24 biallelic ancestry-informative markers and combining this information statistically to generate an estimate of ancestry for each individual. Kidney function was evaluated by cystatin C and estimated GFR (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Longitudinal changes in serum creatinine and eGFR were estimated using baseline and follow-up values. In cross-sectional analyses, there was no association between genetic African ancestry and either measure of kidney function (P = 0.36 for cystatin C and 0.68 for eGFR). African ancestry was not associated with change in serum creatinine > or =0.05 mg/dl per yr (odds ratio [OR] 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83 to 1.06) or with change in eGFR > or =3 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per yr (OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.13). In contrast, self reported African-American race was strongly associated with increased risk for kidney disease progression compared with white individuals for change in creatinine (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.33 to 2.36) and for change in eGFR (OR 3.21; 95% CI 2.54 to 4.06). Among self-identified African Americans, low income (< US dollars 8000/yr) was strongly associated with prevalent kidney dysfunction by cystatin C >1.29 g/dl (adjusted OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.0 to 7.5) or by eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (adjusted OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.1 to 9.4) compared with those with incomes >US dollars 35,000/yr. Alleles that are known to be present more frequently in the African ancestral group were not associated with kidney dysfunction or kidney disease progression. Rather, kidney dysfunction in elderly African Americans seems more attributable to differences in environmental and social factors.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2001

[Changes in cardiovascular risk factors after renal transplantation].

Authors examined the serum concentration of creatinine, uric acid, homocysteine, cystatine C, total cholesterol and triglyceride in 115 male and 77 female patients six months after the transplantation. The change of the BMI (Body Mass Index) was studied, fat and water body weight was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and the ratio of intra- and extracellular volume was calculated. Both creatinine and cystatine C levels decreased significantly compared to the levels before the transplantation (p < 0.001) because of the good renal function, and there was a good correlation between creatinine, cystatine C and homocysteine levels (r = 0.5315 in females, r = 0.3189 in males). Elevated BMI (36.49%) and hypercholesterolaemia along with moderate hyperhomocysteinaemia was found in a considerable part of the patients. Increase in body weight was confirmed by the increase in fat body weight and volume determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. In patients with adequate compliance the ratio of intra- and extracellular volume was between 1.67 and 1.79. Blood pressure values showed frequently the non-dipper phenomenon despite appropriate antihypertensive therapy, and negative diurnal index was found with high nocturnal blood pressure levels. The mean blood pressure was 148/81 +/- 13.2/4.8 mmHg in males and 133/84 +/- 15.3/9.8 mmHg in females. Authors enhance the importance of regular monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors in the prevention of cardiovascular complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Deletion of the carboxy terminal part of stefin B does not have a major effect for binding to papain.

Determination of crystal structures of chicken cystatin and human stefin B complexed with papain revealed a novel model of protease inhibition and also structural differences between two cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) families. According to the 3D alignment, stefins have an extension of 9 amino acids on their carboxy terminus in comparison with cystatins. The extension was not expected to make a major contribution to interaction with the enzyme. A deletion mutant of stefin B, corresponding in length to the carboxy terminal sequence of chicken cystatin, was constructed by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This (C3S, delta 89-98) human stefin B, 10 amino acids shorter, inhibited papain with a Ki of 0.012 nM which is comparable to the Ki of 0.03 nM for authentic, nondeleted recombinant stefin B. This finding thus confirms the tertiary structure-based alignment.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

A hybrid, broad-spectrum inhibitor of Colorado potato beetle aspartate and cysteine digestive proteinases.

Protein engineering approaches are currently being devised to improve the inhibitory properties of plant proteinase inhibitors against digestive proteinases of herbivorous insects. Here we engineered a potent hybrid inhibitor of aspartate and cysteine digestive proteinases found in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. Three cathepsin D inhibitors (CDIs) from stressed potato and tomato were first compared in their potency to inhibit digestive cathepsin D-like activity of the insect. After showing the high inhibitory potency of tomato CDI (M(r) approximately 21 kDa), an approximately 33-kDa hybrid inhibitor was generated by fusing this inhibitor to the N terminus of corn cystatin II (CCII), a potent inhibitor of cysteine proteinases. Inhibitory assays with recombinant forms of CDI, CCII, and CDI-CCII expressed in Escherichia coli showed the CDI-CCII fusion to exhibit a dual inhibitory effect against cystatin-sensitive and cathepsin D-like enzymes of the potato beetle, resulting in detrimental effects against 3rd-instar larvae fed the hybrid inhibitor. The inhibitory potency of CDI and CCII was not altered after their fusion, as suggested by IC(50) values for the interaction of CDI-CCII with target proteinases similar to those measured for each inhibitor. These observations suggest the potential of plant CDIs and cystatins as functional inhibitory modules for the design of effective broad-spectrum, hybrid inhibitors of herbivorous insect cysteine and aspartate digestive proteinases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

A filarial cysteine protease inhibitor down-regulates T cell proliferation and enhances interleukin-10 production.

Filarial nematodes are a cause of chronic debilitating diseases in the tropics. A hallmark of filariasis is the marked down-regulation and polarization of host immune responses, yet molecular constituents of parasites causing this state have remained undefined. We describe a 17-kDa antigen (Av17) of the rodent filarial parasite Acanthocheilonema viteae, which shows amino acid homologies to cystatin C, a major cysteine protease inhibitor belonging to family 2 of the cystatin superfamily. Av17 is released by filariae in vitro. Exported molecules of A. viteae worms are shown to markedly suppress mitogen-induced T cell proliferation of mice and jirds. Av17 accounts for 45.5% of this suppressive activity in the murine system. Recombinant Av17 (rAv17), expressed in Escherichia coli, exhibits biological activity as a cysteine protease inhibitor and was used to examine the immunomodulatory effects, rAv17 induces down-regulation of murine T cell responses to mitogens, to T cell receptor cross-linking by anti-CD3 antibodies and to specific antigens, and at the same time up-regulation of interleukin-10. Hence, this filarial cystatin is a likely effector molecule of immunomodulation and a potential target for antifilarial intervention.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Identification of stable plant cystatin/nematode proteinase complexes using mildly denaturing gelatin/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

The biochemical interactions between two cystatins from rice seeds, oryzacystatin I (OCI) and oryzacystatin II (OCII), and the cysteine proteinases from three plant parasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne hapla, M. incognita and M. javanica, were assessed using standard protease assays and mildly denaturing gelatin/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gelatin/PAGE). Activity detected in extracts of preparasitic second-stage larvae (J2) from M. hapla was optimal at pH 5.5 and was inhibited in vitro by the cysteine proteinase inhibitors trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino) butane, hen egg cystatin, OCI, and OCII. As demonstrated by class-specific activity staining, all the activity measured between pH 3.5 and pH 7.5 was accounted for by a major proteinase form, Mhp1, and two minor forms, Mhp2 and Mhp3. Mhps were also detected in extracts and excretions of parasitic J2 and adult females, indicating their continuous expression throughout development of M. hapla, and their possible involvement in the extracellular degradation of proteins. Interestingly, the two plant cysteine proteinase inhibitors OCI and OCII showed different degrees of affinity for the major proteinase form, Mhp1. Both inhibitors almost completely inactivated this proteinase in native conditions but, unlike OCII, OCI conserved a high affinity for Mhp1 during mildly denaturing gelatin/PAGE, showing the differential stabilities of the OCI/Mhp1 and OCII/Mhp1 complexes. In contrast to Mhp1, the major cysteine proteinases detected in the two closely related species M. incognita and M. javanica were strongly inhibited by OCII, while the inhibition of OCI was partly prevented during electrophoresis. This species-related efficiency of plant cystatins against nematode cysteine proteinases could have practical implications when planning their use to control nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Viral therapy: prospects for protease inhibitors.

Antiviral activities of known protease inhibitors were assayed in virus-infected cell cultures. Some members of the cystatin superfamily, in particular chicken cystatin, were able to block virus replication. In a binding assay, using purified components, chicken and human cystatin were able to bind poliovirus protease with affinities which were reflected in their relative antiviral potencies. Prospects for application of protease inhibitors in clinical viral infections are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Molecular cloning of a novel myeloid granule protein.

Granulocytes are recognized by the presence of granules, including primary (azurophilic) and secondary types. Each granule type contains distinct and characteristic families of enzymes. We have screened a murine bone marrow cDNA library to obtain a series of sequences corresponding to mRNAs which are both myeloid-specific and appear to be expressed only in immature bone marrow cells. A 1,160 bp sequence (B9) has been isolated, which shows restricted expression in murine bone marrow, with the highest levels in cultures enriched for promyelocytes. Translation yields a single open reading frame of 167 amino acids and a calculated MW of 19.33 kd. A single potential N-glycosylation site is present. Evaluation of the amino terminal sequence shows 2 polar amino acids flanking a hydrophobic region, suggesting a signal sequence and the possibility of post-translational modification. An extensive search of the protein data base reveals 30% identity over 90 amino acids with porcine cathelin, a cystatin-like cysteine proteinase inhibitor. This sequence identity includes conservation of the 4 cysteine residues noted in all members of the cystatin superfamily. In an attempt to further characterize this novel sequence, a polyclonal antiserum was prepared by immunization with a 20 amino acid synthetic peptide corresponding to a unique portion of the carboxy terminus. Immunoelectron microscopy localized B9 to neutrophilic granules. We have identified a novel myeloid-specific granule protein related to porcine cathelin, but showing important structural differences. This may represent the first isolated member of a new cystatin family. More importantly, the small size of the B9 gene and its tight pattern of early expression make B9 an excellent reporter molecule for the study of new factors important in myeloid differentiation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of a genomic sequence coding for potato multicystatin, an eight-domain cysteine proteinase inhibitor.

A gene coding for potato multicystatin (PMC), the crystalline inhibitor of cysteine proteases which is found in tubers, was isolated and characterized. The deduced polypeptide product of this genomic sequence is 757 amino acids long and has a molecular mass of 86,778 Da. It consists exclusively of eight closely related domains, with 53-89% identity of residues. Each repeated unit is homologous to the cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors. To date, no other member of this family has been found to contain so many inhibitor domains in one polypeptide. Eight introns are proposed in the 3.5 kb of genomic DNA coding for PMC, one in each cystatin unit. There is a family of 4 to 6 such large genes in potato, while in pea and maize the homologues are much smaller, and probably code for single-domain cystatins. PMC transcripts are abundant in tubers, but scarce in undamaged leaves or stems of field-grown potatoes. The tuber messages are derived from at least four genes (including the cloned example). The pattern of gene expression, as well as the properties of the protein, suggest that PMC has a role in the plant's defense system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

The squash aspartic proteinase inhibitor SQAPI is widely present in the cucurbitales, comprises a small multigene family, and is a member of the phytocystatin family.

The squash (Cucurbita maxima) phloem exudate-expressed aspartic proteinase inhibitor (SQAPI) is a novel aspartic acid proteinase inhibitor, constituting a fifth family of aspartic proteinase inhibitors. However, a comparison of the SQAPI sequence to the phytocystatin (a cysteine proteinase inhibitor) family sequences showed approximately 30% identity. Modeling SQAPI onto the structure of oryzacystatin gave an excellent fit; regions identified as proteinase binding loops in cystatin coincided with regions of SQAPI identified as hypervariable, and tryptophan fluorescence changes were also consistent with a cystatin structure. We show that SQAPI exists as a small gene family. Characterization of mRNA and clone walking of genomic DNA (gDNA) produced 10 different but highly homologous SQAPI genes from Cucurbita maxima and the small family size was confirmed by Southern blotting, where evidence for at least five loci was obtained. Using primers designed from squash sequences, PCR of gDNA showed the presence of SQAPI genes in other members of the Cucurbitaceae and in representative members of Coriariaceae, Corynocarpaceae, and Begoniaceae. Thus, at least four of seven families of the order Cucurbitales possess member species with SQAPI genes, covering approximately 99% of the species in this order. A phylogenetic analysis of these Cucurbitales SQAPI genes indicated not only that SQAPI was present in the Cucurbitales ancestor but also that gene duplication has occurred during evolution of the order. Phytocystatins are widespread throughout the plant kingdom, suggesting that SQAPI has evolved recently from a phytocystatin ancestor. This appears to be the first instance of a cystatin being recruited as a proteinase inhibitor of another proteinase family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Cloning and sequence analysis of the genomic DNA fragment encoding oryzacystatin.

A genomic DNA clone encoding oryzacystatin (Oc), a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (cystatin) of rice, was isolated from a lambda EMBL3 phage library constructed with Sau3AI partial digests of rice chromosomal DNA, by screening with an oc cDNA as a probe. The restriction map of the isolated DNA fragment was consistent with the pattern of the genomic Southern-blot analysis using a cDNA probe, and consequently, the gene is considered to be a single-copy gene. The oc gene is about 1.4 kb long and composed of three exons and two introns. The first intron (336 bp) intervenes between Ala-38 and Asp-39. The second intron (372 bp) exists in the 3'-noncoding region at the G residue next to the stop codon. S1 nuclease mapping showed the major transcription start point (tsp) at A, 104 bp upstream from the start codon (ATG). Typical CAT and TATA box sequences were found in the 5'-upstream region of the tsp. The nucleotide sequences around the TATA box, the tsp, the start codon, and the stop codon essentially matched the consensus sequences of other higher plant genes. The intron boundaries of the oc gene were quite different from those of the human kininogen-encoding gene and the human salivary cystatin (cystatin S)-encoding gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Effect of EPS1 gene deletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the secretion of foreign proteins which have disulfide bridges.

Both amyloid-prone cystatin and unstable mutant C94A lysozyme were secreted in wild-type and Deltaeps1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Amyloid-prone cystatin secreted at much higher level in Deltaeps1 cells than that in wild-type yeast. In parallel, the secretion amount of disulfide bond disrupted mutant C94A lysozyme greatly increased in Deltaeps1 cells although that was apparently low in wild-type yeast cells compared with the secretion amount of wild-type lysozyme. It is interesting that neither the unstable mutant C94A lysozyme nor amyloid-prone cystatin secreted in Deltaeps1 cells maintained their specific activities. These observations lead to the supposition that yeast cells deficient for the protein disulfide isomerase-family-member EPS1 locus secrete more of labile disulfide-containing model proteins.

Amyloid↗