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PubMed2005

Demographic characteristics, treatment history, drug risk behaviors, and condom use attitudes for U.S. and Russian injection drug users: the need for targeted sexual risk behavior interventions.

Two separate databases, one on Russian (n = 444) injection drug users (IDUs), and the other on U.S. IDUs (n = 241), were merged, and responses were compared. Results indicated that Russian IDUs perceived themselves to be at greater risk for HIV/AIDS based upon behaviors over the past 90 days. U.S. IDUs were more likely to be tested for HIV, report a negative HIV result, and know more people with HIV. U.S. IDUs consumed greater amounts of alcohol and marijuana, and made more alcohol/drug treatment attempts than Russian IDUs. Russian IDUs injected more frequently, although were more likely to recently use clean needles. Russian and U.S. IDUs responded significantly differently to eight AIDS knowledge questions. Eight condom attitude questions were asked of each group, and each revealed significantly different responses. Gender differences for Russian IDUs were also observed. There is a clear need to create culturally targeted sexual risk reduction interventions.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2007

Perceptions of community HIV prevalence, own HIV infection, and condom use among teachers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

A total of 120 teachers from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, underwent HIV/AIDS training. As part of the study, the teachers were surveyed, before and after the training, about their perceptions of HIV prevalences among pupils, other teachers, and community members, and about their perceptions of their own HIV status. Before the training, the teachers estimated average HIV prevalences among pupils, other teachers, and other community members to be 36%, 48%, and 61%, respectively. One-third of the teachers believed that they had a 50% or greater chance of currently being infected with HIV. Male teachers and teachers with a university degree gave lower HIV prevalence estimates for other people but not for themselves. Frequency of condom use was positively related to teachers' HIV prevalence estimates for other people. Teachers' estimates of HIV prevalence and perceived risk of own HIV infection increased significantly after the HIV/AIDS training.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Condom use among gay/bisexual male substance abusers using the timeline follow-back method.

Sexual risk for HIV transmission under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs is not simply a cause-effect relationship: not everyone who drinks or uses other drugs has unprotected sex. The purpose of this study is to explore differences between substance using gay/bisexual men who use condoms during anal sex from those who do not. These differences are identified by comparing men whose anal sex while under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs is consistently protected to men whose anal sex while under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs is consistently unprotected. Gay/bisexual men entering substance abuse treatment at a gay-identified agency in San Francisco were recruited to complete surveys and to be interviewed about sexual behavior, substance use, and related variables using an extended version of the Timeline Follow-back (TL). The TL procedure uses a blank calendar form and a series of questions to cue recall of drinking, drug use, and anal intercourse on each of the 30 days prior to the last date of alcohol and/or drug use. Men whose anal sex while under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs is consistently unprotected were significantly more likely to report having less than a college education (p = .04), more likely to have an income of less than $20,000 (p = .01), more likely to use amyl nitrite (p = .01) and cocaine (p = .02), and more likely to report a higher frequency of anal sex (p = .007). In addition, they were less likely to approve of sex without love (p = .003), less likely to perceive that safer sex is the community norm (p < .001), and less likely to have encouragement from friends to practice safer sex (p = .001). However, HIV status did not differentiate between the two groups. These two groups provide clear and interesting contrasts in terms of behavior, thus comparisons of the factors influencing sexual safety in these subgroups may enhance our understanding of risk taking. A better understanding of possible mediating variables can be important both in guiding future research in this area and in formulating intervention strategies to target gay men who drink or use drugs in combination with sexual activity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Use of the female condom among sex workers in China.

OBJECTIVES: To introduce the female condom (FC) among sex workers (SWs) in China. METHODS: We adopted the intervention study method. The 315 participating SWs were randomly assigned to an intervention group (155 SWs) or a control group (160 SWs). RESULTS: The rate of SWs who reported liking FC increased from 60.0% pre-intervention to 93.5% post-intervention, and the rate of SWs who considered that their clients could accept FC increased from 27.1% to 92.3%. After the intervention, 93.5% expressed that their sexual satisfaction had increased with their familiarity with FC and 97.4% expressed that they would use it in the future. CONCLUSIONS: The understanding and use of FC can be greatly improved through active intervention-i.e. medical workers providing SWs with FC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Swedish adolescents' knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases and their attitudes to the condom.

In an attempt to assess the risk of AIDS infection in teenagers in Sweden a survey of adolescent sexual behaviour was conducted in Uppsala. Two hundred and nine students in the first form of an upper secondary school completed a questionnaire at the beginning of a lesson on family life. Half the female and 45% of the male students reported having had sexual intercourse. Forty per cent had not used contraception at their first intercourse and 23% reported no use of contraceptive at their most recent intercourse. The students considered that they had only a low risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease. The use of condoms was relatively low and this has implications for the students' potential to contract a sexually transmitted disease.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

Condom use, power and HIV/AIDS risk: sex-workers bargain for survival in Hillbrow/Joubert Park/Berea, Johannesburg.

Through interviews with 50 female sex-workers in the Hillbrow/Berea/Joubert Park area of Johannesburg, this paper explores sexual negotiations between men and women in the sex industry. This paper focuses on factors that affect sexual decision-making including safer sex practices. In moving beyond approaches that emphasize women's 'powerlessness' in sexual negotiation, this article focuses on ways in which sex-workers capitalize on clients' reluctance to use condoms in sexual exchanges. We emphasize sex-worker's agency and use a broader, Foucauldian understanding of power, which couples power with resistance. Further, this paper examines other elements of the sex industry that contribute to unsafe sex such as competition between women for clients and violence in the industry. Finally, this paper suggests that HIV-prevention programs take cognizance that power negotiations between men and women cannot be simplistically understood as men having power and women being powerless. Rather, this article contributes to a growing body of literature in medical anthropology, which elucidates the complexities of sexual negotiations between men and women. This focus on agency is important in trying to lessen the stigma and discrimination that sex-workers face at the hands of clients, pimps/managers, police and health care workers.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

A protocol for the forensic analysis of condom and personal lubricants found in sexual assault cases.

In sexual assault cases, lubricant trace evidence may supplement biological evidence, or may be the primary physical evidence where biological evidence is unavailable. This study considered a total of 50 lubricants from condoms and personal lubricant products available in Australia. Differentiation of the samples was attempted using fluorescence examination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eleven of the samples were uniquely identified by the analysis scheme, while the remainder of the samples were separated into nine groups. As a result of this study, a recommended protocol for the detection and analysis of an "unknown" biological swab was produced.

Australia↗
PubMed1999

A comparative test of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior in the prediction of condom use intentions in a national sample of English young people.

Based on the theories of reasoned action (TRA) and planned behavior (TPB), predictors of condom use intentions were investigated in 949 young people (16-24 years of age) from a national survey conducted in England. Contrary to expectations, the TPB did not perform significantly better than the TRA, even among women. Measures of past behavior were the best predictors of intentions and attenuated the effects of attitude and subjective norm. There was only weak evidence for the multiplicative assumption underlying the TRA and TPB. Although the TRA components were not the strongest predictors, the beliefs on which they are based are potentially amenable to change through information-based intervention programs. A number of practical suggestions for developing intervention strategies are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual behavior and condom use among urban women attending a family planning clinic in the United States.

In this paper I present data on risky sexual behavior and condom use among a sample of 100 adult women who attended a family planning clinic in an urban area of the United States. Although the women in this study protected themselves from pregnancy by using contraception, they engaged in sexual behaviors that put them at risk for sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including unprotected oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse, and sex with risky partners. Alcohol and drug use were also common among the women in this sample. Almost half of the participants reported a history of sexually transmitted infections. Health assessment for women using contraception should include assessment of risk factors for sexually transmitted HIV infection. All women should be counseled regarding methods of reducing their risk for HIV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Factors influencing condom use and STD acquisition among African American college women.

To identify factors that influence condom use and the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among African American college women, the authors surveyed a sample of 123 sexually experienced undergraduate women at a state university. The college women who were older, had initiated sex earlier, or had more recent sexual partners were more likely than others in the study to report a history of an STD. The findings have implications for prevention and intervention programs for African American college women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The reliability and validity of the Modified Condom Outcome Expectancy Scale (MCOES) among an international sample of HIV-negative partners of people living with HIV/AIDS.

Safer sexual behaviour is vital in curbing the HlV epidemic in many developing countries where the epidemic is primarily transmitted through heterosexual sex. Reliable and valid assessment of factors related to HIV risk behaviours are important in testing behavioural theories as well as informing effective AIDS prevention programmes. The current study tests the reliability and validity of a modified version of the Condom Outcome Expectancy Scale (COES) among a sample of HI'-negative sexual partners (n = 100) of HIV-infected individuals in Pune, India, Chang Mai,Thailand and Kampala, Uganda. Internal consistency reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which had a value of 0.80 for the entire sample, with site-specific values of. 0.78 for India; 0.75 for Thailand; and 0.79 for Uganda. Test-retest reliability was conducted to test the scale's stability over time with 60% of the sample, resulting in a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.70. The scale's structure was explored by analyzing response scores on the items using principal components analysis, which yielded a two-factor solution. The study indicates the utility of a modified version of the widely tested COES across international settings. Such research is necessary in understanding intervention targets across international settings.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Influences of social power and normative support on condom use decisions: a research synthesis.

A meta-analysis of 58 studies involving 30,270 participants examined how study population and methodological characteristics influence the associations among norms, control perceptions, attitudes, intentions and behaviour in the area of condom use. Findings indicated that control perceptions generally correlated more strongly among members of societal groups that lack power, including female, younger individuals, ethnic-minorities and people with lower educational levels. Furthermore, norms generally had stronger influences among younger individuals and among people who have greater access to informational social support, including males, ethnic majorities and people with higher levels of education. These findings are discussed in the context of HIV prevention efforts.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

Condom use in African adolescents: the role of individual and group factors.

This study set out to assess the ability of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to predict and explain condom use in a traditional African context and in particular to assess the relative contributions of individual and normative constructs. A questionnaire survey was administered to 152 young adults (48% male, 52% female) at two points in time. Key constructs contained within the TPB were measured at Time 1. A short follow-up set of items was administered one week later at Time 2, thereby allowing for the measurement of actual behaviour. The results not only provide strong support for the predictive power of the TPB, since 67% of the variance in intention was explained, but also highlight the extent to which sexual behaviour in a rural location is governed by family/social influences. Subjective norm not only proved to be one of the most significant elements of the TPB model, together with self-efficacy (neither attitude nor perceived control were significantly involved), but 'my family' emerged as the most significant other. As such, the findings offer empirical evidence to support interventions that penetrate community networks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Satisfaction among women: differences between current users of barrier (male condom) and non-barrier methods.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the differences in and factors related to satisfaction between barrier (male condom) and non-barrier method users. METHODS: A semi-structured questionnaire was used for collecting data for this cross-sectional survey. The questionnaires were completed via one-on-one interviews by the researchers. The study group was selected using stratified random sampling. Exclusion criteria were, being unmarried, pregnant, in postmenopausal status and using traditional methods. A total of 434 currently married women using modern contraceptive methods participated in the study. Contraceptive users were dichotomized into two groups as non-barrier method users and barrier method users. RESULTS: About half of the participants (n = 191, 44%) were barrier method users. Their mean age was 33.7 +/- 7.3 years, 66.6% (n = 131) were well educated and reported significantly less pregnancies, given births, living children and abortions (reproductive history events) than non-barrier users. Barrier method users were significantly more likely to be satisfied with their contraceptive method of choice (OR: 2.4; 95% CI 1.2-5.2). Among barrier method users, deciding the type of the contraceptive method themselves had significant effect on satisfaction. CONCLUSION: In our study, satisfaction was mostly affected by heavy side effects and health risks of the methods resulting in less satisfaction with the contraceptive method among non-barrier method users. Other factors which may influence satisfaction deserve further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sexual coercion, domestic violence, and negotiating condom use among low-income African American women.

Coercion to engage in unwanted sex places women at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A survey of 125 women living in low-income housing developments in Fulton County, Georgia, showed that 53 (42%) women had engaged in unwanted sex because a male partner threatened to use force or used force to obtain sexual access. Women who had been sexually coerced were more likely to have used marijuana and crack cocaine and to have abused alcohol. Coerced women were more likely to have been physically abused by a domestic partner. These women were also more likely to perceive that requesting male partners to use condoms would create a potentially violent situation. These results suggest that women experience an interactive constellation of social problems that create risks for HIV infection and, therefore, that efforts to prevent HIV infection among women will require multifaceted intervention strategies to reach both men and women at risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Factor analysis of the Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale among multicultural college students.

The Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale (CUSES) was administered to 447 multicultural college students. The sample consisted of 63.5% Hispanic/Latino, 17.1% African-American, 13.7% Caucasian, 4.1% other and 1.6% Asian students. The obtained scores were subjected to a principal components factor analysis with a Varimax rotation. An item designation criteria was used and three distinct factors were extracted: (1) 'Appropriation', (2) 'Sexually Transmitted Diseases' and (3) 'Partners' Disapproval'. Comparisons to the only other published factor analysis of the CUSES are made. Implications for future research using the CUSES to design AIDS education curricula for multicultural college students are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the virus permeability of a new condom for women.

The authors tested a polyurethane women's condom for permeability to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) using an artificial intercourse model. They did not detect viral leakage in three trials for each virus. Use of this device, which can be controlled by the woman, may reduce HIV and CMV infection.

Contraceptive Devices, Female↗
PubMed2001

Longitudinal patterns of sexual behavior and condom use in a cohort of HIV-negative gay and bisexual men in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1995-2000.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize longitudinal patterns of sexual behavior in a cohort of young gay and bisexual men and determine their reasons for not using condoms. METHODS: Prospective data from a cohort of young gay and bisexual men aged 18 to 30 years were studied. Study participants had completed a baseline questionnaire and HIV test between May 1995 and April 1996 and four annual follow-up questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 130 HIV-negative Vanguard participants met the eligibility criteria for this analysis. The median age at baseline was 26 years (range, 24-28). Most were white (79%), had completed high school (85%), were currently employed (82%), lived in stable housing (95%), and reported annual incomes of > or =$10,000 (82%). (All dollar amounts are given in Canadian dollars.) Consistently over the 5-year study period, > 70% of study subjects reported having > or =1 regular male sexual partners in the previous year. During each of the five successive 1-year periods, between 34% and 40% of respondents reported having had unprotected receptive anal intercourse with regular partners. Slightly fewer individuals (between 29%-39%) reported having had unprotected insertive anal intercourse with regular partners. Between 13% and 25% of participants reported having had insertive unprotected anal intercourse with casual sexual partners; and between 9% and 18% reported having had unprotected receptive anal intercourse with casual sexual partners. Reasons for engaging in unprotected anal intercourse varied depending on type of sexual partnership. CONCLUSION: High-risk sexual behaviors remained fairly consistent over a 5-year period in this study. This suggests that it is critically important to understand the motivations for unprotected sex when designing and implementing programs aimed at reducing HIV risk among young gay and bisexual men.

Adolescent↗