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PubMed2004

An interacting systems model of infant habituation.

Habituation and related procedures are the primary behavioral tools used to assess perceptual and cognitive competence in early infancy. This article introduces a neurally constrained computational model of infant habituation. The model combines the two leading process theories of infant habituation into a single functional system that is grounded in functional brain circuitry. The HAB model (for Habituation, Autoassociation, and Brain) proposes that habituation behaviors emerge from the opponent, complementary processes of hippocampal selective inhibition and cortical long-term potentiation. Simulations of a seminal experiment by Fantz [Visual experience in infants: Decreased attention familiar patterns relative to novel ones. Science, 146, 668-670, 1964] are reported. The ability of the model to capture the fine detail of infant data (especially age-related changes in performance) underlines the useful contribution of neurocomputational models to our understanding of behavior in general, and of early cognition in particular.

Habituation, Psychophysiologic↗
PubMed2001

Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three with iron deficiency anaemia.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) are common in young children. It has been suggested that the lack of iron may have important effects on children's psychomotor development and cognitive function. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of iron therapy on psychomotor development and cognitive function in iron deficient children less than 3 years of age. SEARCH STRATEGY: The following databases were searched: COCHRANE LIBRARY (2000 ISSUE 4) MEDLINE (1966-August 2000) EMBASE (1980-August 2000) Latin American Database (LILACS) PsycLIT Journal articles (1974-August 2000) PsycLIT Chapters and Books (1987-August 2000) The references of identified trials and of important review articles were scrutinised. Citation searches on trials from the primary search were performed within the Science Citation Index. Key authors were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were included if children less than 3 years of age with evidence of iron deficiency anaemia were randomly allocated to iron or iron and vitamin C versus a placebo or vitamin C alone and assessment of developmental status or cognitive function was carried out using standardised tests by observers blind to treatment allocation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Abstracts and titles of studies identified on searches of electronic databases were read to determine whether they might meet the inclusion criteria. Full copies of those possibly meeting these criteria from electronic or other searches were assessed by two independent reviewers. Differences of opinion about suitability for inclusion were resolved by discussion. Data were analysed separately depending on whether participants had iron assessments were performed within one month of beginning iron therapy or later. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials, including 180 children with IDA, examined the effects of iron therapy on measures of psychomotor development between 5 and 11 days of commencement of therapy. Data from four trials could be pooled. The pooled difference in pre to post treatment change in Bayley Scale PDI between iron treated and placebo groups was -3.2 (95%CI -7.24, 0.85) and in Bayley Scale MDI, 0.55 (95% CI -2.84, 1.75). Two studies, including 160 randomised children with IDA, examined the effects of iron therapy on measures of psychomotor development more than 30 days after commencement of therapy. Aukett et al reported the mean number of skills gained after two months of iron therapy, using the Denver test. The intervention group gained 0.8 (95% CI -0.18, 1.78) more skills on average than the control group. Idjrandinata et al reported that the difference in pre to post treatment change in Bayley Scale PDI between iron treated and placebo groups after 4 months was 18.40 (95%CI 10.16, 26.64) and in Bayley Scale MDI, 18.80 (95% CI 10.19, 27.41). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is no convincing evidence that iron treatment of young children with IDA has an effect on psychomotor development discernable within 5-11 days. The effect of longer term treatment remains unclear but the data would be compatible with clinically significant benefit. There is urgent need for further randomised controlled trials with long term follow up.

Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
PubMed2006

Tracking exceptional human capital over two decades.

Talent-search participants (286 males, 94 females) scoring in the top 0.01% on cognitive-ability measures were identified before age 13 and tracked over 20 years. Their creative, occupational, and life accomplishments are compared with those of graduate students (299 males, 287 females) enrolled in top-ranked U.S. mathematics, engineering, and physical science programs in 1992 and tracked over 10 years. By their mid-30s, the two groups achieved comparable and exceptional success (e.g., securing top tenure-track positions) and reported high and commensurate career and life satisfaction. College entrance exams administered to intellectually precocious youth uncover extraordinary potential for careers requiring creativity and scientific and technological innovation in the information age.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Uniform admissions system for a medical laboratory sciences program.

A system for selection of medical technology students has been developed that features numerical ranking of applicants according to a uniform point system. Each applicant is quantitatively evaluated on achievement of academic and non-academic criteria identified as predictors of success in the student program and in clinical practice. This admissions system has been statistically evaluated by comparing admissions data for 59 graduates with subsequent measures of success during the program and in their first professional employment. The academic and non-academic predictors used in this system describe separate sets of applicant characteristics and appear to be effective as predictors of success. Academic and non-academic predictors are found to function independently of each other as predictors of success in the academic aspects of the program and in the clinical, non-cognitive aspects of both the student program and subsequent professional practice, respectively.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMed2005

Children's friendships and learning in school: cognitive enhancement through social interaction?

BACKGROUND: Recent literature has identified that children's performance on cognitive (or problem-solving) tasks can be enhanced when undertaken as a joint activity among pairs of pupils. Performance on this 'social' activity will require quality relationships between pupils, leading some researchers to argue that friendships are characterized by these quality relationships and, therefore, that friendship grouping should be used more frequently within classrooms. AIMS: Children's friendship grouping may appear to be a reasonable basis for cognitive development in classrooms, although there is only inconsistent evidence to support this argument. The inconsistency may be explained by the various bases for friendship, and how friendship is affected by cultural contexts of gender and schooling. This study questions whether classroom-based friendship pairings will perform consistently better on a cognitive task than acquaintance pairings, taking into account gender, age, and ability level of children. The study also explores the nature of school-based friendship described by young children. SAMPLE: 72 children were paired to undertake science reasoning tasks (SRTs). Pairings represented friendship (versus acquaintance), sex (male and female pairings), ability (teacher-assessed high, medium, and low), and age (children in Years 1, 3, and 5 in a primary school). METHOD: A small-scale quasi-experimental design was used to assess (friendship- or acquaintance-based) paired performance on SRTs. Friendship pairs were later interviewed about qualities and activities that characterized their friendships. RESULTS: Girls' friendship pairings were found to perform at the highest SRT levels and boys' friendship pairing performed at the lowest levels. Both boy and girl acquaintance pairings performed at mid-SRT levels. These findings were consistent across Year (in school) levels and ability levels. Interviews revealed that male and female friendship pairs were likely to participate in different types of activity, with girls being school-inclusive and boys being school-exclusive. CONCLUSION: Recommendations to use friendship as a basis for classroom grouping for cognitive tasks may facilitate performance of some pairings, but may also inhibit the performance of others. This is shown very clearly with regard to gender. Some of the difference in cognitive task performance may be explained by distinct, cultural (and social capital) orientations to friendship activities, with girls integrating school and educational considerations into friendship, and boys excluding school and educational considerations.

Child↗
PubMed2004

The relationship of male testosterone to components of mental rotation.

Studies suggest that higher levels of testosterone (T) in males contribute to their advantage over females in tests of spatial ability. However, the mechanisms that underlie the effects of T on spatial ability are not understood. We investigated the relationship of salivary T in men to performance on a computerized version of the mental rotation task (MRT) developed by [Science 171 (3972) (1971) 701]. We studied whether T is associated specifically with the ability to mentally rotate objects or with other aspects of the task. We collected hormonal and cognitive data from 27 college-age men on 2 days of testing. Subjects evaluated whether two block objects presented at different orientations were the same or different. We recorded each subject's mean response time (RT) and error rate (ER) and computed the slopes and intercepts of the functions relating performance to angular disparity. T level was negatively correlated with ER and RT; these effects arose from correlations with the intercepts but not the slopes of the rotation functions. These results suggest that T may facilitate male performance on MRTs by affecting cognitive processes unrelated to changing the orientation of imagined objects; including encoding stimuli, initiating the transformation processes, making a comparison and decision, or producing a response.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Registered nurses' and physicians' reflections on their narratives about ethically difficult care episodes.

Thirteen registered nurses and eight physicians in medical and oncological care reflected on their previous narratives about ethically difficult care situations. Although the interviewees had narrated different kinds of stories there were more similarities than differences in their reflections. Common themes were: meeting death, balancing between being open to one's own and others' reactions and being sheltered, handling advanced medical technology and grasping care as a whole. The two groups, however, disclosed different cognitive styles and types of rationality. The nurses referred to their personal experience of giving care and also receiving care very much within a praxis perspective, while physicians referred to science and proven experience within a poiesis perspective.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Using the CABLES model to assess and minimize risk in research: control group hazards.

CABLES is both an acronym and metaphor for conceptualizing research participation risk by considering 6 distinct domains in which risks of harm to research participants may exist: cognitive, affective, biological, legal, economic, and social/cultural. These domains are described and illustrated, along with suggestions for minimizing or eliminating the potential hazards to human participants in biomedical and behavioral science research. Adoption of a thoughtful ethical analysis addressing all 6 CABLES strands in designing research provides a strong protective step toward safeguarding and promoting the well-being of study participants.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed2001

Future trends in the treatment of cognitive disorders.

This review provides an overview of the different types of cognitive disorders, with special emphasis on the description on Alzheimer's disease, as statistical data indicate that it is the major cause of dementia or cognitive decline. The factors responsible for biochemical changes at the cellular level and the different therapies available for the treatment of cognitive disorders are described. Recent advances, including the elucidation of biochemical changes at the molecular level and different approaches to treat the disease, are also briefly reviewed. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

[Methodologic aspects of the interrelation between research methods in pathology].

The authors discuss the problems of methodology in modern theoretical pathology in the light of acceleration of scientific technological development. It is emphasized that theoretical pathology must become fundamental medical science advancing new ideas. Deviation from the principle of the unity of structure and function should not be allowed. This deviation stems from the attempts to substitute the methodology of cognition for separate methods of investigation. The necessity of using qualitative and quantitative methods of investigation in their interrelation is shown as it is impossible to divide a universal systemic method into separate qualitative and quantitative ones. It is noted that the theory of pathology must be founded not only on sequential analysis of the object of investigation but also on the adequate synthesis of components and their relations.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Issues in dental curriculum development and change.

Lessons from other places present several diverse suggestions for the dental curriculum's continuing improvement. Models from other professional education venues (medical schools), conceptual frameworks for self-reflection (ethos), and the scientific bases for learning and teaching (cognitive psychology) demonstrate that an interplay of factors must be addressed to advance the curriculum.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1989

[Arteriosclerosis as the reflected image of current problems of medical science].

Predominance of analysis over synthesis, lack of integrative perception and inadequate consideration of regulatory mechanisms, insufficient understanding of the dialectical relationship between animal and man as well as of human individuality, these are considered to be the most severe limitations on scientific cognition today. This appraisal fully applies to arteriosclerosis, as well. More attention ought to be given to its peculiarities as a chronic disease, to the role played by so-called risk factors and their causative implications as well as to the impact of senescence on chronic pathological alterations. Our present knowledge on the causative correlations implied is not sufficient for adequate prevention of the arteriosclerotic vascular disease. Nevertheless, it would make sense to reduce those factors which have been identified as risk-boosting, although only limited consequences can be expected from such an approach.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Is the early left-right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry.

Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes has been increasingly well-characterized, the left-right (LR) axis has only relatively recently begun to be understood at the molecular level. The mechanisms that ensure invariant LR asymmetry of the heart, viscera, and brain involve fundamental aspects of cell biology, biophysics, and evolutionary biology, and are important not only for basic science but also for the biomedicine of a wide range of birth defects and human genetic syndromes. The LR axis links biomolecular chirality to embryonic development and ultimately to behavior and cognition, revealing feedback loops and conserved functional modules occurring as widely as plants and mammals. This review focuses on the unique and fascinating physiological aspects of LR patterning in a number of vertebrate and invertebrate species, discusses several profound mechanistic analogies between biological regulation in diverse systems (specifically proposing a nonciliary parallel between kidney cells and the LR axis based on subcellular regulation of ion transporter targeting), highlights the possible importance of early, highly-conserved intracellular events that are magnified to embryo-wide scales, and lays out the most important open questions about the function, evolutionary origin, and conservation of mechanisms underlying embryonic asymmetry.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Integrating the bio into the biopsychosocial: understanding and treating biological phenomena in psychiatric-mental health nursing.

Advances in neuroscientific understandings of the interrelationships between brain, behavior, emotion, and cognition offer new opportunities for psychiatric-mental health nursing. Yet, even though the discipline conceptually embraces a biopsychosocial perspective as part of its holistic mandate, the factual integration of biological sciences into practice, research, and education is limited. Integrating the biological perspective into a holistic paradigm and progressing toward a discipline in which the biological, psychological, and social interact coherently and interdependently requires a dual focus on understanding and treating patients and their social and physical environments. We describe how in the past the discipline has strived toward understanding and treating patients from predominantly psychological and social perspectives. We also show how progress in the biology of mental health and illness provides new avenues for understanding and treating patients' responses to actual and potential health problems. This in turn will contribute to the emergence of a truly holistic discipline of psychiatric-mental health nursing.

Biological Psychiatry↗
PubMed2005

Glucagon-related peptide 1 (GLP-1): hormone and neurotransmitter.

The interest in glucagon-like petide-1 (GLP-1) and other pre-proglucagon derived peptides has risen almost exponentially since seminal papers in the early 1990s proposed to use GLP-1 agonists as therapeutic agents for treatment of type 2 diabetes. A wealth of interesting studies covering both normal and pathophysiological role of GLP-1 have been published over the last two decades and our understanding of GLP-1 action has widened considerably. In the present review, we have tried to cover our current understanding of GLP-1 actions both as a peripheral hormone and as a central neurotransmitter. From an initial focus on glycaemic control, GLP-1 research has been diverted to study its role in energy homeostasis, neurodegeneration, cognitive functions, anxiety and many more functions. With the upcoming introduction of GLP-1 agonists on the pharmaceutical venue, we have witnessed an outstanding example of how initial ideas from basic science laboratories have paved their way to become a novel therapeutic strategy to fight diabetes.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2↗