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PubMed1979

Comparative normal levels of serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine in nonhuman primates.

Normative values were obtained for triiodothyronine and thyroxine from four species of Old World primate (chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, African green monkeys and talopoin monkeys) and a single species of New World primate (squirrel monkeys) represented by two subspecies, Colombian and Bolivian. The Bolivian squirrel monkeys exhibited the lowest values for both triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Male talapoins had the highest levels of thyroxine. Significant differences were found in levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine between males and females of the same species and between the two subspecies of squirrel monkeys. Triiodothyronine:thryroxine ratios were consistently lower in the males of all species examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Sarcocystis in man: a review and report of five cases.

Sarcocystis was identified in biopsy specimens of skeletal muscle from two adults in Singapore and one in Bombay, and in muscle obtained at autopsy from an adult in Uganda, and in the heart of a child in Costa Rica. Review of case reports revealed that in seven reported cases, including three reported by Lindemann, non-parasite objects were misinterpreted as sarcocysts; in four instances organisms of undetermined classification were described, and in 35 cases true sarcocysts were observed. Among the sarcocysts seen in the 40 cases (35 old, 5 new), seven morphological types were recognized, each representing one to several different species, all of which are zoonotic and none of which can be designated Sarcocystis lindemanni. Among the four types of sarcocysts found in skeletal muscle, three closely resembled a corresponding species found commonly in monkeys: one from a man in Uganda corresponding to a species in Ceropithicus talapoin, forms from India resembling one or two species in Macaca mulatta, and forms from Southeast Asia resembling a species in Macaca fascicularis. Among three types of sarcocysts found in the human heart, one resembled a species commonly seen in the heart of cattle. Of the 40 Sarcocystis infections in man, 13 probably were acquired in Southeast Asia, 8 in India, 5 in Central or South America, 4 each in Africa and Europe, 3 in USA, 1 IN China and 2 in unknown localities. Associated conditions include muscle soreness or weakness in 7 cases, subcutaneous swellings in 5, eosinophilia in 2, and periarteritis or polyarteritis nodosa in 2 cases. However, evidence of pathogenicity of the mature sarcocyst is inconclusive.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Serological studies on human plague in Southern Africa. Part I. Plague antibody levels in a population during a quiescent and a subsequent active period in an endemic region.

Yersinia pestis fraction l passive haemagglutination studies on human sera obtained randomly during a plague epidemic showed a 10-fold increase in occurrence of antibodies compared with the results obtained on sera from the same population 11 months earlier during a quiescent phase. The pre-epidemic population antibody rate was lower than that in a comparable population tested simultaneously in another endemic region, where a recrudescence of plague was not experienced during the following year. The human plague epidemic was preceded and accompanied by a rodent die-off. A serological survey of the small mammals 2 years prior to the human survey also showed that Y. pestis was present in the environment. Otomys unisulcatus was indicated as being an important rodent in the plague cycle in the area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Induction of osteogenic sarcomas and tumors of the hepatobiliary system in nonhuman primates with aflatoxin B1.

The carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been under evaluation in nonhuman primates for the past 13 years. A total of 47 Old World monkeys, chiefly rhesus and cynomolgus, have received AFB1 i.p. (0.125 to 0.25 mg/kg) and/or p.o. (0.1 to 0.8 mg/kg) for 2 months or longer, and 12 are currently alive and without evidence of tumor. Thirteen of the 35 monkeys necropsied to date (37%) developed one or more malignant neoplasms, yielding an overall tumor incidence of 28%. Five of the neoplasms were primary liver tumors (2 hepatocellular carcinomas and 3 hemangioendothelial sarcomas), and 2 cases of osteogenic sarcoma were found. Other tumors diagnosed were 6 carcinomas of the gall bladder or bile duct, 3 tumors of the pancreas or its ducts, and one papillary Grade I carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The tumors developed in animals receiving an average total AFB1 dose of 709 mg (range, 99 to 1354 mg) for an average of 114 months (range, 47 to 147 months). Fifteen of the 22 necropsied monkeys (68%) without tumor showed histological evidence of liver damage, including toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hyperplastic liver nodules. These animals had received an average total AFB1 dose of 363 mg (range, 0.35 to 1368 mg) for an average of 55 months (range, 2 to 141 months). Our results indicate that AFB1 is a potent hepatotoxin and carcinogen in nonhuman primates and further support the hypothesis that humans exposed to this substance may be at risk of developing cancer.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the characteristics of Poliovirus type 3. III. Strain characteristics after passage in man.

The markers d, IST, EA1(OH)3 and rct at sub- and supraoptimal temperatures as well as neurovirulence (PMic) for monkeys was determined for strains isolated from children vaccinated with Leon 12a1b vaccine, their contacts and from paralytic cases. The strains were isolated at early and late phases of excretion. The changes concerned mainly rct determined at supraoptimal temperatures, d and PMic markers, especially in strains isolated at the late phase of excretion. The passage through the human alimentary tract did not change such markers as IST and EA1(OH)3. Some degree of correlation was observed between the rct 40.3, d and PMic markers.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Phosphlipids and neutral lipids of the testis of the monkey as a function of sexual maturity].

Biochemicals analysis of lipid parameters of testicular extracts of 14 monkeys (Cercopithecide) was found to confirm prior observations made with the same species by histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. Total lipids decrease with sexual activity; contrariwise total cholesterol increase; both parameters, however, showing higher levels in the absence of sexual activity. Phospholipids increase with sexual maturity after puberty but revert to normal with the cessation of spermatogenesis. Chromatographic separation reveals the specific variations of triglycerides the total being higher during pre-puberty and in animals lacking sexual potency. Phospholipid constituents are constant and may be classified in order of their concentration with lecithin being the major constituent. These observations though somewhat fragmentary and representing a rather small population will stimulate new studies and at the present time, agree with similar work done on other species of animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Endogenous morphine and codeine in the brain of non human primate.

BACKGROUND: Morphine is the most used compound among narcotic analgesics. Apart from its presence in the poppy plant, morphine has been shown to be endogenously present in different tissues of mammals and lower animals. MATERIAL/METHODS: The presence of endogenous morphine and codeine was investigated by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) in the brain of non human primate. The release of endogenous morphine from monkey brain slices was studied in vitro in the presence of high potassium concentrations with and without calcium in the medium. RESULTS: Endogenous morphine, and its direct precursor codeine, was for the first time detected by GC/MS in the brain of non human primate. High potassium concentrations depolarized neurons releasing endogenous morphine twofold above basal line levels in a calcium dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: This finding confirms the presence of the endogenous alkaloid throughout the phylogenesis of the nerve system of mammals and lower animals and indicates that endogenous morphine might function as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter agent in the central nervous system (CNS) of non human primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate analogue increases the outflow facility of the primate eye.

Our previous studies showed that cyclic-AMP increases the outflow facility of the eye of the rabbit. In this investigation, an analogue of cyclic-AMP, the 8-methylthio derivative, perfused into the anterior chamber of the eye of the vervet monkey, increased outflow facility twofold. This observation supports the hypothesis that cyclic-AMP mediates the action of adrenergic agents to reduce intraocular pressure in the primate eye.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Results of examining wild monkeys for the presence of smallpox antibodies and smallpox group viruses].

The results of examinations of sera, blood and organs of different species of monkeys from some Asian and African countries for the presence of antibody to smallpox and viruses of the smallpox group. Significant titers of smallpox antibodies (antihemagglutinins virus-neutralizing and, in some cases, precipitating antibody) were found in a considerable number of monkeys shot near foci with human cases (Equatorial province of Zair Republic). In the same monkeys kidney tissues yielded 3 isolates of smallpox virus group two of which were indistinguishable in the laboratory tests from variola virus. On the basis of these data it is concluded that smallpox viruses circulate among wildlife monkeys in some areas of Equatorial Africa. Further studies along these lines are necessary.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A method of determining the levels of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and its metabolites].

A method has been developed for assay of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolite desepoxideoxynivalenol (DOM-1) in animal excrements with the use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection (218 nm). The method includes purification in the mini-column with activated carbon and aluminium oxide. The detection limit was 50 ng/g, relative standard deviation--0.05-0.1, the degree of toxin isolation--76-89%. DON isolated from Fusarium macroceras, strain 579a, cultivated in rice under laboratory conditions, and DOM-1 obtained as a result of DON incubation with the contents of the beef first stomach, were used in the study. The structure of toxins isolated has been proved by the mass-spectrometry method. The method developed by the authors was used in the study of DON metabolism in vivo in monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Aponeurosis plantaris--phylogenetic development].

The plantar aponeurosis is differentiated in its most primitive form in Marsupialia, where it is formed by a single connective tissue strip, a continuation of the tendon of the m. plantaris. The tendon is usually not fixed to the calacaneal tuberosity. The lateral tract (fibular) of the plantar aponeurosis takes a distal course and forms processes for the first to fifth toe. (The number of inserting strips is different and variable in different species of marsupials). A separate medial (tibial) strip of the aponeurosis is lacking. 2. In Insectivora the plantar aponeurosis is differentiated similarly as in marsupials. Again the medial (tibial) strip of the aponeurosis is absent and the tendon of the m. plantaris is more firmly fixed to the calcaneus. Scandentia (Tupalia) have a two-layer aponeurosis. The fibular (lateral) layer is in continuation of the tendon of the m. plantaris, the medial (tibial) layer starts at the calcaneal tuberosity. The plantar aponeurosis of Tupalia does not yet form two separable tracts, however, the forming layers of the aponeurosis indicate the future separation of the uniform connective tissue plate. 3. In prosimians and simians a separate medial (tibial) tract develops which is independent on the tendon of the m. plantaris, and in anthropoids and humans gradually the planta predominates.

Animals↗