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PubMed1989

Selection of appropriate exercise regimens for weight reduction during VLCD and maintenance.

Body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and physical work capacity (aerobic capacity) were measured in four groups of 10 overweight women during 8 weeks of VLCD (405 kcal/day (42 g protein] followed by 8 weeks of 1500 kcal/day maintenance with two additional non dieting groups as controls. Five groups, i.e. two control groups plus three dieting groups, undertook exercise in bicycle ergometry (aerobic) or isotonic resistance or 8 week ergometry followed by 8 week resistance. Weight loss and body composition patterns were similar in diet and diet and exercise groups but efficiency of residual FFM in isotonic resistance groups improved significantly (P less than 0.05). Strength gains/kg body weight significantly improved (P less than 0.05) in the isotonic and dieting group. We conclude that exercise with VLCD is beneficial particularly isotonic resistance training, in improving muscular efficiency and RMR/lean.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A body measurement to evaluate the pattern of fat distribution in central obesity. A screening and monitoring technique for Cushing's syndrome.

To quantify the fat distribution pattern in central obesity, truncal (neck, chest, and abdomen) and peripheral (bilateral upper part of the arms, thighs, and lower part of the legs) circumferences of the body were measured in Japanese women. Central obesity index (COI) was calculated as follows: sum of the truncal circumferences divided by sum of the bilateral peripheral circumferences. The mean COI of six women with Cushing's syndrome (1.028 +/- 0.056 [SD] ) far exceeded that of 56 female controls (0.875 +/- 0.054), including 14 obese women (0.877 +/- 0.060) and 13 diabetic women (0.922 +/- 0.028). During the postoperative follow-up of the patients with Cushing's syndrome, the COIs decreased considerably. Because there is no requirement for special instruments or techniques, the measurement of COI is expected to be useful in the screening of Japanese women for Cushing's syndrome and as an indicator of response after treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

unc-119 homolog required for normal development of the zebrafish nervous system.

The UNC-119 proteins, found in all metazoans examined, are highly conserved at both the sequence and functional levels. In the invertebrates Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, unc-119 genes are expressed pan-neurally. Loss of function of the unc-119 gene in C. elegans results in a disorganized neural architecture and paralysis. The function of UNC-119 proteins has been conserved throughout evolution, as transgenic expression of the human UNC119 gene in C. elegans unc-119 mutants restores a wild-type phenotype. However, the nature of the conserved molecular function of UNC-119 proteins is poorly understood. Although unc-119 genes are expressed throughout the nervous system of the worm and fly, the analysis of these genes in vertebrates has focused on their function in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. Here we report the characterization of an unc-119 homolog in the zebrafish. The Unc119 protein is expressed in various neural tissues in the developing zebrafish embryo and larva. Morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-mediated knockdown of Unc119 protein results in a "curly tail down" phenotype. Examination of neural patterning demonstrates that these "curly tail down" zebrafish experience a constellation of neuronal defects similar to those seen in C. elegans unc-119 mutants: missing or misplaced cell bodies, process defasciculation, axon pathfinding errors, and aberrant axonal branching. These findings suggest that UNC-119 proteins may play an important role in the development and/or function of the vertebrate nervous system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Chlorinated hydrocarbon content of fetal and maternal body tissues and fluids in full term pregnant women: a comparison of Germany versus Tanzania.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are distributed worldwide and due to their lipophilic properties and chemical stability they accumulate in the foodchain. The concentrations of 19 different chlorinated hydrocarbons (hexachlorohexane (HCH), DDT and various metabolites and nine different polychlorinated phenyl (PCB) congeners were detected in various body tissues and fluids (maternal and fetal serum, adipose tissue, placenta, amniotic fluid) of full term pregnant women from Germany and Tanzania. Great variation of total toxin burden and toxin distribution within the different body compartments was found. This was in part due to local differences of exposure to some of the chlorinated hydrocarbons. Comparing samples from Germany and Tanzania, typical distribution patterns reflected the specific economic situation of the two countries with a high burden of insecticides (DDT and Dieldrin) in the agricultural country and high levels of constituents of industrial products (hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and PCBs) in Germany. Different chlorinated hydrocarbons seem to show different distribution patterns in body tissues, probably due to their chemical structure, the lipid content of the compartment and the overall toxin burden of the individual. A 10 to 100 fold accumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbons was observed in maternal adipose tissue compared with the other compartments. The concentrations of certain toxins in fetal cord serum and placenta were higher than in maternal serum.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Body lateropulsion as an isolated or predominant symptom of a pontine infarction.

BACKGROUND: Lateropulsion of the body--that is, falling to one side--is a well-known clinical feature of stroke in the posterior circulation. Body lateropulsion as an isolated or predominant manifestation of a pontine stroke has not been reported previously. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the possible mechanisms of patients presenting with body lateropulsion as an isolated or predominant symptom of an isolated pontine infarction. METHODS: Between May 2004 and February 2006, out of 134 patients admitted with an isolated pontine stroke, we identified 8 (6%) consecutive patients in the Keimyung University Stroke Registry who had body lateropulsion as the main presenting symptom. RESULTS: All lesions were localised to the paramedian tegmentum just ventral to the fourth ventricle. All except one showed a uniform pattern of body lateropulsion, in which the direction of falling was away from the side of an infarct. In two patients body lateropulsion was the sole clinical manifestation, whereas the other patients had other neurological signs. All but one patient had contraversive tilting of the subjective visual vertical (SVV). In all cases, the direction of SVV tilt corresponded to the direction of body lateropulsion. The mean net tilt angle was 6.1 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the known anatomy of ascending vestibular pathways, SVV tilting and MRI findings, it is concluded that body lateropulsion probably results from damage to the graviceptive pathway ascending through the paramedian pontine tegmentum.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1998

Fertile offspring derived from mammalian eggs lacking either animal or vegetal poles.

In all animals so far tested, removing either pole of the undivided egg prevents normal development: embryos may arrest early, lack organs, or the adults may be sterile. These experiments have shown that spatial patterning of the egg is of utmost importance for subsequent development. However, the significance of spatial patterning in mammalian eggs is still controversial. To test the importance of egg polarity in the mouse a substantial amount of material either from the animal (polar body-associated) or the vegetal (opposite) pole of the fertilised egg was removed. One pole of the egg was cut away manually with a glass needle and the eggs were allowed to develop in vitro. Both kinds of surgical operation permit the development of blastocysts, which, after transfer to the uteri of pseudo-pregnant foster mothers, can produce viable offspring. Furthermore, these develop into fertile adult mice. I conclude that mouse eggs have no essential components that are localised uniquely to the animal or the vegetal pole and, therefore, do not rely for their axial development on maternal determinants that are so localised in the fertilised egg. Thus the mammalian egg appears to be very unusual in the animal kingdom in that it establishes the embryonic axes after the zygote has begun development.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Gentamicin-induced chronotoxicity: use of body temperature as a circadian marker rhythm.

Aminoglycoside antibiotics produce varying degrees of ototoxicity, dependent on dosage time, in animals synchronized for rhythm study. Herein, we illustrate the use of an economical and reliable system to telemeter body temperature of laboratory animals as an endogenous marker rhythm for gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Two groups of 3 male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-400 gm) were housed in separate cages in a temperature-controlled room programmed with a 12:12 LD schedule and monitored for hearing thresholds at the frequencies of 8kHz, 16 kHz, 24 kHz and 32 kHz at 2-week intervals. Each rat was dosed with 100 mg/kg/day gentamicin subcutaneously for a duration of 28 days. The animals from one group were dosed at their daily temperature maximum, while the animals of the other group were dosed at their daily temperature minimum. Both after 14 and 28 days of gentamicin treatment there was no important changes in auditory thresholds from baseline values when treatment was timed daily to the circadian peak of body temperature. Animals dosed daily at the trough of the circadian temperature rhythm evidenced an auditory threshold shift of between 5 and 25 dB after 14 days of treatment and a total hearing loss (80-90 dB) after 28 days of such treatment. These results document a dramatically greater level of hearing loss induced in those animals dosed with gentamicin at the body temperature trough (diurnal rest span) as compared to those dosed at the acrophase (nocturnal activity span). The findings indicate that the peak and trough of the circadian pattern of body temperature serve as meaningful markers of the resistance and susceptibility, respectively, of gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in rodent models.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Co-occurrence patterns of some small-bodied freshwater fishes in southwestern France: implications for fish conservation and environmental management.

We assessed the influence of environmental variables (elevation, stream order, distance from source, catchment area, slope, stream width, and fish species richness) on the co-occurrence patterns of the minnow, the stone loach, and the gudgeon at the stream system scale. A total of 474 sites were classified according to the seven variables using the Self-Organizing Map (neural network), and three clusters were detected (k-means algorithm). The frequency of the various fish co-occurrence patterns was calculated for each cluster, and general linear modeling was used to specify the conditions that predict the occurrence of each species. Piedmont streams were more likely to support coexisting gudgeon and minnow populations because of higher probabilities of occurrence for both species. The higher co-occurrence frequency for the three species together in headwater streams resulted from lower occurrence frequencies in gudgeon and minnow. Focusing on areas that favor the co-occurrence of species may enhance the effectiveness of conservation projects.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Changing patterns of gallstone disease in Korea.

The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic characteristics and changing patterns of gallstone disease in Korea over a recent 20-year period. A total of 4020 gallstone patients who had undergone surgery at Seoul National University Hospital during 1981-2000 were analyzed according to periods: period I (1981-1985: 831 cases); period II (1986-1990: 888 cases); period III (1991-1995: 1040 cases); period IV (1996-2000: 1261 cases). The literature from 13 institutes in Korea reporting a total of 13,101 gallstone cases were reviewed to elucidate the nationwide trend. The number of gallstone cases gradually increased. A female predominance was not noted (F/M = 1.17-1.37) as is seen in Western countries. The patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones were older than those with gallbladder (GB) stones or intrahepatic duct (IHD) stones. Over time, the relative proportion of those with a GB stone increased, plateauing (80-85%) during the 1990s; that of patients with CBD stones decreased (34% --> 19%); and that of those with IHD stones remained unchanged (11-15%). Over the entire period, the rural pattern of gallstone formation (low number of GB stones, high numbers of CBD and IHD stones) has become similar to the urban pattern. The body mass index (BMI) of the GB stone group was above average, as were the BMIs of the CBD stone and IHD stone groups. Throughout the literature review, this same changing pattern of the relative proportion of gallstone disease was confirmed. Thus the pattern of gallstone disease in Korea has become similar to that seen in Western countries except for a high prevalence of hepatolithiasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Hox gene expression, AV-1 antigen expression, and cartilage pattern formation in chick recombinant limb buds.

A recombinant limb bud composed of dissociated and reaggregated mesenchyme and an ectodermal jacket develops a limblike structure with bifurcated and segmented cartilage. We compared the cartilage structure formed from recombinants that were composed of mesenchymal cells derived from the limb bud progress zone at various stages. In the case of recombinants containing distal mesenchyme of early-stage limb buds (stage 18 or 20), long and thick cartilage structures were formed in the proximal region, and segmented digitlike structures were formed in the distal region. On the contrary, in the case of recombinants containing distal mesenchyme of late-stage limb buds (stage 25 or 27), only poorly developed cartilage structures were formed. Next, we analyzed expression patterns of the position-specific genes HoxA11, A13 and D12 and the position-specific antigen AV-1 protein in recombinants containing distal mesenchyme of stage 20 limb buds (stage 20 recombinants) or stage 25 limb buds (stage 25 recombinants). In stage 20 recombinants, HoxA11 was expressed throughout the mesenchyme, but HoxA13 was expressed only in the distal half of the mesenchyme. In stage 25 recombinants, HoxA13 was expressed throughout the mesenchyme, but HoxA11 was only faintly expressed. The expression pattern of HoxD12 was similar to that of HoxA13 in both stage 20 and stage 25 recombinants, and no asymmetric expression pattern, which is observed in normal limb buds, was detected. AV-1 antigen was expressed in the core region of stage 20 recombinants, and anteroposterior asymmetry, which is observed in the anterior-ventral-distal region of normal limb buds, was not found. No AV-1 expression was observed in stage 25 recombinants. These results suggest that the mesenchyme in recombinants shows spatially controlled gene/protein expressions along the proximodistal axis, and that these differences in gene/protein expressions may affect cartilage pattern formation in recombinants.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Drosophila tudor is essential for polar granule assembly and pole cell specification, but not for posterior patterning.

Pole cells and posterior segmentation in Drosophila are specified by maternally encoded genes whose products accumulate at the posterior pole of the oocyte. Among these genes is tudor (tud). Progeny of hypomorphic tud mothers lack pole cells and have variable posterior patterning defects. We have isolated a null allele to further investigate tud function. While no pole cells are ever observed in embryos from tud-null mothers, 15% of these embryos have normal posterior patterning. OSKAR (OSK) and VASA (VAS) proteins, and nanos (nos) RNA, all initially localize to the pole plasm of tud-null oocytes and embryos from tud-null mothers, while localization of germ cell-less (gcl) and polar granule component (pgc), is undetectable or severely reduced. In embryos from tud-null mothers, polar granules are greatly reduced in number, size, and electron density. Thus, tud is dispensable for somatic patterning, but essential for pole cell specification and polar granule formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Combined haploid and insertional mutation screen in the zebrafish.

To identify genes required for development of the brain and somites, we performed a pilot screen of gynogenetic haploid zebrafish embryos produced from mothers mutagenized by viral insertion. We describe an efficient method to identify new mutations and the affected gene. In addition, we report the results of a small-scale screen that identified five genes required for brain development, including novel alleles of nagie oko, pou5f1, ribosomal protein L36, and n-cadherin, as well as a novel allele of the laminin g1 gene that is required for normal skeletal muscle fiber organization and somite patterning.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Evolution of OTP-independent larval skeleton patterning in the direct-developing sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma.

Heliocidaris erythrogramma is a direct-developing sea urchin that has evolved a modified ontogeny, a reduced larval skeleton, and accelerated development of the adult skeleton. The Orthopedia gene (Otp) encodes a homeodomain transcription factor crucial in patterning the larval skeleton of indirect-developing sea urchins. We compare the role of Otp in larvae of the indirect-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris tuberculata and its direct-developing congener H. erythrogramma. Otp is a single-copy gene with an identical protein sequence in these species. Expression of Otp is initiated by the late gastrula, initially in two cells of the oral ectoderm in H. tuberculata. These cells are restricted to oral ectoderm and exhibit left-right symmetry. There are about 266 copies of Otp mRNA per Otp- expressing cell in H. tuberculata. We tested OTP function in H. tuberculata and H. erythrogramma embryos by microinjection of Otp mRNA. Mis-expression of Otp mRNA in H. tuberculata radialized the embryos and caused defects during larval skeletogenesis. Mis-expression of Otp mRNA in H. erythrogramma embryos did not affect skeleton formation. This is consistent with the observation by in situ hybridization of no concentration of Otp transcript in any particular cells or region of the H. erythrogramma larva, and measurement of a level of less than one copy of endogenous Otp mRNA per cell in H. erythrogramma. OTP plays an important role in patterning the larval skeleton of H. tuberculata, but this role apparently has been lost in the evolution of the H. erythrogramma larva, and replaced by a new patterning mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Establishment of embryonic neuroepithelial cell lines exhibiting an epiplastic expression pattern of region specific markers.

Neuroepithelial b2T cells were derived from the hindbrain and the spinal cord of mouse transgenic embryos, which expressed SV40 T antigen under the control of a Hoxb2 enhancer. Strikingly, b2T cell lines of either origin exhibit a very similar gene expression pattern, including markers of the hindbrain and the spinal cord, such as Hox genes, but not of more anterior cephalic regions. In addition, the broad expression pattern of b2T cells, probably linked to culture conditions, appeared to be appropriately modulated when the cells were reimplanted at different longitudinal levels into chick host embryos, suggesting that these cells are responsive to exogenous signalling mechanisms. Further support for these allegations was obtained by culturing b2T cells in defined medium and by assessing the expression of Krox20, an odd-numbered rhombomere marker, which appeared to be modulated by a complex interplay between FGF, retinoic acid (RA), and noggin. With respect to these as yet unique properties, b2T cells constitute an original alternative tool to in vivo models for the analysis of molecular pathways involved in the patterning of the neural tube.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Homologs of Drosophila appendage genes in the patterning of arthropod limbs.

Studies of the genes involved in patterning the appendages of Drosophila melanogaster have revealed a system of signaling and transcriptional regulation that is responsible for specifying the proximo-distal limb axis. Here we report the expression patterns of presumptive homologs of the Drosophila genes extradenticle, dachshund, nubbin, ventral veins lacking (a.k.a. Cf1-a), and Dll in the limbs of the woodlouse Porcellio scaber and the spider Steatoda triangulosa. Although the expression domains of the appendage genes roughly correspond to those of Drosophila, their relative positions and segmental affiliation are distinct. In addition, the expression patterns of the appendage genes allows a resolution of the segmental composition of different appendages within crustacean and spider embryos. We conclude that certain limb types, e.g., mouthparts, appear to be derived from a leg-like ground-plan via the elimination/fusion of the intermediate and distal podomeres. Moreover, we observe just such a modification during the transformation of the anterior legs into mouthparts in P. scaber. Although our data do not unequivocally resolve the question of homology of the arthropod leg segments, they do provide evidence for a single conserved proximo-distal patterning system in the development of noninsect arthropod limbs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Development of dorsal-ventral polarity in the optic vesicle and its presumptive role in eye morphogenesis as shown by embryonic transplantation and in ovo explant culturing.

Dorsal and ventral specification in the early optic vesicle appears to play a crucial role in the proper development of the eye. In the present study, we performed embryonic transplantation and organ culturing of the chick optic vesicle in order to investigate how the dorsal-ventral (D-V) polarity is established in the optic vesicle and what role this polarity plays in proper eye development. The left optic vesicle was cut and transplanted inversely in the right eye cavity of host chick embryos. This method ensured that the D-V polarity was reversed while the anteroposterior axis remained normal. The results showed that the location of the choroid fissure was altered from the normal (ventral) to ectopic positions as the embryonic stage of transplantation progressed from 6 to 18 somites. At the same time, the shape of the optic vesicle and the expression patterns of Pax2 and Tbx5, marker genes for ventral and dorsal regions of the optic vesicle, respectively, changed concomitantly in a similar way. The crucial period was between the 8- and 14-somite stages, and during this period the polarity seemed to be gradually determined. In ovo explant culturing of the optic vesicle showed that the D-V polarity and choroid fissure formation were already specified by the 10-somite stage. These results indicate that the D-V polarity of the optic vesicle is established gradually between 8- and 14-somite stages under the influence of signals derived from the midline portion of the forebrain. The presumptive signal(s) appeared to be transmitted from proximal to distal regions within the optic vesicle. A severe anomaly was observed in the development of optic vesicles reversely transplanted around the 10-somite stage: the optic cup formation was disturbed and subsequently the neural retina and pigment epithelium did not develop normally. We concluded that establishment of the D-V polarity in the optic vesicle plays an essential role in the patterning and differentiation of the neural retina and pigment epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Development of the nervous system in the "head" of Limulus polyphemus (Chelicerata: Xiphosura): morphological evidence for a correspondence between the segments of the chelicerae and of the (first) antennae of Mandibulata.

We investigated brain development in the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus and several other arthropods via immunocytochemical methods, i.e. antibody stainings against acetylated alpha-tubulin and synapsin. According to the traditional view, the first appendage-bearing segment in chelicerates (the chelicerae) is not homologous to the first appendage-bearing segment of mandibulates (first antenna, deutocerebrum) but to the segment of the second antenna (tritocerebrum) or the intercalary segment in hexapods and myriapods. Accordingly, the segment of the deutocerebrum in chelicerates would be completely reduced. The main arguments for this view are: (1) the postoral origin of the cheliceral ganglion, (2) a poststomodaeal commissure, and (3) a connection of the cheliceral ganglion to the stomatogastric system. Our data show that these arguments are not convincing. During the development of horseshoe crabs there is no evidence for a former additional segment in front of the chelicerae. Instead, comparison of the brain structure (neuropil ring) between chelicerates, crustaceans and insects shows remarkable similarities. Furthermore, the cheliceral commissure in horseshoe crabs runs mainly praestomodaeal, which would be unique for a tritocerebral commissure. An unbiased view of the developing nervous system in the "head" of chelicerates, crustaceans and insects leads to a homologisation of the cheliceral segment and that of the (first) antenna (= deutocerebrum) of mandibulates that is also congruous to the interpretation of the Hox gene expression patterns. Thus, our data provide morphological evidence for the existence of a chelicerate deutocerebrum.

Animals↗