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PubMed1980

Characteristic and functional specificity of anti-human BAT (brain associated thymocyte antigen) serum.

A rabbit antiserum to human fetal brain after multiple absorption reacted with 100% of thymocytes, 55% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and 90% of enriched T lymphocytes, but not significantly with B lymphocytes. Spontaneous SRBC rosette formation was inhibited by anti-BAT pretreatment, but EAC-rosette formation remained unaffected. The antiserum was itself highly stimulatory. However, cells treated with the antiserum and complement exhibited marked inhibition of responsiveness to Con A, little effect with PHA and no alteration with PWM. The MLC reaction was inhibited only when the responder cells were treated with the antiserum and complement. Treatment of sensitized lymphocytes with the antiserum and complement caused a dose-dependent suppression of blastogenic response to both PPD and n-DNA. No effect, however, was noted in MIF producing cells. Con A induced suppressor function of lymphocytes was abolished by treatment with the antiserum and complement. These results indicate that the anti-BAT serum obtained by us can be utilized for the isolation of T lymphocyte subsets.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A vasectomy technique for Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus).

Bats in captivity reproduce well and contraceptive techniques are needed. In initial attempts at vasectomy using a prescrotal approach, it was difficult to identify the mesoductus deferens. The technique described here uses a scrotal approach with exteriorization of the testis, followed by identification and ligation of the mesoductus deferens. Nine Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) underwent vasectomy for this study. No postoperative complications were seen (n = 18 testes), but some of the testes (5/18, 27%), which previously moved freely from the scrotum to the abdominal cavity, were still adhered to the scrotal sac 14 mo postoperatively. This technique appears safe, is fast, and is relatively easy to perform.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Plasma fat-soluble vitamin and mineral concentrations in relation to diet in captive pteropodid bats.

Circulating plasma fat-soluble vitamin and mineral concentrations were compared in captive females of three species for fruit bats (Pteropus vampyrus, Pteropus hypomelanus, and Pteropus pumilus) fed the same diet. Daily total food intake averaged 28% of body weight on an as-fed basis or 7% on a dry matter basis. Dietary leftovers contained higher concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc than the diet offered, suggesting some nutrient selectivity. Additionally, fecal mineral concentrations were two- to threefold higher than dietary concentrations of corresponding nutrients. Plasma concentrations of vitamin A (0.02-0.05 microg retinol/ml), vitamin D (1.50 ng 25-OH D3/ml; 93-108 pg 1,25 diOH D3/ml), and vitamin E (0.49-1.05 microg alpha-tocopherol/ml) were lower than in other herbivorous mammals, whereas plasma mineral concentrations were within normal mammalian ranges. These data may help assess the nutritional status of fruit bats.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1976

An electron microscopic study of the olfactory mucosa in the bat and rabbit.

The olfactory epithelium and the olfactory gland were electron microscopically observed in the bat and rabbit. 1. In spite of abundant tubular components of sER, the supporting cells show no cytological signs of secretory activity. Numerous long irregular microvilli which are protruded from the supporting cells into the mucous film covering the olfactory epithelium contain no axial filaments. From the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane covering these cells and their microvilli, numerous polypoid processes are projected into the mucous film. These newly identified delicate processes with an apical vesicular swelling about 200 A in diameter may be involved in an extension of surface area or in a microapocrine release of unknown substance. 2. Olfactory cell perikaryon extends an apical dendrite forming an olfactory vesicle (better to be called "dendritic bulb") and a basal neurite or axon. Basal bodies of olfactory cilia are contained in the dendritic bulb and provided with 3 types of appendages: one or occasionally 2 striated conical basal feet directed toward the center of the dendritic bulb, an occasional 1.2 mu long striated rootlet and 9 spokes which extend between the distal end of each of 9 triplets of the basal body and the surface plasma membrane. 3. The present study has first disclosed the so-called "large dense-cored vesicles" about 750-1,000 A in diameter in the perikaryons and axons of olfactory cells. The dendrite and axon contain numerous neurotubules and mitochondria, but no neurofilaments. Cytological differences between dendrite and axon consist in that the former contains scattering free ribosomes but no large dense-cored vesicles, while the latter contains no free ribosomes but some large dense-cored vesicles. 4. Undifferentiated basal cells containing no tonofilaments, which are supposed to differentiate through mitosis into "intercalated cells," are proposed in this paper. Electron-lucent intercalated cells show cytological characteristics of undifferentiated cells, and may probably be precursors of both olfactory and supporting cells. 5. In the bat and rabbit olfactory gland, the presence of an intraepithelial excretory duct surrounded by proper epithelial cells lacking in secretory function seems doubtful. The olfactory gland seems to lack a basement membrane. Secretory cells are in various stages of the secretory cycle, but no distinct cell types have been distinguished. Secretory granules of low density with dense cores support, together with their histochemical properties, the mucous nature of the olfactory gland in both species, though the rich tubular elements of sER may suggest a possible peculiar nature of their secretions. Rabbit secretory cells contain "dense rodlets," which are probably derived from the tubular sER. They are discharged by apocrine process into the glandular lumen.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Electron microscope study on the bat testicular interstitial cell with special reference to the cytoplasmic crystalloid.

The testicular interstitial cell of the bat, Myotis schreibersi (Temmink), captured late in August was electron microscopically investigated. The cytoplasm of Myotis interstitial cells is packed by strikingly numerous mitochondria with many electron dense small matrix granules, endoplasmic reticulum and variable numbers of osmiophilic lipid droplets. The Myotis interstitial cell is characterized by alternate development of the SER and RER: In some Leydig cells the major part of the cytoplasm is packed by tubular SER, whereas in others this apparently is replaced by abundant free ribosomes containing sparse cisternae of the RER. These changes in the amounts of ser and RER are likely reversible and probably reflect functional alterations of Leydig cells of the bat, a hibernator. The Myotis interstitial cell possesses small cytoplasmic crystalloids composed of regularly oriented, compressed tubules, 20-28 m mu thick, which are continuous to the tubular SER (SER derived crystalloids). Type I and type II crystalloids are classified, which show, in suitable planes of section, honeycomb-like and fabric-like patterns, respectively. The Myotis Leydig cell extends cytoplasmic processes of irregular shape and long microvilli, the latter often conglomerates on the cell body or cytoplasmic processes. The entire surface of the cell including the processes is completely surrounded by a basal lamina.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Operant conditioning in the bat Phyllostomus hastatus.

Bats of the species Phyllostomus hastatus were trained to press a pigeon key with food as the reinforcer. Patterns of responding under fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules of reinforcement were similar to those typically shown by other species. In a simple auditory discrimination, responding readily came under stimulus control. It is suggested that the behavioral method could be applied to various problem areas of bat behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Regular pulse emission in some megachiropteran bats.

We recorded vocalizations of megachiropteran bats, Cynopterus brachyotis, C. horsfieldi, Megaerops ecaudatus and Macroglossus sobrinus as they were held in our hands, in a hanging position or moved up and down, simulating flight. All four species produced regular audible tone pulses with a frequency spectrum of less than 9 kHz (peak at 4-6 kHz). The duration of a single pulse varied from 14.9 to 23.6 msec on average among these species. The interpulse interval was between 108.3 and 127.7 msec. In M. ecaudatus and M. sobrinus, double pulses were occasionally emitted, with interpulse intervals averaging 39 msec and 31 msec, respectively. The regular pulse emission may indicate that the bats studied use sounds to probe space.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Geographical variation in echolocation call and body size of the Okinawan least horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus pumilus (Mammalia: Rhinolophidae), on Okinawa-jima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan.

The Okinawan least horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus pumilus, is a cave-dwelling species endemic to the central and southern Ryukyus, Japan. We analyzed variation in the constant frequency (CF) of the echolocation call and in forearm length (FAL) of this species on Okinawa-jima Island on the basis of data for 479 individuals from 11 caves scattered over the island. CF values in samples from six caves, all located in the southwestern half of Okinawa-jima, were significantly higher than those in samples from five caves in the northeastern half of the island. Also, FAL was significantly greater in the latter group than in the former group, although the ranges of variation in this character substantially overlapped between the two groups. These results suggest substantial differentiation between R. pumilus populations on Okinawa-jima. The implications of our findings for the conservation of this endangered bat species are briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Seasonal changes in spermatogenesis of the Japanese lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus cornutus from a morphological viewpoint.

Seasonal changes in spermatogenesis of Japanese lesser horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus cornutus, captured in Aomori Prefecture (Japan) were examined by light microscopy. In March, the seminiferous tubules revealed almost no lumen. The seminiferous epithelium consisted of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. The interstitium occupied a relatively large area. In June, the seminiferous tubules gradually increased in diameter. Lumen was clearly seen at the center of seminiferous tubules. Mitotic figures of spermatogonia and spermatocytes were occasionally recognized. Interstitium occupation was still abundant. In August, the diameter of seminiferous tubules maximized. The interstitium occupied only a small area. Active spermatogenesis was obvious at this time. Released spermatozoa were frequently observed within the expanded lumen. In October, although spermatogenesis was still active, the diameter of seminiferous tubules tended to decrease in size. In December, active spermatogenesis completely disappeared. The diameter of tubules greatly decreased. In most cases, the seminiferous epithelium contained only Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. Thus, spermatogenesis in Japanese lesser horseshoe bats occurs from the middle or late summer to the middle autumn in Aomori Prefecture. In epididymal tracts, aggregated spermatozoa were recognized throughout the year. The cytoplasm of all Leydig cells in the interstitium was positive for 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase throughout the year.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2001

SEM study on the dorsal lingual surface of the lesser dog-faced fruit bat, Cynopterus brachyotis.

The dorsal lingual surface of the lesser dog-faced fruit bat was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Filiform (Fi), fungiform (Fu) and vallate papillae (V) were observed. The Fi papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. The Fi papillae notably differed in morphology by their location on the tongue and could be classified into 5 types: 1) crown-like papillae, 2) giant trifid papillae, 3) scale-like papillae, 4) small conical papillae, and 5) large conical papillae. The Fu papillae were present rounded bodies on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. The lesser dog-faced fruit bat showed the triangular arrangement of the three V, with the apex of the triangle directed posteriorly.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seasonal changes in blood parameters in the bat species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and miniopterus schreibersi.

Intersexual and seasonal comparisons of erythrocyte number, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration were conducted for two old world temperate bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Miniopterus schreibersi. Both species had many small erythrocytes and elevated hemoglobin concentrations. Seasonal differences in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and mean cell volume were found in each species. The increase in the number of small erythrocytes in the warm season may be related to heightened activity of the bats during this period. High blood-oxygen capacities associated with high hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values increase oxygen delivery to tissues in species with small body size and high metabolic rates.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Australian bat lyssavirus infection in a captive juvenile black flying fox.

The newly emerging Australian bat lyssavirus causes rabieslike disease in bats and humans. A captive juvenile black flying fox exhibited progressive neurologic signs, including sudden aggression, vocalization, dysphagia, and paresis over 9 days and then died. At necropsy, lyssavirus infection was diagnosed by fluorescent antibody test, immunoperoxidase staining, polymerase chain reaction, and virus isolation. Eight human contacts received postexposure vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bat incidents at children's camps, New York State, 1998-2002.

From 1998 to 2002, a total of 299 bat incidents were reported at 109 children's camps in New York; 1,429 campers and staff were involved, and 461 persons received rabies treatment. In 53.8% of the incidents, the bat was captured and samples tested negative for rabies virus, which resulted in 61.3% of persons not receiving rabies treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

European bat lyssavirus type 2 RNA in Myotis daubentonii.

Organ distribution of European bat lyssavirus type 2 viral RNA in its reservoir host, Myotis daubentonii (Daubenton's bat), was measured with a novel quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. High levels of genomic RNA were found in the brain and were also detectable in the tongue, bladder, and stomach.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Bat-transmitted human rabies outbreaks, Brazilian Amazon.

We describe 2 bat-transmitted outbreaks in remote, rural areas of Portel and Viseu Municipalities, Pará State, northern Brazil. Central nervous system specimens were taken after patients' deaths and underwent immunofluorescent assay and histopathologic examination for rabies antigens; also, specimens were injected intracerebrally into suckling mice in an attempt to isolate the virus. Strains obtained were antigenically and genetically characterized. Twenty-one persons died due to paralytic rabies in the 2 municipalities. Ten rabies virus strains were isolated from human specimens; 2 other cases were diagnosed by histopathologic examination. Isolates were antigenically characterized as Desmodus rotundus variant 3 (AgV3). DNA sequencing of 6 strains showed that they were genetically close to D. rotundus-related strains isolated in Brazil. The genetic results were similar to those obtained by using monoclonal antibodies and support the conclusion that the isolates studied belong to the same rabies cycle, the virus variants found in the vampire bat D. rotundus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Status of intestinal parasite infections among children in Bat Dambang, Cambodia.

A survey was conducted to determine the extent of intestinal parasite infection in Bat Dambang, Cambodia in March 2004. A total of 623 fecal specimens was collected from kindergarten and schoolchildren and examined using the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. The overall infection rate of intestinal parasites was 25.7% (boys, 26.2%; girls, 25.1%), and the infection rates of intestinal helminthes by species were as follows: Echinostoma sp. 4.8%, hookworm 3.4%, Hymenolepis nana 1.3%, and Rhabditis sp. 1.3%. The infection rates of intestinal protozoa were; Entamoeba coli 4.8%, Giardia lamblia 2.9%, Iodamoeba butschlii 1.4%, Entamoeba polecki 1.1%, and Entamoeba histolytica 0.8%. There were no egg positive cases of Ascaris lumbricoides or Trichuris trichiura. All children infected were treated with albendazole, praziquantel, or metronidazole according to parasite species. The results showed that intestinal parasites are highly endemic in Bat Dambang, Cambodia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Distribution of germline BAT-40 poly-adenine tract microsatellite variants in the Japanese.

Distribution of allelic variants of a poly-adenine tract microsatellite named BAT-40, locating at intron 2 of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene, were investigated in 412 Japanese individuals free from mismatch repair gene defect. Out of them, 60 (14.6%) were heterozygotes for BAT-40, which is significantly lower than that reported in Europeans. Observed allelic variants in the Japanese ranged from 17- to 46-adenine repeats with different distribution pattern from those reported in the Americans or Europeans. These data will provide significant background knowledge for the evaluation of microsatellite instability in cancer DNA from the Japanese population.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1980

Experimental rabies in the vampire bat.

Vampire bats were inoculated intramuscularly and subcutaneously with varying doses of rabies virus to simulate bites by rabid animals in nature. Daily saliva samples were then taken from these animals to determine whether they excreted virus and for how long. Vampire bats appear to react to rabies virus as do other animals, with variable incubation periods, some excretion of virus in the saliva, but no prolonged excretion "carrier state."

Animals↗