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PubMedDate not supplied

[Transient global amnesia--a benign condition which can also occur in young people].

Transient global amnesia (TGA) occurs mostly in middle-aged and elderly individuals, and is generally believed to be very rare in individuals less than 40 years of age. We present three cases of TGA in young persons (16-22 years). They all had a medical history and presented symptoms fulfilling the criteria for TGA. Physical examinations and investigations were all normal. All three presented their symptoms while playing football. Reviewing the literature the suggested causes are partly different for TGA in old and young people, respectively. The present report confirms that TGA may also occur in younger individuals. We propose that single TGA is a benign condition also in younger persons and that the investigation should be similar to that of TGA in older age groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A study of the risk factors in transient global amnesia and its differentiation from a transient ischemic attack].

INTRODUCTION: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical condition that has been described in many studies, but its pathophysiology is not fully understood. In recent years the theory of valvular insufficiency in the jugular vein has been added to the classical hypotheses that link it to migraine, to epilepsy and -the most widely accepted- to transient ischemic attacks (TIA), although the real origin of the condition has still not been determined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study we compared 131 patients diagnosed with TGA between 1993 and 2004 with 262 patients who were diagnosed as having TIA over the same period. RESULTS: Mean age was 65.94 years in TGA versus 71.11 years in the case of TIA. There was a higher rate of arterial hypertension among the patients with TGA and diabetes mellitus was more frequent among those with TIA (p<0.05 in both cases). Emboligenic heart disease was scarce among patients with TGA. The number of patients with a history of ischaemic heart disease and a history and the development of cerebrovascular diseases was greater among those with TIA than in cases of TGA (p<0.05). The TGA recurrence rate was 12%. The percentage of pathological findings in the CAT brain scan was higher in patients with TIA (p<0.05). There are no significant differences between patients with TGA and TIA as far as treatment on hospital discharge is concerned. CONCLUSIONS: TGA does not seem to be a symptom of an arteriosclerotic pathology nor does it appear to offer a higher risk of heart or cerebrovascular disease and, therefore, antiaggregating therapy would not be indicated in such cases.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Temporal changes of diffusion-weighted MR images in a patient with transient global amnesia].

The pathogenesis of transient global amnesia (TGA) remains uncertain, although it is featured by characteristic clinical symptoms. We present a patient with TGA, in which diffusion-weighted MR image showed a punctuate hyperintense lesion in the left CA1 subfield of the hippocampus adjoining the lateral ventricle 24 hours after the onset. This lesion was observed with FLAIR image after 9 days from the onset, and therefore was considered to be a delayed ischemic lesion. A SPECT and PET studies 7 days after the onset showed a decrease of the CBF, CMRO2 and CMRglu, and was compatible with a delayed ischemic lesion. However, there were no cardiovascular risk factors nor abnormalities of vascular supply, and therefore the reason for microcirculatory disturbances remained unclear.

Amnesia, Transient Global↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of baclofen and L-AP4 in passive avoidance test in rats after hypoxia-induced amnesia.

Hypoxia-induced cognitive deficits are mainly due to disturbances of the balance between the GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. Acquisition, consolidation and retention impairment in passive avoidance test, hypolocomotion in the open field test, an anxiogenic-like effect in the elevated plus-maze test and hypothermia were observed in rats subjected to hypoxia. Drugs which reduce glutamate release may possess neuroprotective activity. Both, agonists of GABA(B) (baclofen) and group III mGlu receptors (L-AP4) influence the release of glutamate. We studied the behavioral effects of baclofen on hypoxia-induced amnesia and the role of L-AP4 in these processes. Baclofen impaired acquisition, produced an anxiogenic-like effect and lowered body temperature but reduced the hypoxia-induced deficit of acquisition and consolidation of conditioned avoidance, diminished the anxiogenic-like effect, and reduced the motor inhibition produced by hypoxia. L-AP4 improved the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval processes as well as the hypoxia-induced consolidation deficit in the passive avoidance test. Co-administration of baclofen with L-AP4 improved consolidation and enhanced the baclofen activity vs. the respective group without hypoxia. In a group of rats that had undergone hypoxia, joint administration of baclofen and L-AP4 improved retrieval as well as enhanced the effect of baclofen and L-AP4 vs. their respective group without hypoxia. The agonist of group III mGluRs did not change locomotor activity but diminished baclofen-induced motility in rats without hypoxia. L-AP4 given alone or with baclofen produced an anxiogenic-like effect in rats without hypoxia but produced an anxiolytic-like effect in those that had undergone hypoxia. L-AP4 did not influence the activity of baclofen in the elevated plus-maze test. L-AP4 given alone or with baclofen did not change body temperature. It is concluded that baclofen and L-AP4 may cooperate in the consolidation process in rats without hypoxia and in retrieval of passive avoidance in animals that had undergone hypoxia. The observed interaction is probably the result of activation of the presynaptic receptors which influence glutamate and GABA release.

Amnesia↗
PubMed2006

MR imaging of human herpesvirus-6-associated encephalitis in 4 patients with anterograde amnesia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.

MR imaging is typically obtained during the work-up of patients who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant who present with unexplained change in mental status, amnesia, or seizures. Although the differential diagnosis is broad in this setting, the presence of T2 prolongation limited to the medial aspect of one or both temporal lobes with or without associated reduced water diffusion may help limit the possible diagnoses. A frequent etiology seen in this context is human herpesvirus-6 (HHV6) infection. We report the evolution of MR imaging findings and clinical course in 4 patients with limbic encephalitis probably related to HHV6.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Prolongated amnesia after "rohypnol" i.v. before local anesthesia and responsiveness during operation (author's transl)].

An up-to-eight-hour lasting anterograde amnesia is achieved by "Rohypnol" i.v. causing no excitation before local anesthesia is given (prolongation by analgetics, anesthetics, neuroleptics). The cardiovascular functions remain stable with spontaneous breathing and preservation of the swallow and coughing reflexes. During the operation the patient is responsive and cooperative. The patient answers all questions, moves his body into any wanted position and when ordered he performs Valsalva's manoeuver without any remembrane. If not spoken to and having no pain he falls asleep right away. Postoperative vomiting is reduced. The patient feels relaxed after waking up. No complications have been noticed during more than 500 operations. The later questioning of all patients showed only 4 patients (with unsufficient preoperative sedation) who could remember part of the terminal phase of the operation.

Amnesia↗
PubMed2006

[Two cases of transient global amnesia (TGA) following sildenafil use].

Only two cases connecting Sildenafil reception and acute memory impairment have been published. Two similar cases were observed in our clinic last year. Sildenafil is a potent inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the corpus cavernosum and therefore, increases the penile response to sexual stimulation and is used for erectile dysfunction. The most severe and life-threatening complications of Sildenafil are associated with combined administration with nitrates. The incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke and death did not significantly differ between Sildenafil-treated and placebo-treated patients; therefore, Sildenafil does not appear contraindicated in subjects with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Scanty data are available regarding Sildenafil and cerebrovascular disease and there are only a few case reports regarding transient global amnesia (TGA) after Sildenafil use. Two cases of TGA are described immediately following the use of one dose of Sildenafil. The etiology of TGA is not yet completely understood but one of the hypothesizes suggests that the pathophysiology of this condition is related to intracranial vasomotor changes, especially due to venous congestion and venous ischemia of bilateral hippocampal structures. It is also well known that Sildenafil stimulates the relaxation of smooth muscle and causes vasomotor changes. Based on this report, as well as previous reports, it is suggested that a single dose of Sildenafil may stimulate TGA.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Traumatic amnesias. Memory disorders consecutive to head injuries].

Traumatic amnesia is a good index predictive of the disablement due sequelae of cranial injuries. The residual memory deficit, correlated with the return to work, mainly affects long-term memory, learning, verbal memory and sensitivity to interferences. The most relevant tests are Rey's 15 words--and particularly their retrieval at 30 minutes--and the verbal fluency test, but the changes in memory observed in the patient's daily life must also be evaluated. Rehabilitation tends to rely on the overall management of intellectual and behavioural disorders, as part of programmes that are specific to subjects with cranial injury.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of BY-1949 on three kinds of experimental amnesia in rodents].

The possible anti-amnesic effects of a dibenzoxazepine derivative, BY-1949 (3-methoxy-11-methyldibenz[b,f] [1, 4] oxazepine-8-carboxylate), were examined using the three learning paradigms. In the one-trial passive avoidance task in mice, BY-1949 (1-30 mg/kg, po) and aniracetam (3-30 mg/kg, po) reversed the shortening of the response latency in the retention test produced by exposure to 100% CO2 immediately after the acquisition trial. In the two-way active avoidance task in rats, BY-1949 (10, 30 mg/kg, po) reversed the decreased avoidance rate produced by the hypoxia treatment (5% O2:95% N2). In the radial-arm maze task in rats, BY-1949 (10 mg/kg, po) and aniracetam (10, 30 mg/kg, po) improved the impaired correct choices induced by scopolamine (0.25 mg/kg, ip). These results suggest that BY-1949, as well as aniracetam, exerts some improvement effects on experimental amnesia.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1989

Transient global amnesia, epilepsy, and migraine: diagnostic comparisons and distinctions.

Transient global amnesia, epilepsy, and migraine are three common neurologic disorders likely to be encountered by military physicians. These three entities share many clinical, electroencephalographic, and pathophysiologic characteristics. We report a patient who exemplifies the indistinct boundaries among these conditions and whose response to treatment supports the use of anticonvulsants for selected patients who have recalcitrant migraine.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of quinpirole on the retrieval of a memory trace in amnesia].

In experimental studies on mice it was shown that quinpirole, a selective agonist of dopaminergic postsynaptic D-2 receptors, possessed a pronounced antiamnestic activity. Administration of quinpirole before testing on 2nd and 22nd days reactivated the retrieval of passive avoidance impaired by an amnestic agent. The drug effect depended on the duration of "psychogenic" amnesia. It is suggested that the postsynaptic dopaminergic D-2 receptors are actively involved in the neurochemical mechanisms of memory trace retrieval.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1989

[Transitory global amnesia. Analysis of our group].

Syndrome of transitory global amnesia characterized by suddenly appearing and isolated disorder of the short-time memory is a manifestation of dysfunction of structures of the hippocampus-fornix system, dorso-medial nuclei of the thalamus and mediobasal areas of temporal lobes. Histories, clinical pictures and results obtained from auxiliary examinations were in detail analyzed in seven patients with the above diagnosis at the Department of Neurology in Hradec Králové and possible etiology of the disease was considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Transient global amnesia. With a contribution to its prognosis].

The risk of recurrency in transient global amnesia was calculated from eight representative studies published in the literature comprising a total of 622 patients, and from a personal survey in 122 patients to be 3.4%/year. Within a mean period of observation of five years, a first recurrency was followed by one further amnesic attack in 1/5 and by two or more attacks in 1/10. Stroke risk proved not to be higher than in a normal population of the respective age groups. A residual syndrome of disturbed long term verbal memory may be seen even after a single attack.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1989

[Transient global amnesia syndrome of traumatic origin].

The authors describe the condition of a 52-year-old female patient who during a car crash contracted an injury manifested by typical symptoms of transient global amnesia for a period of nine hours. There was no previous disorder of consciousness or other traumatic changes. Other similar nine cases from the literature are quoted.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1989

Orientation Group Monitoring System: an indicator for reversible impairments in cognition during posttraumatic amnesia.

During posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), confusion, attention deficits, impaired memory, disorientation, and inability to process external stimuli often preclude accurate assessment of subtle neurologic changes. The Orientation Group Monitoring System (OGMS) has proven to be a simple, useful strategy for assessing cognitive status. Retrospective analysis of weekly aggregate OGMS scores indicated that a decline in performance of 0.23 or greater is clinically significant. Over a one-year period, 27 patients demonstrated significant decrements in OGMS performance, and in 93% of these instances, the decrease was attributable to a medical problem. Adverse effects of medication was the most common etiology of decreased performance (n = 13). Overwhelmingly, the decline in the OGMS score was the first indication of impaired cognition. This monitoring device is therefore useful as an indicator during PTA of declining cognitive function, warranting further medical evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Post-traumatic transient amnesias.

Temporary memory disorders following closed head injuries are presented, with special remark on the cases of transient global amnesia (TGA) triggered by head trauma. The relationship with idiopathic forms of TGA is discussed.

Adult↗