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PubMed1981

Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of anti-candida serum precipitin and agglutinin quantification: comparison of counterimmunoelectrophoresis and latex agglutination.

Many serological techniques have been developed to aid in the discrimination of significant candidiasis from other clinical states. Serum anti-candida precipitin and agglutinin quantification by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and latex agglutination were statistically evaluated as to their respective ability to accomplish this discrimination. Forty-five serum specimens from 16 patients with documented disease and 2 with presumptive disease and 81 specimens from 70 control patients were studied. The control population consisted of patients with candida colonization, transient candidemia, bacteremia, other systemic mycoses, and healthy medical personnel. The two techniques were compared as to sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a positive and a negative test. Using a precipitin or agglutinin titer of greater than or equal to 1:8 as the criterion for a positive test, we obtained the following results: counterimmunoelectrophoresis, 78, 97, 88, and 94%, respectively; latex agglutination, 94, 50, 33, and 97%, respectively.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1981

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (disodium salt)-labile bovine immunoglobulin M Fc binding to Brucella abortus: a cause of nonspecific agglutination.

It was demonstrated by a radioimmunoassay procedure that Brucella abortus agglutinins from noninfected cattle sera, absorbed to B. abortus antigen and eluted with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), was immunoglobulin M that bound to that bacterium by its Fc portion. The EDTA-eluted immunoglobulin M agglutinated intact B. abortus cells but not erythrocytes treated with B. abortus lipopolysaccharide. The specificity of the EDTA-eluted immunoglobulin was for B. abortus, although a small titer to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 was observed. In contrast, immunoglobulin M purified from the serum of a cow injected 7 days previously with heat-killed B. abortus bound to the antigen by its Fab portion, was not labile to EDTA treatment, cross-reacted extensively with Y. enterocolitica serotype O:9, and agglutinated various other bacterial antigens and normal erythrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of the API 20S Streptococcus identification system with an immunorheophoresis procedure and two commercial latex agglutination tests for identifying beta-hemolytic streptococci.

The API 20S Streptococcus identification system and a new immunorheophoresis procedure were evaluated as means for determining the Lancefield serogroup of beta-hemolytic streptococci recovered from human clinical specimens. The serogroup of 96 strains was determined by these methods and by two commercially available latex agglutination tests. Streptex and SeroSTAT. The results of all four procedures were compared with the results of a classical precipitin test. The API 20S system correctly categorized 92.7% of the isolates; 94.8% were correctly identified by the immunorheophoresis procedure. The latex agglutination procedures were of comparable accuracy, yielding correct identifications with approximately 92% of the strains tested.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1982

Detection of group B streptococcal antigen in early-onset and late-onset group B streptococcal disease with the Wellcogen Strep B latex agglutination test.

The Wellcogen Strep B latex agglutination test (Wellcome Diagnostics, Dartford, England) was evaluated as a method of detecting group B streptococcal antigen in urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum from neonates with early-onset (less than or equal to 7 days of age) and late-onset group B streptococcal disease. Urine was the best source of antigen, which was detected in 100% of six neonates with early-onset group B streptococcal disease who had urine available in the first 12 h of illness and in 88% of 17 group B streptococcus-infected neonates with urine available in the first 48 h of illness. Antigen was not detected in any samples from patients without group B streptococcal disease except in the urine of one patient with Proteus mirabilis meningitis. The Wellcogen Strep B latex test of the lot tested compares favorably with a noncommercially available latex agglutination test.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1982

New latex agglutination test for rapid determination of rubella immune status.

A prototype rubella latex agglutination card assay (Hynson, Westcott and Dunning, Baltimore, Md.) was compared with a standard hemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of rubella antibodies in 500 sera. The sensitivity and specificity of the latex agglutination assay were 100% and 94%, respectively. This assay did not require pretreatment of serum, and the entire assay could be performed in 10 min.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1983

Identification of Legionella pneumophila by latex agglutination.

A latex agglutination test for the identification of Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 through 6 is described. The reagent is specific for L. pneumophila and enables the ready identification of L. pneumophila colonies on agar plates. Preliminary evidence suggests that latex agglutination enables the detection of soluble L. pneumophila antigens in respiratory secretions of patients suspected of having legionellosis.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1983

Use of enzyme immunoassays and the latex agglutination test to measure the temporal appearance of immunoglobulin G and M antibodies after natural infection or immunization with rubella virus.

The time course of appearance of antibodies after infection with rubella virus was determined with an immunoglobulin G (IgG) detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a latex agglutination test, and an IgM detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In six naturally infected rubella patients and 26 vaccinees, antibodies measured by either the IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or the latex agglutination test generally appeared in parallel with those detected by the hemagglutination inhibition test. By 28 days after inoculation of live virus vaccine and by 2 days postonset of clinical rubella symptoms caused by natural infection, antibodies were found by the two tests for all individuals. A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to detect rubella-specific IgM. After natural infection, IgM appeared earlier than IgG, and although IgM titers decreased rapidly postinfection, in four of five patients antibodies were still detectable 40 to 43 days after the onset of clinical symptoms. After vaccine-induced infection, rubella-specific IgM was lower in titer than after natural infection and was detected in only three of seven vaccinees 70 days post-immunization.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Detection of pneumococci in blood cultures by latex agglutination.

Latex agglutination by use of the Pneumoslide test on clinical blood cultures detected 22 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains as the etiological agents in 47 streptococcal septic episodes. The other 25 isolates were identified as viridans streptococci or streptococci of groups A, B, D, or G. The test demonstrated 100% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and predictive values for positive and negative reactions of 91 and 92%, respectively. Two false-positive reactions were caused by strains of viridans streptococci. The two strains continued to give positive reactions when colonies from blood agar plates were tested according to the instructions of the manufacturer. This latex agglutination test is an effective tool for the rapid diagnosis of pneumococci in blood cultures.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1985

Direct appraisal of latex agglutination testing, a convenient alternative to enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rotavirus in childhood gastroenteritis, by comparison of two enzyme immunoassays and two latex tests.

During February and March 1984, 207 fecal samples from infants and children with gastroenteritis were tested for rotavirus with four techniques: two enzyme immunoassays (Rotazyme; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill., and Enzygnost-Rotavirus; Calbiochem-Behring, La Jolla, Calif.) and two latex agglutination tests (Rotalex; Orion Research, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., and Slidex Rota-Kit; Biomérieux). All stool samples were also tested for yeasts and bacterial pathogens. Electron microscopy was used to investigate discrepant results. We found 47% positive samples with Enzygnost-Rotavirus, 38% with Rotazyme, 37% with Slidex Rota-Kit, and 34% with Rotalex. No specimen was found positive by Rotazyme only or Slidex Rota-Kit only. On the contrary, 12 samples which were positive with Enzygnost-Rotavirus only and 3 which were positive with Rotalex only were not confirmed as positive by electron microscopy. Both enzyme immunoassays gave 6% equivocal results; Slidex Rota-Kit gave significantly fewer equivocal results than did Rotalex: 2.9% versus 9.7% (P less than 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity of latex tests compared favorably with that of enzyme immunoassays. Latex agglutination tests can be performed by unskilled personnel and are rapid and relatively cheap. They appear to be very suitable for routine laboratory work and may prove useful for large-scale screening in developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Cross-reactions between alpha-streptococci and Omniserum, a polyvalent pneumococcal serum, demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence, immunoelectroosmophoresis, and latex agglutination.

In recent years several groups have used serological methods to demonstrate pneumococcal capsular antigens in sputum. In the present study 123 strains of alpha-hemolytic streptococci (including 97 strains from sputum or pharyngeal specimens) were tested for cross-reactions with a polyvalent antipneumococcal serum (Omniserum). Representatives of the following species were included: Streptococcus bovis, S. equinus, S. intermedius, S. lactis, S. milleri, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, S. sanguis, S. suis, and Aerococcus viridans. Serological reactions were detected by direct immunofluorescence, immunoelectroosmophoresis, and latex agglutination. Fifteen (12%) of the strains gave positive reactions by all three methods. Positive reactions were also observed with another 32 strains (26%) with two of the methods, whereas 37 strains (30%) gave positive reactions by just one technique. Altogether 84 (68%) strains gave positive reactions with one or more of the methods. Latex agglutination gave positive reactions with 26 (21%) strains compared with 57 (46%) in immunofluorescence and 63 (51%) in immunoelectroosmophoresis. Absorption of the antiserum with one alpha-hemolytic strain reduced but did not entirely eliminate the cross-reactions with five tested strains. These findings indicate a potential risk of cross-reactions with polyvalent antipneumococcal serum in tests carried out on sputa or other specimens which may be contaminated with alpha-hemolytic streptococci.

Cross Reactions↗
PubMed1985

Diagnosis of systemic candidiasis by latex agglutination for serum antigen.

Three latex agglutination test procedures for detecting Candida antigen in human serum were compared in a retrospective study of 69 patients and 20 normal volunteers. Untreated human serum was reacted with two different latex reagents; one reagent also was reacted with serum treated with protease and heat. The test procedure with treated serum was best, detecting serum antigen in 17 of 21 patients (81%) with disseminated candidiasis. Judging by autopsy-proven cases, there was an increase in positive test results in the last 2 weeks of life. When untreated sera were tested with this reagent, only 3 (14%) of the 21 patients with disseminated candidiasis had detectable antigen in serum. A subset of these same sera was tested by a commercial latex reagent (Candida Detection System lot C001; Ramco Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Tex.) and untreated serum. Of 18 patients with disseminated candidiasis, 5 (28%) had at least one positive serum. Sera from patients with less severe clinical forms of candidiasis were usually negative regardless of the test procedure used. With one exception, sera from control patients were negative or were positive only in sera containing rheumatoid factor. Latex agglutination tests for Candida spp. in treated serum may prove to be a useful procedure for the rapid diagnosis of severe disseminated candidiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Preparation of urine samples for use in commercial latex agglutination tests for bacterial antigens.

The use of latex agglutination (LA) tests for bacterial antigen detection in urine specimens is hindered by troublesome reactions such as nonspecific agglutination. Therefore, procedures such as boiling or membrane filtration of urine specimens are often used before LA testing. We discovered that the composition of the membrane filter used in filtration has a marked effect on the performance of an LA test used for detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b antigen. False-positive LA reactivity was common in urine specimens from pediatric patients that were processed by membrane filtration through certain filters; furthermore, such reactivity also occurred in LA tests for antigens other than those of H. influenzae. A protein present in urine at low concentrations appeared to be responsible for these phenomena.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1985

Measurement of amikacin in serum by a latex agglutination inhibition test.

Levels of amikacin in serum were determined in 106 serum specimens by a latex agglutination inhibition card test and by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Linear regression analysis demonstrated a high degree of correlation between the two assays (latex = 0.95 (RIA) + 0.69; r = 0.97). Assay of three control sera containing 7.5, 15, and 30 micrograms of amikacin per ml on 7 separate days showed good reproducibility with a coefficient of variation of 0 to 11.7% for the latex assay compared with 7.01 to 22.2% for RIA. Recovery of amikacin in spiked sera varied between 93 and 108% for the latex assay compared with 90 and 100% for RIA. Because the procedure involves a titer, the latex agglutination inhibition card test produces results which are categorized rather than results which are continuous. However, it is a rapid and specific method for determining amikacin levels in clinical specimens and is particularly useful when processing small numbers of specimens.

Amikacin↗
PubMed1986

Latex agglutination test for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1.

A reversed passive latex agglutination method, in which latex particles were sensitized with specific anti-toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) immunoglobulin, was found to be a simple and sensitive method for the detection of TSST-1 production by Staphylococcus aureus strains. The minimum amount of TSST-1 detectable was approximately 1.0 ng/ml. Of 41 S. aureus isolates from toxic shock syndrome patients and controls, 23 were positive for TSST-1 production, whereas only 20 strains were positive for TSST-1 production by an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion method. The reversed passive latex agglutination method was used to examine S. aureus strains isolated in Japan from staphylococcal infections, feces from healthy individuals, food from poisoning outbreaks, and market food.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed1986

Differences in antibody responses with rapid agglutination tests for the detection of rubella antibodies.

Rapid agglutination tests (Rubaquick, Rubascan, and Rubacell) were used to screen sera (374 from immune and 124 from susceptible patients) for rubella immunity. Compared with enzyme immunoassay (Rubazyme) the erythrocyte agglutination assays (Rubaquick and Rubacell) were greater than 98% sensitive and 92 to 96% specific. The latex test (Rubascan) was sensitive (97.8%) and specific (96.8%) on undiluted serum but only 68.7% sensitive on serum diluted 1:10. Although the three rapid assays detected a substantial number of positive sera within 3 months of rubella immunization, a large number of variable responses were seen after infection with rubella. Analysis of discordant results suggests that these tests may be effectively used for immunity screening. The different individual assay results observed on low-titered sera or blood collected shortly after infection or immunization may not be comparable, because each assay has a different antigenic component on the agglutinin.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of a rapid latex slide agglutination test for herpes simplex virus as a specimen screen and culture identification method.

A total of 449 clinical specimens and 199 culture fluids were tested using the Virogen Herpes Slide Test (Wampole Laboratories, Div. Carter-Wallace, Inc., Cranbury, N.J.), a rapid latex agglutination procedure. The results were compared with those obtained with isolation of herpes simplex virus in cell culture followed by identification using immunoperoxidase or fluorescent reagents. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the direct test were 49.7, 93.4, 96.0, and 37.1%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the latex agglutination test for culture confirmation were 75.9 and 100%, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Detection of group D salmonellae in blood culture broth and of soluble antigen by tube agglutination using an O-9 monoclonal antibody latex conjugate.

Latex particles sensitized with a Salmonella O-9 monoclonal antibody were used to detect group D salmonellae in blood culture broths. The system was found to be 100% accurate when used on 104 clinical specimens that included 13 S. typhi isolates. Enteric fever could thus be diagnosed as early as 1 day after the initiation of culture in some (18%) cases. The latex particles were also used in an experimental situation to detect soluble S. typhi lipopolysaccharide by a tube agglutination method. This was found to be more than four times as sensitive as the conventional slide agglutination method because at least 50 ng of antigen per ml in either buffer or urine was detected, albeit with less efficiency when serum was used.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗