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PubMed1981

A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of urinary bladders of mice treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene.

Urinary bladders of BALB/c male mice treated with 250 ppm of 2-acetylaminofluorene for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days were examined for early scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) changes. SEM observations at days 1, 3, and 5, and TEM observations at days 1 and 3 revealed no significant changes. The bladders of the mice treated for 7 days contained an occasional focus showing irregularity in the shape and size of the superficial cells and SEM revealed ropey microridges in an occasional cell. The bladders of mice treated for 14 days had a greater irregularity of cell size on SEM. TEM changes were evident as early as 5 days with an increase in severity at 7 and 14 days. A numerical reduction of fusiform vesicles, asymmetric membrane plaques and Golgi apparatus along with an increase in membranous whorls, endoplasmic reticulum, cytolysosomes, and small rounded vesicles was evident. The study may aid in a better understanding of early morphologic changes of urothelium in response to a carcinogen.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗

PubMed1995

[Characteristics of early carcinomas and precancerous lesions in the urinary bladder].

Early transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder are morphologically classified into papillary and non-papillary types, carcinoma in situ (CIS). Severe dysplasia is considered as a precancerous lesion for CIS which can be distinguished from the morphological appearance of its AgNORs. The conversion from severe dysplasia to CIS appears to require a longer time than that needed for invasive lesion to develop from CIS. It is postulated that mild or moderate dysplasia results in G1 and 2 grade papillary transitional cell carcinomas. Molecular analysis of different types of dysplasia is therefore clearly warranted to assist in diagnostic classification.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of urinary bladder.

An extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is presented with an isolated lesion in the urinary bladder accompanying an IgG-K paraproteinemia. After a short-term oral melphalan administration, the tumor soon regressed together with the paraprotein, and has never recurred during the two-year follow-up. This is the fourth case of primary EMP of the urinary bladder reported in the literature.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Twenty cases of adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder were diagnosed and treated at Oulu University Hospital between 1978 and 1991, comprising nine primary adenocarcinomas (three urachal and six non-urachal) and 11 of extravesical origin (six from the colon, four from the prostate and one from the perineal skin). The prognosis for primary adenocarcinoma after radical surgery was relatively favourable during a follow-up of mean 54 months, but extravesical origin carried a high mortality rate. The diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1997

Role of prostaglandin E2 in regulation of low and high water osmotic permeability in frog urinary bladder.

The water osmotic permeability of frog urinary bladder was found to be increased from 0.08 +/- 0.01 to 1.28 +/- 0.20 microl/min cm2 when serosal bathing medium was changed 4 times for a fresh Ringer solution. High epithelium permeability is accompanied by an increased content of cyclic AMP in the bladder tissue (by 42%, P < 0.01), higher activity of both basal and forskolin-stimulated membrane adenylate cyclase (AC) (by 109% and 74%, respectively, P < 0.05) and by appearance of aggregates of intramembranous particles in the apical membrane. The water flow was inhibited by 10(-9)-10(-5) M prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); the inhibitory effect was eliminated in the presence of 10(-4) M N-ethylmaleimide. The increase of water permeability due to changes of the bathing medium was accompanied by a decrease of serosal PGE2 concentration from 14.8 +/- 1.0 in the 1st solution to 0.6 +/- 0.1 nM in the 5th. 10(-6) M PGE2 in vitro inhibited the activity of membrane AC from highly permeable bladders by 33.4% (P < 0.02). Pretreatment of the membranes with 10 microg/ml pertussis toxin (PT) completely reversed this effect (+149%, P < 0.01). A significant activation of AC was also observed under 10(-10) M PGE2 (by 196%). These data demonstrate that the water permeability could be markedly increased independently of ADH, suggesting that the trigger role in activation of water transport is played by a decreased level of PGE2 which could stimulate AC.

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin↗

PubMed1981

Role of osmotic forces in exocytosis: studies of ADH-induced fusion in toad urinary bladder.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) treatment of toad urinary bladder activates an exocytotic-like process by which intramembrane particle aggregates are transferred from membranes of elongated cytoplasmic tubules to the luminal-facing plasma membrane. We find that the number of these ADH-induced fusion events, and the number of aggregates appearing in the luminal membrane, are reduced when the luminal bathing medium is made hyperosmotic. As an apparent consequence of the inhibition of their fusion with the luminal membrane, the elongated cytoplasmic tubules become enormously swollen into large, rounded vesicles. These results are consistent with the view that osmotic forces are essential to the basic mechanism of exocytosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Functional evidence for sprouting or decentralized parasympathetic neurons in rat urinary bladder.

The pelvic nerve, carrying parasympathetic nerve fibres, distributes bilaterally in the rat urinary bladder. Preganglionic parasympathetic denervation (decentralization) on one side and postganglionic parasympathetic denervation on the other are followed by an initial decrease in acetylcholine forming capacity and in number of acetylcholinesterase positive nerves in the bladder. However, within a few weeks a marked recovery in acetylcholine synthesis and in number of nerves, based on collateral sprouting, occurs. In this study muscle strips of the rat urinary bladder exposed to the combined surgical procedure was studied. The strips were taken from "denervated" and "decentralized" halves of the bladder. Their contractile responses to methacholine and transmural electrical field stimulation were isometrically recorded in vitro. A supersensitivity to methacholine was found to have developed, of about the same degree, in the two halves 1 week postoperatively. In the denervated halves 4 weeks postoperatively, the supersensitivity was even more marked, whereas in the decentralized halves it tended to be less than after 1 week. The responses of denervated halves to electrical stimulation were reduced 1 week postoperatively. This was also the case for decentralized halves, although the reduction was not large enough to be significant. When examined 4 weeks postoperatively the responses, in particular in denervated halves, were enlarged compared to those 1 week postoperatively. The atropine-sensitive portion of the responses increased with time. Increases in contractile responses to electrical stimulation accompanied by a tendency to desensitization to methacholine are taken as functional evidence for outgrowth of decentralized parasympathetic neurones in the decentralized halves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Atrial natriuretic peptide and cGMP activate sodium transport through PKA-dependent pathway in the urinary bladder of the Japanese tree frog.

The effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and cGMP on transepithelial ion transport were examined in the urinary bladder of the Japanese tree frog, Hyla japonica, using Ussing chamber voltage-clamp and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. When the bladders were exposed to 4.4 x 10(-11) to 10(-6) M ANP or 10(-7) to 3 x 10(-4) M 8-Br-cGMP, both the transepithelial potential difference (PD) and the short-circuit current (Isc) were significantly increased in a concentration-response manner. The cGMP-dependent responses were inhibited in a Na+-free bath solution and in the presence of amiloride. The cGMP-dependent increases in Isc were significantly inhibited by specific PKA inhibitors (5 x 10(-7) M KT-5720 and >10(-5) M H-89), but not by a specific PKG inhibitor (5 x 10(-7) M KT-5823). ANP-dependent increases in Isc were also significantly inhibited by KT-5720. In the patch-clamp study, ANP and cGMP significantly increased in inward currents involving Na+ uptake. These results suggest that a cross-talk mechanism exists between cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways, which leads to Na+ transport in the frog urinary bladder. In addition, the cGMP-dependent increases in Isc were partially inhibited by 10(-4) M l-cis-diltiazem, a specific inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. These results also suggest a relation between CNG channels and the cGMP-dependent increases in Na+ absorption of the frog urinary bladder.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Paraffinoma of the urinary bladder.

We present a rare case of paraffinoma of the urinary bladder. Paraffinomas involving the urinary tract are rare and not well described. They are usually associated with insertion of materials into the lower urinary tract by patients with psychiatric disorders. Not only can the diagnosis be delayed, but they are also easily misdiagnosed. They are usually discovered during work up for recurrent urinary tract infections. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is needed in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections, psychiatric histories, and past history of foreign object insertion. Treatment options for paraffinoma includes open surgical excision, possibly transurethral excision or dissolution, and is usually dictated by the size of the mass.

Adult↗

PubMed1963

STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ACTION OF NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES UPON THE ISOLATED AMPHIBIAN URINARY BLADDER.

The response of the isolated amphibian urinary bladder to thirty-four structural analogs of arginine vasotocin was determined in an effort to define the physiological significance of specific structural groups on the hormone molecule. All but one of the analogs tested possessed full intrinsic activity in this system but varied greatly in their affinity for the receptor site. An analysis of the effect of changes in hydrogen ion concentration upon the response of the bladder to oxytocin was performed in order to determine the number and nature of the ionizable groups involved in hormone receptor interaction. Two ionizable groups with apparent pK's of 7.1 and 7.75 were found to be important in determining the magnitude of the hormonal response. On the basis of the results it was postulated that hormone-receptor interaction can be considered a two-step process: (a) The binding or attachment of hormone to receptor site through ionic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic bonds and (b) a disulfide interchange reaction between hormonal disulfide and receptor sulfhydryl. The latter step is considered to be the reaction which initiates the chain of events leading to the observed change in permeability.

Amphibians↗

PubMed1986

Fluorescent markers to study membrane retrieval in antidiuretic hormone-treated toad urinary bladder.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulation of toad urinary bladder causes fusion of intracellular vesicles called aggrephores with the apical plasma membrane of granular cells. Aggrephores contain intramembrane particle aggregates whose appearance in the apical membrane is believed to produce a large increase in its water permeability. ADH removal (ADH washout) is thought to cause the retrieval of aggrephores into granular cell cytoplasm. We studied granular cell uptake of dextran and horseradish peroxidase conjugated with fluorescein, rhodamine, or both during ADH washout. Granular cell uptake of fluorescent dextran was dependent on prior exposure to ADH, a linear function of dextran concentration, and increased by a transepithelial osmotic gradient. Immediately after removal of ADH, granular cell fluorescence was finely dispersed and located near the apical surface. Subsequently, it coalesced into larger bodies. This change was most apparent when a single bladder was subjected to two cycles of ADH stimulation and removal using a dextran containing a different fluorophore for each cycle. The ultrastructural correlate for these fluorescent patterns was identified using rhodamine-labeled horseradish peroxidase. Electron microscopy showed that after detachment from the apical membrane, label was initially in tubular-shaped vesicles near the apical surface. Later, these vesicles clustered near multivesicular bodies and transferred their label to these structures. These tubular vesicles closely resemble the morphology of aggrephores visualized by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. We conclude that these fluorescent compounds can be used as markers for the luminal contents of membrane retrieved during ADH washout and allow detailed study of its intracellular processing.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Metabolic pathways coupled to H+ transport in turtle urinary bladder.

Active H+ transport in the turtle urinary bladder is mediated by an ATPase. Although the source of ATP is usually mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, it is possible because of intracellular compartmentalization or cellular heterogeneity that one metabolic pathway exclusively provides ATP to the pump. To examine this we performed several types of experiments. In one, the coupling between the rate of transport and the rate of oxidation of 14C-labeled substrates was studied. We found that there was coupling between H+ transport and glucose, butyrate oleate, and beta-OH-butyrate oxidation. In another set of experiments we depleted turtle bladders of their endogenous substrates and tested the effect of a number of substrates on the rate of transport. We found that glucose, pyruvate, lactate, actetate, butyrate and beta-OH butyrate all stimulated H+ transport. In a third set of experiments we found no coupling between H+ transport and lactate production. Finally, we found that reduction of H+ transport by mucosal acidification resulted in an increase in epithelial cell ATP concentrations and a decrease in ADP levels. These results suggest that the H+ pump receives its ATP from carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation. The changes in ATP and ADP levels provide an initial explanation for the coupling of H+ transport to the rate of cellular oxidative metabolism.

Adenine Nucleotides↗

PubMed2002

Giant vacuoles arising during ADH-induced transcellular bulk water flow across the epithelium of the frog urinary bladder.

Structural changes of the cytoplasm of urinary bladder granular cells after an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulation of water transport were studied using standard and cryogenic methods of electron microscopy. Numerous changes occurred in these cells, the cytoplasm of the granular cells becoming swollen, and the intercellular spaces enlarged. Most granules become fused with the apical membrane. Under maximal ADH action, giant vacuoles appear in the cytoplasm of granular cells, in association with microfilaments and microtubules. Analysis of ultrastructure of the granular cells has established the origin of giant vacuoles from the cis -cisterna of the Golgi complex. A hypothesis based on the morphofunctional homology of giant vacuoles in granular cells with the contractile vacuoles of Protozoa is proposed in which the giant vacuoles ('contractile-like' vacuoles) are seen as operating a osmoregulatory role in these cells. It is also proposed that microtubules and microfilaments participate in giant vacuole migration through the cytoplasm.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Effect of colchicine on the osmotic water flow across the toad urinary bladder.

Osmotic water movement across the toad urinary bladder in response to both vasopressin and cyclic AMP was inhibited by 10(-5) to 10(-4) M colchicine on the serosal but not on the mucosal side. This inhibitory effect was found to be time- and dose-dependent. Colchicine alone did not change basal osmotic flow and a baseline of the short-circuit current (Isc) and also did not affect a vasopressin-induced rise of the Isc. The inhibitory effect was not prevented by the addition of pyruvate. The osmotic water movement produced by 360 mM Urea (mucosal), 360 mM mannitol (serosal) or 2 mug/ml amphotericin B (mucosal), was not affected by 10(-4) M colchicine. These results suggest that colchicine inhibits some biological process subsequent to the formation of cyclic AMP except a directional cytoplasmic streaming process where microtubules may be involved.

Amphotericin B↗

PubMed1998

[Arterial infusion chemotherapy for patients with advanced and moderately advanced cancer of urinary bladder].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma of urinary bladder. METHODS: Eleven patients with advanced or moderately advanced cancer of the urinary bladder (10 transitional cell carcinoma, 1 squamous-cell carcinoma) who were for various reasons not suitable for surgical treatment were treated by arterial infusion chemotherapy according to Seldinger's percutaneous approach. RESULTS: The treatment results were satisfactory with an overall response rate of 90.9% (CR = 2, PR = 8). The average survival time of the 11 patients was 26.2 +/- 13.1 months. The 1-year survival rate was 81.8%. Side effects were mild. CONCLUSION: Arterial infusion chemotherapy is of use in patients with advanced or moderately advanced bladder cancer.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

An amiloride-sensitive Na+ conductance in the basolateral membrane of toad urinary bladder.

Exposing the apical membrane of toad urinary bladder to the ionophore nystatin lowers its resistance to less than 100 omega cm2. The basolateral membrane can then be studied by means of transepithelial measurements. If the mucosal solution contains more than 5 mM Na+, and serosal Na+ is substituted by K+, Cs+, or N-methyl-D-glucamine, the basolateral membrane expresses what appears to be a large Na+ conductance, passing strong currents out of the cell. This pathway is insensitive to ouabain or vanadate and does not require serosal or mucosal Ca2+. In Cl-free SO2-(4) Ringer's solution it is the major conductive pathway in the basolateral membrane even though the serosal side has 60 mM K+. This pathway can be blocked by serosal amiloride (Ki = 13.1 microM) or serosal Na+ ions (Ki approximately 10 to 20 mM). It also conducts Li+ and shows a voltage-dependent relaxation with characteristic rates of 10 to 20 rad sec-1 at 0 mV.

Amiloride↗

PubMed1986

Promoting effect of sodium chloride in 2-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats initiated by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.

The promoting effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 2-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis in F344 rats initiated by 2 doses of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) was investigated. The incidences of PN hyperplasia were significantly higher in rats initiated with 0.01 or 0.05% BBN when they were given diet containing 10% NaCl for 32 weeks than when they were given control diet. The incidence of papilloma in rats given 0.05% BBN followed by diet containing 10% or 5% NaCl tended to be higher than that in control rats. The urine of rats given diet containing NaCl was larger in volume and had lower osmolality than that of controls. The total urinary sodium and chloride contents were also increased, whereas those of potassium and phosphorus were decreased. No calculus formation or crystalluria was observed. These data suggest that excess intake of sodium as NaCl has a weak promoting effect in 2-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Study of enzymes regulating vasopressin-stimulated cyclic AMP metabolism in separated mitochondria-rich and granular epithelial cells of toad urinary bladder.

The epithelial cells of the toad urinary bladder are morphologically heterogenous. In order to relate the effect of vasopressin on cyclic AMP metabolism to cell type, the epithelial cells were separated by the density gradient technique of Scott, Sapirstein and Yoder (Science 184:797, 1974). The separation was verified by electron-microscopy and by observing that the band of cells enriched in mitochondria-rich cells was enriched in carbonic anhydrase activity compared to the band of granular cells. A large portion of cells collected from the gradient was considered to be nonviable, precluding further study of their function as intact cells. Vasopressin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of granular cells was simular to that in homogenates of mitochondria-rich cells. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity was also similar in the two types of cell. Thus, the enzymes known to be involved in cyclic AMP metabolism in response to vasopressin appear to be located in both major cell types.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗