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PubMed2004

Isolation and prevalence of Campylobacter in the reproductive tracts and semen of commercial turkeys.

Campylobacter is one of the most commonly reported bacterial causes of human foodborne infections in the United States, and epidemiologic evidence indicates that a significant proportion of human infections result from the improper preparation of poultry products. Campylobacter frequently colonizes the avian intestinal tract, but recent research indicates that this organism can also colonize the avian reproductive tract and possibly contaminate eggs and subsequent offspring. The present studies were undertaken to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in the reproductive systems of commercial turkeys. In the first study, pooled semen samples from seven commercial turkey farms were randomly collected by abdominal massage over a period of 13 wk. The pooled semen samples were serially diluted, and 0.1 ml of each dilution was plated on Campy-Line agar and incubated at 42 C for 48 hr in a microaerophilic environment for enumeration of Campylobacter. Campylobacter was isolated from 57 of the 59 pooled semen samples, and levels ranged from below the limit of detection (<10(1)) to 1.6 x 10(6) cfu/ml of semen. In the second study, the reproductive tracts of 11 hens and 17 toms were aseptically excised, and the segments (female: vagina, shell gland, isthmus, magnum, and infundibulum; male: ductus deferens and testes) were swabbed with a dry cotton sterile swab. The swabs were incubated for 24 hr in Campylobacter enrichment broth, and 0.1 ml of the enriched sample solution was streaked onto Campy-Line agar plates and incubated at 42 C for 48 hr in a microaerophilic environment. Of the 11 hens sampled, Campylobacter was isolated from the vagina (10/11), the shell gland (7/11), the isthmus (8/11), the magnum (6/11), and the infundibulum (4/11). Of the 17 toms sampled, Campylobacter was isolated from the ductus deferens (8/17) and the testes (2/17). Campylobacter is present in the reproductive tracts and semen of commercial turkeys and may lead to vertical transmission of Campylobacter from the hen to the chick.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of dietary Natustat for control of Histomonas meleagridis in male turkeys on infected litter.

Histomoniasis (histomonosis, infectious enterohepatitis, or blackhead) is a disease of turkeys on litter or range caused by the protozoan Histomonas meleagridis, a parasite of worms, primarily spread in feces, in Heterakis gallinarum (cecal worm) eggs, or in Eisenia foetida (earthworms). In this trial, Natustat (Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY), a proprietary plant-derived product, was used at 1.925 kg/tonne and compared with nitarsone in male hybrid turkey diets to 42 days of age on histomonad infected litter (day 7) from broiler breeders. Infected nonsupplemented and uninfected nonsupplemented control groups were also included. Natustat and nitarsone significantly improved 28- and 42-day feed conversion ratios and lowered 28- and 35-day cecal and liver lesion scores compared with infected nonsupplemented turkeys. The body weight at 42 days was greater in the Natustat and nitarsone supplemented groups than in the infected nonsupplemented group.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization of the capsid gene of two serotypes of turkey astroviruses.

Astrovirus infections mainly cause acute gastroenteritis in children and young animals. Human astroviruses are well characterized antigenically and genetically. However, information on turkey astroviruses is limited. We isolated two astroviruses (TAstV1987 and TAstV2001) from turkeys and classified them as two different serotypes using a virus neutralization test. To elucidate the differences between these two isolates at the molecular level, further genetic characterization and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis were carried out. The sequences of the complete capsid protein gene of these two isolates were obtained by cloning and sequencing. The percentage nucleotide and predicted amino acid identities for these two sequences along with those of 16 other capsid protein gene sequences from human and animal astroviruses retrieved from GenBank were calculated using MegAlign. The results showed that TAstV1987 and TAstV2001 had 73.3% nucleotide and 82.8% amino acid identities, respectively. An unrooted Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of these sequences was generated using MEGA 3 software with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The results of evolutionary analysis showed that TAstV1987 was closely related genetically to another virus, designated TAstV-2, whereas TAstV2001 was not as close to TAstV-2 as TAstV1987. The analysis of the capsid proteins of the two viruses by SDS-PAGE revealed that they had different band patterns, indicating that their capsid proteins consisted of different viral proteins. The findings in this study revealed the molecular differences in the capsid protein gene of TAstV1987 and TAstV2001, which may provide the molecular basis of the antigenic differences between these two serotypes of turkey astroviruses.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Sequence analysis of the turkey LH beta subunit and its regulation by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and prolactin in cultured pituitary cells.

cDNAs encoding the precursor molecule of the turkey LH beta subunit (tLH beta) were cloned from a turkey pituitary cDNA library. The nucleotide sequence of the longest of two different tLH beta cDNA clones contained 592 bp, and included 23 bp of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) and 92 bp of the 3' UTR in addition to a 477 bp open reading frame that encoded a 39 amino acid leader polypeptide and a 120 amino acid mature apoprotein. Turkey and chicken LH beta sequences shared approximately 92 and 93% nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarities respectively. Northern blot analysis of total cellular anterior pituitary RNA showed that an approximate 800 base transcript hybridized to a 32P-labelled tLH beta cDNA probe. The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)- and prolactin (PRL)-regulated expression of LH and PRL in dispersed pituitary cells was determined by Northern blot analysis of tLH beta and PRL steady-state mRNA levels and by RIA analysis of secreted LH and PRL. GnRH-treated cells showed increased levels of both tLH beta mRNA and secreted LH, whereas mRNA and secreted levels of PRL did not change significantly. Cells treated with PRL showed lower levels of tLH beta and PRL mRNA as well as decreased release of LH and PRL. When cells were treated with both PRL and GnRH, increases in tLH beta mRNA and secreted levels of LH observed with GnRH alone were negated, whereas the decreases in mRNA and secreted levels of PRL observed with PRL alone were abrogated. These findings suggest that PRL can down-regulate tLH beta gene expression and spontaneous release of LH as well as autoregulate PRL gene expression and spontaneous release of PRL, while GnRH appears capable of modulating the effects of PRL-regulated LH and PRL gene expression and spontaneous release.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

An investigation of agricultural use potential of wastewater sludges in Turkey--case of heavy metals.

Landfilling is one of the most common methods that are used in the final disposal of sludge world wide, as well as in Turkey. However, increasing sludge quantities and limited landfilling areas make this method difficult to apply. The use of sludge in agriculture presents a possible alternative for disposal. However, it also poses some risks to be evaluated. In this respect, it is important to identify the heavy metal content of sewage sludges because of its adverse health effects. This study aims to determine the heavy metal contents of sludges and wastewaters from three different wastewater treatment plants in Turkey. The selection of plants was carried out according to the different treatment technologies applied to wastewater and sludge in those plants. Heavy metal analysis of sludges and wastewaters was conducted using a microwave assisted digestion procedure. After sampling and analysis, the results show that all the related metal concentrations are below the values that are set in the Soil Pollution Control Regulation of Turkey. However, in two of the three plants, Zn and Ni concentration should be tracked carefully.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

Binding of ractopamine HCl to ocular tissues of cattle and turkeys in vivo and to melanin in vitro.

Experiments were conducted to determine the total residues remaining in ocular tissues of cattle and turkeys after oral administration of [14C]ractopamine HCl. Twelve cattle were intraruminally dosed with 0.9 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) of [14C]ractopamine HCl for 7 d. Four cattle each were slaughtered with withdrawal periods of 48,96, and 144 h. Radioactive residues were not detectable in whole-eye homogenates from the cattle. Eight male and eight female turkeys per treatment received either 7.5, 22.5, or 30 ppm dietary [14C]ractopamine HCl (0.33, 1.02, and 1.36 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1); treatment groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) for 7 d, and the birds were slaughtered with a 0-d withdrawal period. Eyes were dissected into retina/choroid/schlera (RCS), cornea/iris (CI), and aqueous humor (AH) fractions. Residues in RCS, CI, and AH of treatment 1 turkeys were not detectable. Residues in AH were < 0.02 ppm in treatment groups 2 and 3. Mean residues in RCS ranged from 0.15 to 0.26 ppm, and mean CI residues ranged from <0.09 to 0.17 ppm for treatment groups 2 and 3, respectively. The propensities of ractopamine and synthetic ractopamine metabolites to bind to melanin were studied in vitro using radiolabeled ligands with centrifugal filtration to separate melanin from unbound ligand. In vitro studies showed that [14C]ractopamine HCl binds to melanin rapidly and was displaced from melanin by other beta-agonists. Glucuronidation of ractopamine, which produced the major biotransformation product of ractopamine in all species studied to date, prevented binding to melanin. These studies demonstrate that the propensity for the in vivo binding of ractopamine HCl to pigmented ocular tissues is less than that reported for clenbuterol.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

Blindness and low vision in southeast Turkey.

In preparation for the planning of a regional prevention of blindness programme, a population-based survey of blindness and eye disease was conducted in two provinces (Diyarbakir and Mardin) of southeast Turkey. A stratified cluster random sampling procedure was used to select 8,571 persons. The main objectives of the survey were to assess the population need for basic ophthalmic services, both in rural and in rapidly growing urban communities, and to secure baseline data for subsequent evaluation of the programme. The prevalence of visual impairment (best binocular vision poorer than 6/ 18) was estimated at 1.9% with 95% confidence limits of 1.6% and 2.1%, amounting to 29,400 +/- 4500 visually imparied persons in the regional population of 1.6 million. The prevalence of blindness (best vision poorer than 3/60) was 0.4%, and an estimated 1.5% had low vision (best vision poorer than 6/18, but not blind). Compared to the blindness prevalence of 0.2% in the European Economic Community (EEC), the age-standardised prevalence of blindness in southeast Turkey was 8 times as high. The main causes of blindness in the sample were cataract (50%), corneal opacity (15%), glaucoma (12%), phthisis (6%) and optic atrophy (6%). Cataract and refractive errors were responsible for 52% and 26% of the low vision, respectively. Acute inflammatory trachoma was prevalent in a number of rural and urban communities, affecting an estimated 25,900 people in the region. The need for basic ophthalmic services was estimated for the two provinces. Some 26,600 were in need of cataract surgery, 4,400 needed eyelid surgery for trachoma-induced entropion, and 28,600 required spectacles to improve their visual acuity to 6/18 or better. More than half of the current burden of severe visual loss in the two provinces of southeast Turkey is potentially remediable through the provision of cataract surgery and of spectacles to correct aphakia. The survey findings suggest that as the age structure of the regional population approaches that of the EEC through the "ageing trend', a four-fold increase in the burden of blindness might be expected, unless improvements are made in curative and preventive ophthalmic services in parallel with the general development that improves survival.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Evaluating the curriculum of the veterinary school of Firat University, Turkey, in terms of professional and technical skills.

A significant portion of the problems faced by veterinarians is related to communication. These problems are intensely experienced between veterinary practitioners and animal owners; yet no lectures or courses aiming to improve professional skills are available in the curriculum of veterinary schools in Turkey. In this study, all students currently enrolled at, and 1992 and 1998 graduates of, the Veterinary School of Firat University (VSFU), Turkey, were surveyed to evaluate the attitudes of veterinary students and graduates toward technical and professional skills. Data were collected from 581 students and 61 recent graduates via personal interviews with students and questionnaires mailed to graduates; information was obtained about participants' technical and professional skills. The overall response rate was 85%. The results show that learning about technical and professional skills is highly valued; competence and comfort in skill sets are associated with comfort in establishing communication with instructors. Positive correlations were also noted between feeling comfortable with and feeling competent in both skill sets. In conclusion, it appears to be essential to introduce courses addressing improvement of professional skills to the curriculum of veterinary schools in Turkey, given that a successful veterinarian profile requires feeling competent in and comfortable with both technical and professional skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Consumer food handling recommendations: is thawing of turkey a food safety issue?

While it is important that dietitians and other health or food professionals provide consistent messages to the public about food safety, it is equally important that the information be evidence-based. Conflicting recommendations are evident when reviewing consumer publications from food safety advisory groups and the scientific literature. In addition, caveats are attached to the various food-handling methods. Pathogens, spoilage microorganisms, and contamination of the work area are the major concerns in thawing turkey. While several methods, including thawing on the counter at ambient temperatures, can be employed for thawing turkey, cooking to an adequate internal temperature, validated with a meat thermometer, is the more critical step. The findings indicate that providing clients or consumers with clear, consistent, evidence-based messages is difficult for food and health professionals. Further research is required to corroborate best practices in a kitchen setting. This paper is of interest to professionals who counsel clients at high risk for foodborne illness, or who counsel consumers about safe preparation of foods such as turkey.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Central nervous system hydatidosis in Turkey: a cooperative study and literature survey analysis of 458 cases.

OBJECT: Hydatidosis is both a medical and an economic problem in Turkey. The aim of this study was to analyze central nervous system (CNS) involvement in this disease, the related problems the disease causes, and its diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. METHODS: The authors conducted an extensive literature survey of the subject, in which papers published by Turkish authors in international and domestic journals were carefully analyzed. In addition, the authors conducted a cooperative study in which data were gathered from 47 neurosurgery departments across the country. The purpose was to determine the current status of the disease in Turkey; thus, each unit was questioned about their experience over the past 5 years. Contrary to common belief, the incidence of hydatidosis has not decreased significantly in Turkey. However, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have tremendously increased diagnostic specificity. Incidences of morbidity and mortality have improved over time, according to the results of the cooperative study, although these changes are not statistically significant. This may be attributed to experience that has been gained and to more frequent use of chemotherapy, as reflected by the cooperative study data. The two statistically significant findings of that study were expanded use of chemotherapy in the management of hydatidosis, and a higher rate of extraneural involvement in the disease. The cooperative study revealed that chemotherapy was being used more often and that there was a wider range of indications for this treatment than previously reported. The higher rate of extraneural involvement was predictable because lesions in the CNS are typically secondary in this disease. With regard to the studies' findings on cases of spinal hydatid cysts, the authors found that administration of chemotherapeutic drugs was the only statistically significant parameter (t = 3.78, p < 0.05), with the rate of chemotherapy higher in the cooperative study. CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity, mortality, and recurrence rates of hydatidosis uncovered by the cooperative study and the literature survey were not statistically significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Cartilaginous metaplasia of the thoracic aorta of control turkeys and exacerbation by beta-aminopropionitrile.

Seventeen of sixty distal extremities of the thoracic aortas of 12-week-old control male turkeys and 37 of 40 distal extremities of the aortas of turkeys fed 0.07% beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) from 4 to 12 weeks of age contained areas of cartilaginous metaplasia when examined by light microscopy. The cartilaginous areas were generally elongated and located in the subendothelium of control turkeys, but a roundish area of cartilage was occasionally evident in the deep media. The magnitude of chondroplasia was enhanced by feeding BAPN; the extensive lesion usually extended from the subendothelium to deep in the media. Regardless of treatment, chondrocytes were pleomorphic, contained vacuoles, and had cytoplasmic processes. The cells were separated by pools of proteoglycans and connective tissue. The ultrastructure of chondrocytes in the aortas of both treatment groups was typical of this cell type. They had undulations or projections of the cell membranes. The cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were dilated and contained electron-translucent material which was similar to extracellular proteoglycans. Golgi apparatus, free ribosomes, mitochondria, glycogen granules, filaments, and a centriole also were present in the cytoplasm. The extracellular matrix, which included collagenous and elastic fibers and also delicate fibrils and interconnecting matrix granules, separated adjacent chondrocytes by spaces of varying size.

Aminopropionitrile↗
PubMed1988

Stimulation of prolactin secretion from turkey anterior pituitary cells in culture.

Prolactin (PRL) secretion by monolayer cultures of turkey anterior pituitary cells was significantly increased (up to 44-fold) by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), arginine vasotocin (AVT), and by an extract of turkey hypothalami (HE). Several other neuropeptides (including thyrotropin-releasing hormone) and neurotransmitters were ineffective in influencing PRL secretion at doses up to 10(-6) M. The dynamic PRL response to HE and VIP was studied using superfused pituitary cells attached to microcarrier beads. HE, administered in 30-min pulses, resulted in a significant, dose-related increase in PRL secretion from a basal secretion rate of 2.32 ng/min/10(7) cells to a peak secretion rate of 127.13 ng/min/10(7) cells at the highest dose of HE tested (1 mg tissue-equivalent weight/ml). VIP significantly increased PRL secretion at all doses studied (from 10(-10) to 10(-6) M), with 10(-8) M VIP producing a response similar to that observed with 1 mg/ml HE. A highly significant (P less than 0.001) linear relationship was demonstrated between the log-dose of VIP administered and peak PRL secretion rate. These studies suggest that VIP, but not TRH, may be a physiological stimulus for PRL release in the turkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A diabetic-like condition of turkey embryos maintained in shell-less culture.

Serum insulin concentration and pancreatic insulin content were determined for turkey embryos incubated in ovo and in long-term shell-less culture (ex ovo). Insulin was undetectable (less than 10 pg) in serum from 87% of the ex ovo embryos compared with their in ovo counterparts. This was evident at all incubation ages, although insulin was detectable in more of the ex ovo embryos on Day 24. Insulin increased in the embryos incubated in ovo from 122 (Day 15) to levels exceeding 2000 pg/ml at hatching. Total pancreatic insulin content was greater in the cultured embryos on Days 15, 17, and 22 compared with their in ovo counterparts. Serum glucose was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the ex ovo embryos at all ages. In response to an infusion of L-arginine, serum insulin increased from 566 to 1256 pg/ml in the in ovo embryos, whereas no change was evident in the ex ovo embryos (233 vs 257 pg/ml). When embryos incubated in ovo were injected with insulin, a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction of serum glucose was observed at 60 min after injection. Serum glucose concentrations remained elevated in the embryos incubated ex ovo despite the insulin injection. Liver glucose 6-phosphatase activity, assessed on Days 15 and 22 of incubation, was found to be significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in the ex ovo embryos. Turkey embryos incubated in shell-less culture exhibited chronic hyperglycemia in concert with extremely low circulating levels of insulin. The pancreatic beta cells of these embryos were not responsive to arginine or elevated glucose. Taken together these findings suggest the occurrence of a diabetic-like condition in the ex ovo embryos. This defect in insulin secretion may, in part, be responsible for some of the developmental abnormalities characteristic of the turkey embryo cultured ex ovo.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Immunologic response to turkey poults of various ages to an avirulent Pasteurella multocida vaccine in the drinking water.

Fowl cholera has been reported in turkey poults in South Carolina between 5 and 6 weeks of age. An experiment was conducted to determine the earliest age that poults could be vaccinated with the Clemson University Pasteurella multocida strain (using the drinking water route) that would result in an effective immunity at 5 to 6 weeks of age. In group of vaccinates challenged with a virulent P. multocida (P-1059 strain) at 5 weeks of age, none were infected in groups vaccinated at either 20 days or at 25 days, 1 of 10 vaccinated at 15 days, 3 of 10 vaccinated at 10 days, 6 of 10 vaccinated at 5 days, and 8 of 10 became infected of those vaccinated at 1 day of age. Eight of 10 of each of 2 group of nonvaccinates developed evidence of infection. In groups of vaccinated challenged at 12 weeks of age, 2 of 10 turkeys became infected that had been vaccinated at 25 days of age, 4 of 10 that had been vaccinated at 20 days, 8 of 10 vaccinated at 15 days, 8 of 10 vaccinated at 10 days, 8 of 9 vaccinated at 5 days, and 8 of 9 became infected of those vaccinated at 1 day of age. All 10 of one group of nonvaccinates and all 9 of a second group developed evidence of infection. These results suggest, under the conditions of this experiment, the turkey poults vaccinated at 35 days of age and poults vaccinated at 20 days of age experienced an excellent immunological respone by 5 weeks of age. This response was less evident but, for the most part, still present, at 12 weeks of age.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

Changes in plasma electrolytes, acid-base balance and other physiological parameters of adult female turkeys under conditions of acute hyperthermia.

The effects of acute hyperthermia on certain physiological parameters of turkey hens was studied. It was found that the response of the turkey to hyperthermia is similar to the reported response of the chicken. The birds began panting and the average body temperature increased 0.1 degrees C. as the ambient temperature reached 32 degrees C. The panting or polypnea induced a profound respiratory alkalosis in the turkeys. The acute hyperthermia also caused a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma levels of sodium, total calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus. The plasma level of potassium was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1975

The ability of blood plasma from drinking water vaccinated turkeys to protect against a lethal challenge of Pasteurella multocida.

Turkeys were vaccinated against fowl cholera with the Clemson University avirulent Pasteurella multocida vaccine strain (C.U. strain), using the drinking water route. Plasma was harvested from these turkeys, which later withstood challenge with a highly virulent P-1059 strain of P. multocida. Baby chicks were injected between the thigh and abdominal cavity with the immune plasma and simultaneously, into the breast muscle, with the same highly virulent strain referred to in the foregoing. The results demonstrated that plasma from turkeys vaccinated by the drinking water route protected baby chicks against intramuscular challenge with a virulent strain of P. multocida and suggest that a favorable systemic immunologic response did occur. This is in contrast to the Minnesota M-2283 strain which, reportedly, produces a localized protection only, when used as a drinking water vaccine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1976

Methionine requirement of developing turkeys from 8-12 weeks of age.

Two experiments were conducted with Large White male turkeys from 8-12 weeks of age to estimate the methionine requirement for optimum growth rate and feed efficiency. The first experiment was conducted with five pens of 22 turkeys per treatment when the mean minimum temperature was 17.2 C and the maximum 32.2 C. The second experiment was conducted with four groups of 14 turkeys per pen when the mean minimum temperature was 1.4 C and the maximum 12.4 C. Initial body weight and rate of gain in the first experiment was lower than that in Experiment 2. Maximum growth and feed efficiency in Experiment 1 were obtained with a methionine level between 1.32 and 1.41 g./mcal. of M.E. and in Experiment 2 between 1.27 and 1.43 g. Adding 0.1% l-cystine to the basal diet in Experiment 2 failed to improve growth or feed efficiency significantly. The estimated requirement for methionine in these experiments agrees with the present estimate of the National Research Council.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of Rofenaid and a commercial bacterin for prevention of cranial form of fowl cholera in turkeys.

Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine at drug concentrations of 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01% in feed, a combination of vaccination with a commercial bacterin and 0.01% potentiated sulfadimethoxine (Rofenaid), and vaccination separately, significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability of turkeys experimentally induced with the cranial form of fowl cholera as compared to that of the nonmedicated nonvaccinated exposed turkeys. Turkeys were exposed by the administration of Pasteurella multocida (isolate 8579) in the drinking water.

Administration, Oral↗