[Examination of smell and taste in patients with closed skull trauma].
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Adolescent↗
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Lithium-induced gene expression of inducible cyclic adenosine monophosphate early repressor in the rat adrenal gland.
Lithium has acute and chronic effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis that are important for both therapeutic (e.g., treatment of mood disorders) and experimental (e.g., as the toxin in conditioned taste aversion studies) applications. We visualized lithium-induced activation of the HPA axis in rats by the adrenal expression of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER), which is activated by elevated intracellular cAMP. We have shown that 1) intraperitoneal lithium chloride (LiCl) induces transient expression of ICER and c-fos mRNAs in the rat adrenal cortex and increases plasma level of corticosterone; 2) the cortical expression of ICER mRNA by LiCl occurs in a dose-dependent manner; 3) adrenal induction of ICER expression is delayed compared with c-fos expression; 4) dexamethasone pretreatment (4 mg/kg) blocks corticosterone release and adrenocortical ICER induction either by systemic LiCl (76 mg/kg) or by restraint stress; and 5) intracerebroventricular LiCl (127 microg/5 microl) is sufficient for adrenocortical, but not medullary, ICER induction. These results suggest that adrenocortical ICER expression could serve as a reliable marker for lithium-induced activation of the HPA axis. Understanding the activation of immediate-early genes such as c-fos or ICER in response to a single LiCl injection is an important first step in understanding the long-term changes in gene expression elicited by lithium that are involved in its therapeutic and toxic effect. The pattern and mechanism by which lithium stimulates ICER transcription in the adrenal gland would serve as a useful model system in future studies of lithium.
Adrenal Cortex↗
Palatability and intake of two commercial liquid diets in patients with poor appetite.
Either of two nutritionally complete liquid diets was offered prospectively for 10 consecutive days to 32 elderly patients to compare intake volume and palatability. All patients were hospitalized in a medical department and had poor appetite. The diets, which were each available in two flavours, contained either intact or partially hydrolysed proteins. They were given as sip-feeds in addition to normal food. Both products received high palatability ratings. Mean (+/- SD) volumes of intake per day were 369 (+/- 127) ml for the protein hydrolysate diet and 416 (+/- 119) ml for the intact protein diet (NS), representing approximately half of the intended intakes. There was no indication that taste fatigue developed for either of the products.
Aged↗
Sleep research in depressive illness: clinical implications--a tasting menu.
It is well established that sleep patterns are altered in psychiatric disorders and represent a very common presenting complaint. Even though sleep disturbance is often a key feature of many psychiatric conditions, its most prominent role has been in mood disorders. The clinical implications of disordered sleep in mood disorders represent the focus for this paper. Specifically, the following questions will be discussed: (1) How sensitive and specific are the sleep findings in depressive disorders? (2) What are the characteristics of sleep in depression and subtypes of depression? (3) Are sleep changes in depression episodic (state-like) or persistent (trait-like)? As we point to specific characteristics of sleep in subtypes, it is important to note that more sophisticated analyses of sleep measures provide an opportunity to pinpoint changes between delusional/nondelusional depression or endogenous/nonendogenous depression. Furthermore, differences among subtypes will be best understood if we realize that both age and gender affect sleep measures in a consistent manner. Therefore, for example, there is a more robust separation between patients and controls in older individuals than in younger individuals.
Depressive Disorder↗
[The role of the vagus nerves in the manifestations of neophobia and conditioned-reflex taste aversion].
Vagotomized rats given a choice between water and an unfamiliar 0.2% saccharin solution ingest comparable amounts of both fluids over 2.5 weeks of testing. Saccharin intake in sham-operated rats grows steadily (attenuation of taste neophobia), with water intake being unchanged. After the pairing of water intake with rotation saccharin intake in vagotomized rats grows and in sham-operated animals decreases significantly, whereas water intake in the latter increases sharply. Thus, the rats with retained vagal innervation exhibit aversion to saccharin, substance with an unfamiliar taste, but not to water paired with a discomfort. After two-week elimination of neophobia to saccharin, the pairing of water intake with rotation brings into the acquisition of aversion to water in the first days of choice testing in sham-operated rats; similar aversion in vagotomized rats appears with retardation (on the 4th to 6th day).
Animals↗
[The chemical senses of smell and taste in the course of life - changes of smell and taste perception].
Based on own experiments and on the results of other laboratories changes of olfactory and gustatory perception throughout the life span are discussed. Similar to other modalities gustatory and olfactory thresholds generally rise while age increases. Certain gustatory substances (amino acids), however, show a decrease of thresholds if 70 years old subjects are compared with 20 years old ones. Preference for certain odorants (strawberry, vanillin) are reported to increase in higher age (after initial higher peaks in young age).
Adolescent↗
Oral L-histidine fails to reduce taste and smell acuity but induces anorexia and urinary zinc excretion.
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Anorexia↗
The effects of topical anesthesia on oral burning in burning mouth syndrome.
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an oral pain disorder of uncertain origin. Central or peripheral pain mechanisms may play a role in the oral burning of BMS. We tested the effect of a topical anesthetic (dyclonine HCl) on patients' intensity ratings for oral burning, taste dysgeusia and the taste of two chemical stimuli (1.0 M NaCl and 1.0 M sucrose). A total of 33 patients (9 male and 24 female, average age: 60 yr) are included in this analysis. The anesthetic reduced the perceptual intensity of both chemicals in these patients on four out of five postanesthesia trials (p < 0.01). The BMS cohort included 12 patients whose burning increased (p < 0.001), 14 patients whose burning did not change, and 7 patients whose burning decreased (p < 0.001) after anesthesia. Baseline dysgeusias (n = 13) decreased in intensity (p < 0.001) after anesthesia, suggesting BMS dysgeusia is related to the activation of peripheral taste mechanisms. The results also suggest that BMS oral burning may be a disorder of peripheral pain pathways in some patients.
Adult↗
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) perception in patients with schizophrenia and first-degree family members: relationship to clinical symptomatology and psychophysical olfactory performance.
The inability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC; "taste-blindness") has been associated with a number of medical and neurological illnesses not typically related to taste. We examined PTC sensitivity in 67 schizophrenia patients, 30 healthy controls, and 30 first-degree relatives to determine whether taster status could represent a simple vulnerability marker. A higher prevalence of non-tasters was seen in patients and family members relative to healthy controls. Among patients, non-tasters exhibited increased levels of negative and first-rank symptoms as well as poorer right nostril odor identification skills relative to PTC tasters. These differences were not explained by age, sex, education, smoking, or intensity differences. Phenotypic variation in PTC sensitivity is thought to be genetic in origin and suggests greater illness risk for those subjects with recessive taster alleles.
Adult↗
Taste perception of children with chronic renal failure.
Taste sensitivity and preference in the suprathreshold ranges were compared for 20 pediatric patients with renal disease and 15 children with normal renal function. Nine patients had chronic renal insufficiency, and 11 had endstage renal disease. Subjects were also evaluated for various dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters. All subjects were asked to pull out a tape measure to rate the strength of five varying concentrations of aqueous solutions of sucrose, sodium chloride, and quinine sulfate. The subjects' abilities to judge increasing concentrations with greater perceived intensity were measured by calculating individual and group slopes. No significant differences in the values were found between the groups. Similarly, no significant differences in mean peak preference concentrations were found between the groups. The patients with renal disease were found to be considerably growth retarded (height and weight less than 5th percentile), with a mean caloric intake less than 65% of the RDA even after an adjustment had been made for height. Serum zinc levels were all normal.
Adolescent↗
Dissociation of odor and taste in shock-avoidance learning.
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Afferent Pathways↗
Taste responsiveness in anorexia nervosa.
Preferences for sugar/fat mixtures were examined in 12 anorectic females and in 14 normal-weight volunteer controls. The subjects, recruited at an eating-disorders clinic in Paris, were tested after an overnight fast and 2 hours after lunch. Anorectic patients disliked the taste of foods rich in fat more than did controls. Perceptions and preferences for sweet taste did not differ between anorectic females and controls. After lunch, taste preference ratings were equally reduced in both groups, suggesting that satiety aversion to sucrose is present even in anorexia nervosa.
Adult↗
Evoked taste thresholds in a normal population and the application of electrogustometry to trigeminal nerve disease.
No standardised method for taste threshold measurement is available and therefore comparison between clinical studies is difficult. An electrogustometer was evaluated in normal subjects. No sex difference in taste threshold was noted; however, there was a significant elevation in detection threshold with age and smoking. Electrogustometric values both in patients before and after surgery for trigeminal neuralgia and in patients with trigeminal sensory neuropathy were determined. Many patients with trigeminal nerve disorders had abnormal electrogustometric detection thresholds suggesting that there is possibly an accessory taste pathway through the trigeminal nerve, although in some individuals the site of lesion may be in the brain stem. Electrogustometry is a convenient method for clinically assessing taste.
Adolescent↗
Nasal chemoreception in flavor identification.
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Adult↗
Effects of a model on food neophobia in humans.
In study 1, subjects who were high and low in trait food neophobia made a series of choices between novel or familiar foods in the presence of no model, a neophilic model who chose mostly novel foods, or a neophobic model who chose mostly familiar foods and made another series of choices in private from foods which were not modeled. Subjects who were low (but not high) in trait neophobia behaved in accordance with the behavior of the neophilic (but not neophobic) model in the model's presence (but not absence). Study 2 clarified the results of study 1, revealing that the phenomenon was modeling and not conformity, that even highly neophobic subjects can be influenced by a stronger modeling manipulation, that food neophobia can be both increased and decreased, and that the reduced neophobia induced by exposure to a neophilic model does not generalize to non-modeled foods.
Adolescent↗
Opiate withdrawal: the result of conditioning or physiological mechanisms?
Although it has been suggested that opiate withdrawal responses might be conditioned compensatory responses elicited by drug-associated stimuli, the present results do not support such a view. Withdrawal, as measured by an aversion to a saccharin solution following the termination of morphine administration, occurred independent of the presence of morphine-paired environmental or temporal cues. These results suggest that withdrawal is most likely the result of some physiological mechanism, rather than the result of conditioning.
Animals↗
Nicotine potentiates the effects of haloperidol in animals and in patients with Tourette syndrome.
Nicotine was found to markedly potentiate haloperidol-induced hypokinesia in rats. Nicotine alone was without effect. Subsequently, concurrent administration of 2 mg nicotine gum to 10 Tourette syndrome patients being treated with haloperidol produced a substantial decrease in tics and improvement of concentration and attention span. Nicotine gum alone was without effect. While 80% of children showed improvement with nicotine gum, 70% completely discontinued the gum because of side-effects, primarily involving nausea and bitter taste. Nicotine may prove useful for treating other neuroleptic responsive disorders, such as schizophrenia and Huntington's disease.
Adolescent↗
Differences in smoking-related variables based on phenylthiocarbamide "taster" status.
Test strips impregnated with phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) have been used to identify genetic differences based on whether a bitter taste is perceived. To determine whether smokers who perceive PTC as bitter tasting ("tasters") would differ from those who describe it as tasteless ("non-tasters") on smoking-related variables, we studied 464 current smokers (70% female, 79% White; mean age 30.5+/-9 years) recruited to participate in laboratory experiments and clinical trials. Of these, 217 (47%) reported the PTC strips as tasteless and 154 (33%) as tasting bitter. The remaining 93 (20%) described the taste as salty, sweet, or other and were excluded from further analyses. Comparing tasters with non-tasters, we found significant differences in mean (S.D.) total years smoked (14.5 [9.2] for non-tasters, vs. 12.6 [8.4] for tasters, p<.05), Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire scores (6.4 [2.1] vs. 5.8 [2.1], p<.01), and scores on the Positive Reinforcement scale of the Michigan-Nicotine Reinforcement Questionnaire (8.1 [2.9] vs. 6.8 [3.1], p<.05). Results suggest that among smokers, ability to taste PTC may confer some protection from development of nicotine dependence and positive reinforcement from smoking.
Adult↗