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Results for “TOXINS AND ANTITOXINS”

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At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Peroral immunization of rats with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin delivered by microspheres.

The antigenicity of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin was not protected against the adverse effect of gastric acidity when the toxin was given together with bicarbonate for peroral immunization to rats, but immunization with the heat-labile enterotoxin encapsulated in pH-dependent microspheres aroused the same strong degree of serum and mucosal antitoxin responses and of protection against challenge as was achieved by peroral immunization after ablation of gastric secretions by pretreatment with cimetidine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1964

ISOLATION OF TOXIGENIC STRAINS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS FROM SOIL.

Yamagishi, Takayoshi (Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan), Shoichi Ishida, and Shoki Nishida. Isolation of toxigenic strains of Clostridium perfringens from soil. J. Bacteriol. 88:646-652. 1964-Strains of Clostridium perfringens were isolated from soil specimens heated at various temperatures for different lengths of time and were toxigenically examined. When higher temperatures were used, fewer toxigenic strains were isolated. Toxigenic strains could not be obtained from soil specimens heated at 100 C for 60 min. All toxigenic strains were killed by heating at 100 C for 10 min; strains that were resistant to these conditions were found to be nontoxigenic. These findings suggest that sporulating ability is closely linked to toxigenicity.

Antitoxins↗
PubMed2000

An outbreak in Italy of botulism associated with a dessert made with mascarpone cream cheese.

In the late 1996, an outbreak of botulism affected eight young people (age of patients ranged from 6 to 23 years) in Italy. The onset of the illness was the same for all of these patients: gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea and vomiting) followed by neurologic symptoms. The most common neurologic symptoms were dysphagia, respiratory failure (100%), diplopia (87%), dysarthria, ptosis (75%) and mydriasis (50%). All patients required mechanical ventilation. Botulinum toxin was detected from two of respectively five sera and six stool samples analysed, while spores of Clostridium botulinum type A were recovered from all patient' faeces. The epidemiological investigation led to suspect a commercial cream cheese ('mascarpone') as a source of botulinum toxin: indeed, it had been eaten by all the patients before onset of the symptoms, either alone or as the (uncooked) ingredient of a dessert, 'tiramisù'. Botulinum toxin type A was found in the 'tiramisù' leftover consumed by two patients and in some mascarpone cheese samples collected from the same retail stores where the other patients had previously bought their cheeses. A break in the cold-chain at the retail has likely caused germination of C. botulinum spores contaminating the products, with subsequent production of the toxin. One of the patients died, while the others recovered very slowly. Prompt international alerting and recall of the mascarpone cheese prevented the spread of the outbreak due to the wide range of distribution, demonstrating the importance of a rapid surveillance system. None of the people complaining of symptoms after the public alert resulted positive for botulinum spores and toxin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1968

Studies on the mode of action of diphtheria toxin. VI. Site of the action of toxin in living cells.

Using the technique of radioautography, it has been shown that a probable maximum of only 25-50 molecules iodine-125-labeled toxin per cell is bound by human HeLa cells treated with approximately 10(7) molecules of toxin per cell, or just under one saturating dose. Radioautographs of sections from labeled cells locate most if not all of the toxin molecules fixed to the outer cell membrane. Under identical conditions far less label is taken up by mouse L cells. It is probable that the resistance of this species to diphtheria toxin can be accounted for in terms of the failure of mouse cells to bind the toxin protein. The irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis in a living cell culture by a few molecules of toxin located at the cell surface is discussed in relation to the known interaction between toxin, NAD, and transferase II in mammalian cell extracts.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

Quantification of tetanus antitoxin in human sera. I. Counter-immunoelectrophoresis.

An extensive sero-epidemiological survey of immunity to tetanus is to be performed in Norway during 1978 and 1979 and thus a simple and reliable method for screening sera for content of tetanus antitoxin is needed. An improved counter-immunoelectrophoretic method for quantification of tetanus antitoxin is described. The toxin neutralization test in mice is considered to correlate well with protection in humans. Counter-immunoelectrophoresis has the advantage of using tetanus toxoid instead of toxin as well as being more rapid and less expensive. Specific antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes could be read simultaneously for many sera. This may be of importance, since it is reported in the literature that only antibody of the IgG class is capable of neutralizing tetanus toxin in mice. Counter-immunoelectrophoresis is limited by being less sensitive than the toxin neutralization test in mice.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1962

Purification of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin.

Madoff, Morton A. (New England Center Hospital, Boston, Mass.) and Louis Weinstein. Purification of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. J. Bacteriol. 83:914-918. 1962. - Staphylococcal alpha-toxin has been purified by metal-ion precipitation, column chromatography, and continuous-flow paper electrophoresis. The resultant preparation is highly unstable. A single line is obtained on agar-gel diffusion analysis against staphylococcal antiserum. Two bands, both associated with hemolytic activity and migrating cathodally at pH 8.4, are obtained on starch-gel electrophoresis. Levels of lytic, dermonecrotic, and lethal toxin activity maintain a constant relationship in the crude and purified materials, suggesting the unity of these effects.

Antitoxins↗