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At least 1,315 records · Page 73Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Interactive three-dimensional volume rendering of spiral CT data: current applications in the thorax.

Spiral computed tomographic (CT) data sets coupled with a real-time volume-rendering technique allow creation of accurate three-dimensional (3D) images that can be used for a wide range of clinical applications. The image contrast of and relative pixel attenuations in the final image can be interactively modified by the user in real time by manipulating trapezoidal transfer functions. Although 3D images are not required for diagnosis, they aid both radiologists and referring clinicians by demonstrating anatomic relationships and the extent of disease, particularly for vessels oriented in the z axis. Three-dimensional imaging of the vasculature and airway structures has many advantages, including the potential to obviate invasive procedures such as angiography and bronchoscopy. Clinical applications of volume rendering of spiral CT data include cardiovascular imaging (aorta, pulmonary vasculature, and venous abnormalities), staging of thoracic neoplasms (mediastinal and pulmonary masses), tracheobronchial imaging, and imaging of chest wall disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bronchial carcinoid tumors of the thorax: spectrum of radiologic findings.

Bronchial carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine neoplasms that range from low-grade typical carcinoids to more aggressive atypical carcinoids and therefore demonstrate a wide spectrum of clinical behaviors and histologic features. Typical and atypical bronchial carcinoids have similar imaging features. Because most bronchial carcinoids are located in central airways, radiologic findings are usually related to bronchial obstruction. Central bronchial carcinoids manifest as an endobronchial nodule or hilar or perihilar mass with a close anatomic relationship to the bronchus. The mass is usually a well-defined, round or ovoid lesion and may be slightly lobulated at radiography and computed tomography (CT). Associated atelectasis, air trapping, obstructing pneumonitis, and mucoid impaction may also be seen. Peripheral bronchial carcinoids appear as solitary nodules. Calcification is common and is easily visualized at CT. Bronchial carcinoids demonstrate high signal intensity on T2-weighted and short-inversion-time inversion recovery magnetic resonance images. Prognosis of bronchial carcinoids is highly dependent on histologic findings: Atypical carcinoids have certain features that suggest a more aggressive nature. Typical bronchial carcinoids generally have an excellent prognosis, whereas atypical bronchial carcinoids have a worse prognosis. Therefore, understanding the histologic, clinical, and radiologic features of bronchial carcinoids facilitates accurate diagnosis and helps optimize surgical planning.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of alignment of computer-registered data sets: combined PET/CT versus independent PET and CT of the thorax.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine whether alignment of registered positron emission tomographic (PET) and computed tomographic (CT) data sets obtained independently varies significantly from alignment of data sets acquired from a combined PET/CT scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by the institution's Human Research Committee with a waiver of informed consent and complied with HIPAA. Whole-body combined PET/CT data sets and separate routinely positioned thoracic CT data sets were obtained from 12 patients (six men, six women; mean age, 48.6 years; range, 24-62 years). Separate PET and thoracic CT data sets matched for patient positioning and respiration were acquired on the same day for nine patients (four men, five women; mean age, 71 years; range, 51-90 years). Computer nonlinear registration was performed on PET and CT data sets from combined PET/CT (fusion group 1), PET data sets from combined PET/CT with unmatched thoracic CT (fusion group 2), and data sets from separate PET and CT matched for patient positioning and respiration (fusion group 3). Quality of alignment was assessed by two radiologists in consensus blinded to the source of registered data in each fusion group at the following anatomic locations: diaphragm, aortic arch, heart, thoracic spine, and lung apices. Results were compared by using the Wilcoxon paired signed rank and unpaired rank sum tests. RESULTS: Quality of alignment did not significantly differ between fusion group 1 and fusion group 3. Fusion group 1 provided significantly better alignment in two of five anatomic locations (P = .008 for diaphragm and P = .031 for heart) than fusion group 2. Fusion group 3 provided significantly better alignment in two of five anatomic locations (P = .037 for diaphragm and P = .009 for heart) than fusion group 2. CONCLUSION: Thoracic anatomic alignment does not significantly differ between registered PET and CT data sets acquired on a combined PET/CT scanner or from separate PET and CT scanners obtained on the same day when carefully matched for anatomic positioning and respiration.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Lymphoma after organ transplantation: radiologic manifestations in the central nervous system, thorax, and abdomen.

The radiographic findings of post-transplantation lymphoma in 15 patients are demonstrated. Variations in patterns from those of lymphomas in nonimmunosuppressed patients, etiologic factors, histologic features, and differential diagnosis are discussed. The common finding of central lucency of masses seen on CT scans correlated with necrosis seen at histologic examination. In the post-transplant patient, single or multiple masses, particularly if centrally lucent, should suggest post-transplantation lymphoma. Histologic proof with anatomic localization is important, however, to determine appropriate therapy.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Neck and thorax venous aneurysm: association with cystic hygroma.

Eight of 15 patients with mediastinal cystic hygroma were found to have abnormal enlargement of neck or thoracic veins. Five of these children had aneurysmal dilatation of the superior vena cava (SVC). Three more had mild enlargement of the SVC, which was revealed only after comparison with 20 children with no evidence of mediastinal disease. Although the association of venous aneurysms and cystic hygromas has not been previously observed, their coexistence does not appear to be coincidental: None of the patients had other causes of dilatation of the SVC. Knowledge of aneurysmal veins may be helpful to the surgeon planning resection of a cystic hygroma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Castleman disease of the thorax: radiologic features with clinical and histopathologic correlation.

PURPOSE: To correlate the radiologic manifestations of thoracic Castleman disease with the clinical and histopathologic features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical, surgical, and histopathologic records; chest radiographs; and computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images in 30 pathologically proved cases of thoracic Castleman disease were reviewed. RESULTS: Patients with localized Castleman disease (n = 24) typically had the hyaline-vascular type (n = 23), were asymptomatic (n = 14), and had solitary, well-circumscribed mediastinal masses (n = 24). All lesions at contrast material-enhanced CT (n = 13) enhanced. All lesions at MR imaging (n = 5) were heterogeneous and had increased signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images. Three patterns were observed on CT or MR images in 20 patients: a solitary, noninvasive mass (n = 10); a dominant infiltrative mass with associated lymphadenopathy (n = 8); or matted lymphadenopathy without a dominant mass (n = 2). Patients with disseminated Castleman disease (n = 6) typically had the plasma cell type (n = 4), were symptomatic at presentation (n = 5), and had bilateral mediastinal masses on chest radiographs (n = 4). At CT, all lesions manifested with diffuse mediastinal lymphadenopathy. All lesions at contrast-enhanced CT (n = 5) enhanced. CONCLUSION: Localized Castleman disease manifests as either a solitary, well-circumscribed mediastinal mass or an infiltrative mass with associated lymphadenopathy on CT or MR images. Disseminated Castleman disease manifests with diffuse mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Invariant total heart volume in the intact thorax.

Fast multisliced computerized tomography (Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor or DSR) was used to study the change in total heart volume (content of the pericardial sac) between end diastole (ED) and end systole (ES) with lungs held at 0 and 15 cmH2O airway inflation pressure (Paw). Nine dogs were anesthetized and scanned in the DSR. At 0 cmH2O airway pressure, mean total heart volume changed, on the average, only 2.7 +/- 0.6% (SE) of its ED volume comparing ED with ES. With lungs inflated to 15 cmH2O Paw, total heart volume decreased 12 +/- 0.5%. However, at this new heart volume, the change in total heart volume between ED and ES was only 1.7 +/- 0.5%. The data indicate that the epicardial apex of the heart remains relatively stationary while the atrioventricular groove moves toward the apex during systole and away from the apex during diastole. Thus the atria and ventricles empty and fill reciprocally even when the pericardial contents do not fully distend the pericardial sac. The invariant total heart volume observed in these species would minimize the work of the heart by maximizing the percentage of work expended to move blood and minimizing the work expended to move tissue (i.e., lung).

Animals↗