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PubMed1991

Comparison of the affinities to bovine and human prothrombin of the staphylocoagulases from Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus of animal origin.

Staphylocoagulases of Staphylococcus aureus (40 strains originally isolated from horses, dogs, cats, cows, sheep, opossums, pigs, humans, and a goat) and Staphylococcus intermedius (19 isolates from dogs and 1 pigeon strain) were tested for their affinity to prothrombins of either bovine or human origin. The tests used were the coagulase tube test (using human, bovine, or equine fibrinogen with either bovine or human prothrombin as the source of coagulase-reacting factor) and a chromogenic assay which enabled quantification of the amidolytic activity of the staphylocoagulase-prothrombin complex. S. intermedius showed weak specificity for human prothrombin, with 15% of the coagulases clotting human fibrinogen, 25% clotting equine fibrinogen, and 40% clotting bovine fibrinogen. However, 65% of coagulases clotted equine fibrinogen, 75% of coagulases clotted human fibrinogen, and 100% of coagulases clotted bovine fibrinogen when bovine prothrombin was used. The animal isolates of S. aureus displayed more diverse specificity toward prothrombin than S. intermedius strains. While 85% of coagulase preparations clotted human fibrinogen when human prothrombin was used, only 45% of preparations clotted bovine fibrinogen when bovine prothrombin was used. However, 62.5% of coagulases clotted human fibrinogen when bovine prothrombin was used and 85% of coagulases clotted bovine fibrinogen when human prothrombin was used. This may be a reflection of the diversity of the animal origins of S. aureus isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Staphylococcus aureus transmitted in transplanted kidneys.

Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia developed shortly after transplantation in both recipients of transplanted kidneys from a donor who had received electrical burns. In each case the organism appeared initially in the urine. All staphylococci isolated were phage type 6/47/54/75. Transplant nephrectomy was necessary in both recipients because of complications of infection, and one recipient died. These results draw attention to the possible significance of Staph. aureus in the urine of recipients after transplantation and to the potential risk of transplanting kidneys from a burned donor.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The yjeQ gene is required for virulence of Staphylococcus aureus.

Gene products required for in vivo growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogens represent new targets for antimicrobial chemotherapy. In this study we created a Staphylococcus aureus yjeQ deletion strain and tested its virulence using a mouse kidney abscess infection model. The yjeQ deletion strain was compromised for growth in vitro and severely attenuated for virulence. We concluded that yjeQ is an attractive and novel new drug target.

Abscess↗
PubMed1994

[In vitro evaluation of susceptibility to selected antibiotics of strains of staphylococcus aureus isolated from purulent skin changes].

Resistance to antibiotics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from purulent skin changes during the years 1987-1991 was investigated. The antibiogram was performed by the disc-diffusion method. Susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, gentamicin, doxycycline, erythromycin, tetracycline, and lincomycin was determined. In investigated material during years 1987-1991 high percentage of resistant strains was found in the case of penicillin (from 70% to 66.2%), cloxacillin (66.6%-86.4%) and tetracycline (50%-66.2%). High and rising in time percentage of strains resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin and cephradine was also found. Increase of resistance was also observed with gentamicin (1987--7.1%, 1991--27%) and doxycycline++ (1987--12.7%, 1989--35.3%, 1991--17.6%), while resistance to lincomycin was keeping on a generally equal level within 20% (1987) to 26% (1991). In 1991 susceptibility of 42 strains of Staphylococcus aureus was tested to cefamandole, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, amikacin and netilmicin. No resistant strains to these antibiotics were found.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1971

Altered methylation of ribosomal RNA in an erythromycin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus.

In certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus, a concentration of erythromycin between 10(-8) and 10(-7) M can induce resistance to concentrations of this drug as high as 10(-4) M. In one such strain studied, S. aureus (1206), N(6)-dimethyladenine is not normally present in 23S rRNA; however, a compound presumptively identified (on the basis of paper chromatography in three different solvents) as N(6)-dimethyladenine appears in the 23S rRNA of growing cells that have been incubated in a medium containing 10(-7) M erythromycin. It has been shown previously that the induction of the erythromycin-resistant phenotype that occurs under these conditions requires 10(-8)-10(-7) M erythromycin for maximal expression within 1 hr and that induction results in modified 50S ribosomal subunits, which are then unable to bind erythromycin or lincomycin. Methylated adenine is also found in the 16S rRNA from the strain of S. aureus studied; however, in contrast to the situation with 23S rRNA, the amount in 16S rRNA is not affected by erythromycin. These findings provide the first example of a correlation between the methylation of rRNA and altered ribosomal function.

Adenine↗
PubMed1991

Phage types and drug susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus from two hospitals in northwest Ethiopia.

Fifty-eight Staphylococcus aureus strains from Gonder College of Medical Sciences Hospital, (43 isolates from patients and 15 from carriers) and 28 from Debre Tabor Hospital (14 each from patients and carriers), both in northwest Ethiopia, were phage typed in 1988. Eighty-one of the 86 strains were recognized by their phage types. A multiresistant strain of type 29 was frequent among Gonder patients'. This strain was also recovered from the hospital personnel. Other well known multiresistant strains of phage type NT/A994 and 85/A994 were identified among patients from Gonder and phage type 85/A994 was recovered from 5 patients and 4 carriers from Debre Tabor. These findings suggest cross-infection with virulent strains of Staphylococcus aureus in both hospitals. All 86 phage-typed strains were tested for susceptibility to 7 antibiotics. A high frequency of multiple resistance was observed. Double resistance to penicillin and tetracycline was frequent among patients strains from Gonder. Among strains of phage type 85/A994 multiresistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin and oxacillin was found. Strains of phage type 85/A994 and NT/A994 were resistant to mercury. No plasmid DNA was detected in one strain of 85/A994 investigated.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed2000

[Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Western Pomerania].

One hundred forty-nine Staphylococcus aureus strains were collected between 1994 and 1996 from ambulatory and hospitalized patients in Western Pomerania (north-western part of Poland). The bacteria were isolated from wounds, bronchial tree, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), sputum, throat swabs, nose swabs, eye swabs, blood, peritoneal fluid and urine. Resistance to methicillin was checked by disc diffusion test and confirmed using screening according to NCCLS standards. Growth strains was established with crystal violet staining. Furthermore, sensitivity to 17 other antibiotics was tested. Macrorestriction patterns of DNA was studied using the restriction enzyme Sma I and pulsed field gel electrophoresis system (BioRad). Almost all MRSA were identified as multidrug-resistant and all were sensitive to mupirocin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Basing on Sma I PFGE patterns, 17 different genotypes were identified. The majority of MRSA belonged to Sma I type A (60 isolates) in which 9 closely related subtypes (A1 divided by A9) were identified. The most common was subtype A1 (37 strains), followed by A2 (12 strains), A3 (3), A4 (3), and A5 divided by A9 (each representing a single strain). The strains were ubiquitous and showed large variation as to phenotype. Eleven other MRSA with an identical Sma I PFGE patterns were classified as type B. These strains were predominantly present in material collected at the Department of Urology, Second State Clinical Hospital in Szczecin, First State Clinical Hospital and from outpatients. A typical feature of these strains was an identical resistogram. The remaining types and subtypes (C1, C2, D, E, F, G, and H) were represented by single MRSA strains (Tab. 1). The results indicate that MRSA strains of Staphylococcus aureus present in the region of Western Pomerania belong in general to two genotypes distinguished by Sma I PFGE as type A and B.

Drug Resistance, Multiple↗
PubMed1973

Isolation of a suppressor host bacterium in Staphylococcus aureus.

A bacterial mutant of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325 has been isolated which has the properties of a suppressor host mutant. The mutant was isolated as a one-step phenotypic revertant to wild type of a strain containing mutations in two unlinked markers concerned with metabolism of lactose via the phosphoenol pyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system. The revertant (called sup1(+)) has been used to isolate seventy conditional lethal mutants of the phage O11. The phage mutants, which plate on sup1(+) but not on the original 8325 strain, have been assigned by complementation studies into 10 groups. It is probable that this technique for the isolation of suppressor hosts would be applicable to other Staphylococcus strains.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1972

Transfection of Staphylococcus aureus with bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid.

Staphylococcus aureus cells of strain 8325 (N) are competent for phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) when harvested in the early exponential growth phase. Phenotypic expression of the competence requires divalent cations, and calcium ions are most effective. Treatment of phage DNA with deoxyribonuclease completely destroys infectivity and heat-denaturated DNA is not infectious. The highest frequency of transfection is around 10(4) plaque-forming units per mug of DNA.

Calcium↗
PubMed1995

[Susceptibility to antibiotics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from pus specimens obtained from patients referred for autovaccine therapy].

Autovaccine was prepared for 268 patients treated for: osteomyelitis--95, acne--63, furunculosis--53, and other pyogenic infections--57 patients. 540 bacterial strains were isolated from the specimens obtained from patients. 170 Staphylococcus aureus strains were cultured, what represents 31.5% of the isolated strains. Isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains were most often penicillin-resistant (91.5%), amplicillin-resistant (86%), less frequently tetracycline-resistant (73%), and doxycycline-resistant (53.1%). Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from outpatients were found to be less resistant to particular antibiotics as compared to the group of strains isolated from the inpatients receiving treatment in different hospital departments. 13.5% of studied Staphylococcus aureus strains were methicillin-resistant.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1969

Penicillinase plasmid DNA from Staphylococcus aureus.

A penicillinase plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus and three of its derivatives, all previously identified as extrachromosomal genetic elements, have been isolated in high yield as circular duplex DNA molecules. The wild-type plasmid was found by contour-length measurements of electron micrographs to have a molecular weight of 18.6 x 10(6) daltons. Two plasmids with deletions encompassing six and eight of the eleven known plasmid cistrons had molecular weights of 16.4 x 10(6) and 15.3 x 10(6) daltons, respectively. This information was used to establish approximate physical distances for the genetic map. A high-frequency transducing element also derived from the plasmid had a molecular weight of approximately 24 x 10(6) daltons. Although each plasmid preparation appeared homogeneous by ultracentrifugal analysis, electron micrographs always revealed the presence of a low percentage of complex oligomeric forms, particularly circular and catenated dimers.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1975

A radioimmunoassay of cellular surface antigens on living cells using iodinated soluble protein A from Staphylococcus aureus.

Soluble protein A from Staphylococcus aureus does carry great promise as a marker for cellular surface determinants, due to its specific reaction with, and high affinity for, most subclasses of mammalian IgG. In this article we present the different parameters involved in a radioimmunoassay using 125-I-labelled protein A. Using such an approach the actual technical procedures involved are reported in detail together with tests for mammalian alloantigens, including HL-A in the human, H-2 in the mouse and AgB antigenic sites in the rat, as this presents an unique opportunity to compare them with already widely used assays for transplantation antigens. The different parameters of the assay are analysed in view of measuring with precision quantities of cell-surface IgG molecules, thereby allowing possible determinations of antigenic site numbers in a new and simplified manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Protective effect of Staphylococcus chromogenes infection against Staphylococcus aureus infection in the lactating bovine mammary gland.

The susceptibility of uninfected or Staphylococcus chromogenes-infected quarters to challenge with Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Seventeen S. chromogenes-infected quarters were challenged by infusion of S. aureus into the teat sinus; 47% (8 of 17) became infected and all 18 uninfected quarters challenged similarly with S. aureus became infected. No differences in daily milk yield were seen between uninfected quarters and S. chromogenes-infected quarters prior to S. aureus infusion. Postinfusion, milk yield for S. aureus-infected, S. chromogenes-infected, and S. chromogenes- and S. aureus-infected quarters differed. Somatic cell counts were elevated in S. chromogenes-infected quarters compared with uninfected quarters prior to S. aureus infusion. Somatic cell counts were not different between S. aureus- and S. chromogenes- and S. aureus-infected quarters postinfusion, but were different for S. chromogenes-infected quarters. Chloride concentrations in S. chromogenes- and S. aureus-infected quarters were different from either S. aureus-infected or S. chromogenes-infected quarters. Staphylococcus aureus colony forming units in quarters with preexisting S. chromogenes infections were lower than S. aureus colony-forming units in previously uninfected quarters. Possible protective mechanisms induced by S. chromogenes against superinfection by S. aureus are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Ribosome synthesis in thermally shocked cells of Staphylococcus aureus.

Thermally shocked cells of Staphylococcus aureus rapidly synthesized ribonucleic acid (RNA) during the early stages of recovery. During this period, protein synthesis was not observed and occurred only after RNA had reached a maximum level. Even in the absence of coordinated protein synthesis, a large portion of the RNA appeared in newly synthesized ribosomes. Although the 30S subunit was specifically destroyed by the heating process, both ribosomal particles were reassembled during recovery. The addition of chloramphenicol did not inhibit the formation of the ribosomal subunits, nor was the presence of immature chloramphenicol particles detected. Extended recovery with highly prelabeled cells showed that the original ribosomal proteins present before heating are conserved and recycled. Furthermore, the data indicate that the 50S subunit is turned over and used as a source of protein for new ribosome assembly. Kinetic studies of the assembly process by pulse labeling have not revealed the presence of the normally reported precursor particles. Rather, the data suggest that assembly may occur, in this system, in a manner similar to that reported for in vitro assembly of Escherichia coli subunits.

Arginine↗
PubMed1970

Carotenoid formation by Staphylococcus aureus.

The carotenoid pigments of Staphylococcus aureus U-71 were identified as phytoene; zeta-carotene; delta-carotene; phytofluenol; a phytofluenol-like carotenoid, rubixanthin; and three rubixanthin-like carotenoids after extraction, saponification, chromatographic separation, and determination of their absorption spectra. There was no evidence of carotenoid esters or glycoside ethers in the extract before saponification. During the aerobic growth cycle the total carotenoids increased from 45 to 1,000 nmoles per g (dry weight), with the greatest increases in the polar, hydroxylated carotenoids. During the anaerobic growth cycle, the total carotenoids increased from 20 nmoles per g (dry weight) to 80 nmoles per g (dry weight), and only traces of the polar carotenoids were formed. Light had no effect on carotenoid synthesis. About 0.14% of the mevalonate-2-(14)C added to the culture was incorporated into the carotenoids during each bacterial doubling. The total carotenoids did not lose radioactivity when grown in the absence of (14)C for 2.5 bacterial doublings. The total carotenoids did not lose radioactivity when grown in the absence of (14)C for 2.5 bacterial doublings. The incorporation and turnover of (14)C indicated the carotenes were sequentially desaturated and hydroxylated to form the polar carotenoids.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1972

Biosynthesis of cardiolipin from phosphatidylglycerol in Staphylococcus aureus.

Cardiolipin (CL) synthetase from Staphylococcus aureus catalyzes the complete conversion of two molecules of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) to one molecule of CL and one molecule of glycerol. The fatty acids and phosphates of the two PG molecules can be quantitatively recovered in the CL. The enzyme is membrane-bound, shows a linear relationship with the product formed between 10 and 125 mug of membrane protein, has a pH optimum at 4.4, a temperature optimum between 37 and 45 C, a K(m) for PG of 2.1 x 10(-4)m, a V(max) of 200 nmoles of CL per min per mg of membrane protein, and does not require monovalent or divalent metals for activity. The enzyme has no nucleotide requirement and is not affected by prolonged dialysis, and treatment of the enzyme with charcoal has no effect on its activity. The enzyme has no phosphomonoesterase or phosphodiesterase activity, does not act on CL, is specific for PG, and CL and glycerol are the sole products of its activity. Other lipids do not stimulate or inhibit its activity. The enzyme is inhibited by organic solvents and some detergents. There is sufficient CL synthetase activity to account for CL synthesis during exponential growth. Inhibition of CL hydrolysis during growth results in an increase in CL that is balanced by a loss of PG. The activity of CL synthetase is not affected by cytidine diphosphate diglyceride but is inhibited competitively by the product, CL.

Acetates↗
PubMed1993

Multiple effects of promethazine in Staphylococcus aureus.

The antibiotic resistance of 6 Staphylococcus aureus strains was eliminated with a frequency from 1.2 to 10% in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of promethazine. The pigment production of the cells was also eliminated by the promethazine to an extent of 0 to 5%. The cell size was increased and the protein A production was markedly decreased in S. aureus cells cultured in the presence of promethazine. Complex formation between protein A and promethazine was detected by differential spectrophotometry. The biological activity of staphylococcus protein A was abolished by promethazine in the passive haemagglutination of rabbit antiserum treated sheep red blood cells. Evidence has been found that plasmid-encoded functions of S. aureus cells can be altered in the presence of promethazine, and the chromosomally controlled synthesis of protein A, one of the weakest virulence factor of S. aureus is also lowered by promethazine.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗