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PubMed1980

The effect of a supportive companion on perinatal problems, length of labor, and mother-infant interaction.

We studied the effects of a supportive lay woman ("doula") on the length of labor and on mother-infant interaction after delivery in healthy Guatemalan primigravid women. Initial assignment of mothers to the experimental (doula) or control group was random, but controls showed a higher rate (P less than 0.001) of subsequent perinatal problems (e.g. cesarean section and meconium staining). It was necessary to admit 103 mothers to the control group and 33 to the experimental group to obtain 20 in each group with uncomplicated deliveries. In the final sample, the length of time from admission to delivery was shorter in the experimental group (8.8 vs. 19.3 hours, P less than 0.001). Mothers who had a doula present during labor were awake more after delivery (P less than 0.02) and stroked (P less than 0.001), smiled at (P less than 0.009), and talked to (P less than 0.002) their babies more than the control mothers. These observations suggest that there may be major perinatal benefits of constant human support during labor.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed2001

Pain measurement scales: a comparison of the visual analogue and faces rating scales in measuring pressure ulcer pain.

OBJECTIVE: Although different pain scales often have been used interchangeably, it is not known whether interchanging them is appropriate. The purpose of this report was twofold: to better understand the statistical properties of the Faces Rating Scale (FRS) so it can be used appropriately in clinical settings and to describe the mathematical relationship between the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the FRS when they are used to quantify pressure ulcer pain in hospitalized elderly patients. DESIGN: Secondary data analyses were performed as part of a cross-sectional study. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: A quality assurance program was undertaken to evaluate pressure ulcer pain perceived by elderly hospitalized patients. All patients without aphasia participated. INSTRUMENTS: The VAS used was a 0 to 100 mm horizontal line demonstrated to have ratio scale properties with high validity and reproducibility, and the FRS used was 6 faces ordered horizontally from smiling to crying, labeled 0 to 5 beneath each face, respectively. METHODS: Nonlinear least squares regression with a Gauss-Newton iterative procedure was used. RESULTS: Among models with cubic, quadratic, and linear terms, only the quadratic term was significant (P <.05). With use of the equation derived, VAS = 3.33*(FRS)(2), the resulting reliability coefficient was r = 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: The nonlinear relationship indicated high reliability between VAS and FRS for pain assessment in populations with diminished verbal and abstract thinking abilities. For readers who would like to translate results from one scale to another, a quadratic equation is provided.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of a Class II Division 2 malocclusion with space reopening for a single-tooth implant.

This case report describes the treatment of an adolescent girl with a skeletal Class II Division 2 malocclusion and impinging overbite. One of 2 previously extracted premolars had to be replaced by a single-tooth implant after adequate space reopening. An optimal overbite-overjet relationship was achieved through significant intrusion and proclination of maxillary and mandibular incisors. A horizontally impacted mandibular second molar was repositioned to ensure a 2-molar arch integrity. Resolution of the gingival smile line and favorable facial changes were also obtained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A double dissociation between the meanings of action verbs and locative prepositions.

Abstract We describe two patients who manifested opposite patterns of performance on test batteries that evaluated production, comprehension, and semantic analysis of action verbs on the one hand (e.g. smile, wave, run ) and locative prepositions on the other (e.g. in, on, over ). JP failed all of the verb tests but passed all of the preposition tests, suggesting impaired knowledge of the meanings of action verbs but intact knowledge of the meanings of locative prepositions. In contrast, RR exhibited the reverse dissociation: he passed many of the verb tests but failed all of the preposition tests, suggesting mostly intact knowledge of the meanings of action verbs but impaired knowledge of the meanings of locative prepositions. This behavioral double dissociation reflects the fact that the two categories of words differ along several conceptual parameters. To a large extent, the patients exhibited a neuroanatomical double dissociation as well, since JP's lesion is predominantly in the left frontal operculum whereas RR's is predominantly in the left inferior parietal lobe and the posterior superior temporal region. This constitutes preliminary evidence that the meanings of action verbs and locative prepositions are represented by partially independent neural networks in the brain.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Sociality effects on the production of laughter.

Certain facial displays (typically the human smile) have been found to vary with a situation's sociality. Because the facial display that accompanies laughter is under less voluntary control, it is a stronger test of sociality effects. Participants (N = 162) were videotaped watching a humorous videoclip in 1 of 3 conditions: alone, in a same-sex dyad with a stranger, or in a same-sex dyad with a friend. The frequency and time spent laughing were significantly greater in one or both dyadic conditions than in the alone condition, although no differences existed for self-reported evaluations of the videoclip's funniness or amusement felt. When the self-report measures were controlled for, the dyads of strangers (compared with the alone condition) were associated with the frequency of laughter. Although the results provide further support for sociality effects, the situational demands faced by participants may be a better predictor of facial displays than level of sociality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of aggression and incongruity as factors in children's judgments of humor.

It was hypothesized that both aggression and incongruity are variables that will positively influence preschool children's judgments of humorous incidents. Past research has shown the influence of incongruity on humor only for school-age children, and--with the exception of studies of children's television viewing--the allegedly "antisocial" variable of aggression has been ignored. Two hundred and thirty boys and girls from ages three to eight each made six paired comparison judgments as to which of two brief incidents was funnier. The incidents were produced by the E manipulating either one or two hand puppets with or without accompanying dialogue. At all ages children significantly preferred aggressive and incongruous incidents to neutral incidents. When aggressive and incongruous nonverbal incidents were paired, there was no significant preference. Two major conclusions were reached: (a) Though neglected in the developmental theory of humor, aggression is an early occurring and potent factor in children's humor; (b) The clear-cut results obtained from preschoolers argue for the usefulness of cognitive choice as against such observational measures as smiling and laughing.

Aggression↗
PubMed1987

Neonatal sex and birth-order effects on behaviors of mothers and temporary caretakers during bottle-feeding.

This study examined the effects of neonatal sex and birth order on maternal caretaking patterns for pre-attachment behaviors shown by mothers and instrumental behaviors seen in both mothers and temporary caretakers. Observational category scores were obtained for mothers of 20 newborn infants and for temporary caretakers observed in a 15 min bottle-feeding situation. A repeated measures analysis of variance design was used to partition categories into caretaking classifications and to evaluate the effects of infant sex and birth order. Significant main effects for caretaker (p less than .05) were obtained: six mother-high, pre-attachment categories, and seven mother-low, instrumental behavior categories. Maternal scores sensitive to infant sex and birth order were identified from Caretaker x Sex x Birth Order interactions (p less than .05). Birth order differences affected maternal behaviors directed toward sons more substantially than those directed toward daughters. Mothers held first-born sons upright in tactual contact with the trunk, whereas daughters were held supine on the lap and exposed to frequent maternal smiling.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The concept of courtship disorder.

Four phases of normal human male courtship behavior may be differentiated: location and initial appraisal of a potential partner; pretactile interaction (e.g., smiling at, posturing for, or talking to a prospective partner); tactile interaction (e.g., embracing, petting); and effecting genital union. A particular class of erotic anomalies may be seen as distorted counterparts of the four normal phases: voyeurism; exhibitionism and obscene telephoning; toucheurism and frotteurism; and the preferential rape pattern. Data from male samples are presented that show that two or more of these anomalies are often found in the same individual. These data suggest the existence of a discrete syndrome which may be described as a courtship disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A photographic diary of travels with David Kupfer.

The present article focuses on David Kupfer as a colleague and fellow traveler who participated in numerous meetings on cytochrome P450 held at exotic venues. It was always a pleasure to renew a long-standing friendship with David by meeting him at these meetings. His inscrutable smile combined with residues of an accent derived from his earlier background in Poland and Israel characterized this warm and delightful man. A number of photos of David in various locales are presented with this article in an attempt to fully capture the outstanding qualities of this man.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2007

The training & support programme for parents of children with ataxia: a pilot study.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the Training and Support Programme among parents of children with ataxia. A total of 39 parents expressed an interest in the TSP, 27 (mean age 41; range 25-58) returned baseline questionnaires and completed the study. Twenty-four children (mean age 12.5 years, SD=12.4) received the TSP. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires mailed to parents immediately before attending the TSP and at 4-month follow-up. Interviews were conducted with 10 parents immediately following TSP completion. Comparisons over time revealed significant decreases in parental anxious mood (p=.011), depressed mood (p=.046) and perceived stress (p=.020) and significant improvements in generalized self-efficacy (p=.010), satisfaction with life (p=.045) and parental health status (p=.020). Parents reported improvements in children's mobility, "jumping legs", sleep patterns, energy and activity levels, relaxation, and happiness (e.g., more smiles). Parents felt closer to their children and one parent had become "more accepting" of their child's ataxia. Results indicate that the TSP may enhance the psychosocial well-being of parents of children with ataxia although a randomized controlled trial would be necessary to determine whether the changes reported here are in fact due to attending the TSP.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Repetition priming and face processing: priming occurs within the system that responds to the identity of a face.

A familiar stimulus that has recently been recognized will be recognized a second time more quickly and more accurately than if it had not been primed by the earlier encounter. This is the phenomenon of "repetition priming". Four experiments on repetition priming of face recognition suggest that repetition priming is a consequence of changes within the system that responds to the familiarity of a stimulus. In Experiment 1, classifying familiar faces by occupation facilitated subsequent responses to the same faces in a familiarity decision task (Is this face familiar or unfamiliar?) but not in an expression decision task (Is this face smiling or unsmiling?) or a sex decision task (Is this face male or female?). In Experiment 2, familiar faces showed repetition priming in a familiarity decision task, regardless of whether a familiarity judgment or an expression judgment had been required when the faces were first encountered. Expression decisions to familiar faces again failed to show repetition priming. In Experiment 3, familiar faces showed repetition priming in a familiarity decision task, regardless of whether a familiarity judgment or a sex judgment had been asked for when the faces were first encountered. Sex decisions to familiar faces again failed to show repetition priming. In Experiment 4, familiarity decisions continued to show repetition priming when a brief presentation time with encouragement to respond while the face was displayed reduced response latencies to speeds comparable to those for sex and expression judgments in Experiments 1 to 3. The results are problematic for theories that propose that repetition priming is mediated by episodic records of previous acts of stimulus encoding.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Normal standards of fetal behavior assessed by four-dimensional sonography.

OBJECTIVE: In this prospective randomized study, fetal behavior was investigated in order to determine the standard parameters of fetal movements and facial expressions in all three trimesters of normal pregnancy. METHODS: Sixty-three pregnant women with singleton pregnancies in all trimesters were included in the investigation. Four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound was performed for each patient over a 30-minute period. Variables of maternal and fetal characteristics including gestational age, eight fetal movement patterns in the first trimester, and sixteen parameters of fetal movement and fetal facial expression patterns in the second and third trimesters were recorded for the construction of fetal neurological charts. RESULTS: In the first trimester, a tendency towards an increased frequency of fetal movement patterns with increasing gestational age was noticed. Only the startle movement pattern seemed to occur stagnantly during the first trimester (p > 0.05). At the beginning of the second trimester, the frequency of fetal movement patterns tended to increase. During the second and third trimester, multiple regression and polynomial regression revealed statistically significant changes in tongue expulsion (p < 0.05), smiling (p < 0.05), grimacing (p < 0.05), swallowing (p < 0.05), eye blinking (p < 0.01), head movements, and all hand to body contact movements (p < 0.01), except for head anteflexion (p > 0.05). There were no statistically significant changes during the second and third trimesters in mouthing, yawning, and sucking (p > 0.05). At the middle of the third trimester, the fetuses displayed decreasing or stagnant incidence of fetal facial expressions except for eye blinking, which showed increased frequency with increasing gestational age. A statistically significant correlation was found between all head movements and hand to body contact patterns during the second and third trimesters except for head anteflexion (r = -0.231; p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The full range of quantitative fetal facial expressions and fetal movement patterns can be assessed successfully by 4D sonography. It is important to be able to assess normal fetal behavior throughout gestation to identify abnormal behavior before birth.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Nurturing [correction of Nuturing] relationships: an essential ingredient of leadership.

All pharmacists must develop the skills necessary to establish caring professional relationships with patients and colleagues. An absence of such relationships makes it difficult to compete for resources, motivate staff, or provide the best care to patients. Getting to know the people you spend so much of your life with is not only logical but enriching. Good leaders promote the growth of others and find--to their surprise--that they have grown along with them. Good leaders take pride in the accomplishments of staffers and residents who distinguish themselves in pharmacy, but they also smile at the pictures of their babies. Having recently turned 50, I begin to see the professional legacy I will leave behind, and it is my turn to embrace a sense of deep personal fulfillment. As leaders, we influence not only the lives of the people closest to us, but the lives of many we may never know. It must be an awesome realization for John Webb to know that, through his leadership and compassion, he has had a profound effect on pharmacy practiced by generations of pharmacists. Mr. Webb, it is for this reason and for the endearment you inspire in so many colleagues and friends that I am honored to be named this year's John Webb Visiting Professor in Hospital Pharmacy.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Kernels for small molecules and the prediction of mutagenicity, toxicity and anti-cancer activity.

MOTIVATION: Small molecules play a fundamental role in organic chemistry and biology. They can be used to probe biological systems and to discover new drugs and other useful compounds. As increasing numbers of large datasets of small molecules become available, it is necessary to develop computational methods that can deal with molecules of variable size and structure and predict their physical, chemical and biological properties. RESULTS: Here we develop several new classes of kernels for small molecules using their 1D, 2D and 3D representations. In 1D, we consider string kernels based on SMILES strings. In 2D, we introduce several similarity kernels based on conventional or generalized fingerprints. Generalized fingerprints are derived by counting in different ways subpaths contained in the graph of bonds, using depth-first searches. In 3D, we consider similarity measures between histograms of pairwise distances between atom classes. These kernels can be computed efficiently and are applied to problems of classification and prediction of mutagenicity, toxicity and anti-cancer activity on three publicly available datasets. The results derived using cross-validation methods are state-of-the-art. Tradeoffs between various kernels are briefly discussed. AVAILABILITY: Datasets available from http://www.igb.uci.edu/servers/servers.html

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Humour appreciation: a role of the right frontal lobe.

Humour occupies a special place in human social interactions. The brain regions and the potential psychological processes underlying humour appreciation were investigated by testing patients who had focal damage in various areas of the brain. A specific brain region, the right frontal lobe, most disrupted the ability to appreciate humour. The individuals with damage in this brain region also reacted less, with diminished physical or emotional responses (laughter, smiling). Performance on the humour appreciation tests used were correlated in a distinct pattern with tests assessing cognitive processes. The ability to hold information in mind (working memory) was related to both verbal (jokes) and non-verbal (cartoon) tests of humour appreciation. In addition, the demands of the specific type of humour test were related in a logical manner to cognitive processes, verbal humour being associated with verbal abstraction ability and mental shifting and cartoon humour being related to the abilities to focus attention to details and to visually search the environment. The ability of the right frontal lobe may be unique in integrating cognitive and affective information, an integration relevant for other complex human abilities, such as episodic memory and self-awareness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Facial responsiveness to odours in normal and pervasively developmentally disordered children.

The facial responsiveness of 10 mutic children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and 10 normal (N) children matched for sex and chronological age were covertly videotaped while presented with a set of odours contrasted in hedonic valence. Hedonic ratings of the stimuli were obtained both from the group of N subjects and a panel of adults. Two methods were used to measure facial responses in the same subjects. The first method consisted in an analysis of facial movements with the Facial Action Coding System. Results show that PDD and N subjects displayed distinct action units in response to unpleasant odours. PDD subjects typically displayed muscular actions indexing negative experience, while N subjects showed more smiles. With the second method, odour-elicited facial behaviour was rated by a panel of observers, who were asked to judge whether the subjects were exposed a pleasant, neutral or unpleasant smell. The facial responses to unpleasant odours were classified more accurately in PDD than in N subjects. These findings suggest a functional ability to sense the hedonics attached to odours, but a deficit of socialization of hedonic facial displays in developmentally disordered subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of marital interaction patterns between couples in which the husband does or does not have Alzheimer's disease.

UNLABELLED: Objectives. Our main purpose was to examine similarities and differences in patterns of interpersonal interaction between Alzheimer's disease (AD) caregiving and noncaregiving couples (n = 54). Methods. Twenty-seven wives caring for moderately impaired husbands with probable AD and 27 noncaregiving wives from comparable sociodemographic backgrounds were videotaped in their homes during both mealtime and a future event planning task. In addition, they completed self-report questionnaires to assess depression, stress, relationship mutuality, and perceived hope. Results. Compared with their counterparts, caregiving wives reported higher levels of depression and stress, but similar shared values and closeness. For the three factors developed from the Marital Interaction Coding System (MICS, version IV; Supportive Facilitative, and Rapport Building), a complex pattern of results was found in which disease status, type of task, and gender interacted significantly. Noncaregiving couples were more interactive overall and expressed more support to each other. Caregiving wives were found to be most facilitative during the planning task, whereas AD husbands were highest on interactions that built rapport (e.g., smiling) during that same task. Caregiving wives actually increased their facilitative behavior from the mealtime to planning task, probably reflecting the increased demand characteristics of the latter. DISCUSSION: This study is one of a small body of literature to describe the negative impact of AD on spousal communication as observed and coded in two videotaped interaction situations in the home. Suggestions are made for future research, including the inclusion of longitudinal designs and non-Caucasian couples.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Age differences in sentence production.

Two experiments have been completed using experimental techniques to study language production under controlled conditions. In Experiment 1, young and older adults were given two, three, or four words and asked to compose a sentence. Older adults' responses were similar to those of young adults when given two or three words. When given four words, the older adults made more errors and their responses were shorter and less elaborate than those of the young adults. In Experiment 2, simple intransitive verbs (smiled), transitive verbs (replaced), and complement-taking verbs (expected) were contrasted. The responses of older adults were similar to those of young adults given intransitive and transitive verbs. Given complement-taking verbs, young adults produced complex sentences, whereas the older adults produced simpler, less complex sentences; the older adults also made many errors. Both experiments found that older adults respond more slowly than young adults.

Adolescent↗