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PubMedDate not supplied

The validation of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale in posttraumatic stress disorder and nonclinical subjects.

BACKGROUND: The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale (PCLS) is a short self-report inventory for assessing the 3 main syndromes of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The aim of this study was the validation of the French version of the PCLS in PTSD subjects and nonclinical subjects. METHODS: One-hundred and thirteen outpatients suffering from PTSD according to DSM-IV were administered the PCLS. The patients' scores on the PCLS were then compared to those of 31 nonclinical control subjects. Thirty-five of the patients were administered the PCLS twice over an interval of 1-2 weeks and also completed questionnaires measuring depression, phobia and anxiety. RESULTS: The patients' total score and subscores on the PCLS were found to be significantly higher than those of control subjects. The cutoff score of 44 on the French version PCLS distinguishes well between the PTSD group and control group with a high diagnostic efficacy (0.94). Factor analysis revealed 3 main factors corresponding to the reexperiencing, numbing and hyperarousal syndromes. The PCLS showed satisfactory test-retest reliability and internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS: The PCLS is therefore a valid and effective measurement of PTSD. It may be a useful tool for screening and assessing PTSD in psychiatric as well as in primary-care settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Clinical relevance of urethral stress profile using microtransducers after surgery for stress incontinence in females.

The value of the urethral stress profile after surgery for urinary stress incontinence in females was prospectively analyzed using microtransducers. 95 patients were clinically and urodynamically assessed at least 6 months after surgery. The success of the operation was based on subjective (patient's history) and objective (no urine loss, erect, with full bladder, on coughing and during a Urilos nappy test) criteria. In 20% of the cases, the interpretation of the urethral profiles did not correlate with the clinical objective criteria. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.

Diagnostic Errors↗
PubMed2001

Shear-stress and wall-stress regulation of vascular remodeling after balloon angioplasty: effect of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition.

BACKGROUND: Constrictive vascular remodeling (VR) is the most significant component of restenosis after balloon angioplasty (PTA). Whereas in physiological conditions VR is associated with normalization of shear stress (SS) and wall stress (WS), after PTA the role of SS and WS in VR is unknown. Furthermore, whereas matrix metalloproteinase inhibition (MMPI) has been shown to modulate VR after PTA, its effect on the SS and WS control mechanisms after PTA is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: PTA was performed in external iliac arteries of 12 atherosclerotic Yucatan pigs, of which 6 pigs (7 vessels) received the MMPI batimastat and 6 pigs (10 vessels) served as controls. Before and after the intervention and at 6-week follow-up, intravascular ultrasound pullback was performed, allowing 3D reconstruction of the treated segment and computational fluid dynamics to calculate the media-bounded area and SS. WS was derived from the Laplace formula. Immediately after PTA, media-bounded area, WS, and SS changed by 20%, 16%, and -49%, respectively, in both groups. VR was predicted by SS and WS. In the control group, SS and WS had been normalized at follow-up with respect to the reference segment. In contrast, for the batimastat group, the SS had been normalized, but not the WS. The latter is attributed to an increase in wall area at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular remodeling after PTA is controlled by both SS and WS. MMPI inhibited the WS control system.

Angioplasty, Balloon↗
PubMed1991

Children's memories for stressful and non-stressful events.

Two groups of children aged between 4 and 12 years were studied to look at the effect of stress, time and type of questioning on memory. One group comprised 17 children having a blood sample taken as part of their medical care. The other group of 24 children were studied after reacting with a friendly stranger at their school. Memory was tested either four to ten days after the event or after three to six weeks. Memory was assessed by free recall, by questioning with cues, by structured questions, by leading or misleading questions and by asking the children to identify the blood-collection technician or friendly stranger from a photographic line-up. There was no difference between memory for the stressful or nonstressful events. The older children performed better in free recall although what the younger children did recall was highly accurate. The use of cues facilitated recall in all age groups. Children aged four to six years were less accurate than those aged seven to 12 years when objective questioning was used. Errors were more likely to be errors of omission than of commission in all age groups. Memory was less accurate after the longer time interval. With increasing interest in the reliability of children as witnesses, methods need to be found which will enable the child witness to give the maximum amount of accurate information. Those likely to be working with the child witness need to develop skills in talking with young children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Cardiovascular reactivity to stress in men. Effects of masculine gender role stress appraisal and masculine performance challenge.

Previous research has shown that excessive cardiovascular reactivity may be important in the development of coronary heart disease. The present study examined the role of masculine cognitive appraisal of stress as a mediator of cardiovascular reactivity in men. The reactivity of men who differed on a measure of individual differences in men's cognitive appraisal of masculine gender role stress (MGRS) were compared on the cold-pressor test under conditions of high and low masculine performance challenge. Under conditions of minimal challenge, it was predicted that high- and low-MGRS men would not differ on reactivity. Under high challenge, high-MGRS men were expected to show greater reactivity than were low-MGRS men. Analysis of results for systolic blood pressure confirmed the major predictions. High-MGRS men showed greater systolic blood pressure reactivity than did low-MGRS men under high but not low masculine challenge. The implications of MGRS appraisal for men's health are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed2004

Reversibility of stress-echo induced ST-segment depression by long-term oral n-3 PUFA supplementation in subjects with chest pain syndrome, normal wall motion at stress-echo and normal coronary angiogram.

BACKGROUND: Normal coronary arteries may coexist with abnormal coronary and systemic endothelial function in patients with chest pain. Recent work by the renowned Pisa echo-group elegantly suggests that isolated ST-segment depression during stress-echo (SE) can be used as a marker of coronary endothelial dysfunction, in the absence of stress-inducible wall motion abnormalities and in the absence of angiographically-significant coronary artery disease (CAD). The long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to possess several properties that may positively influence vascular function. The present study's hypothesis is that a 4 month-course of oral supplementation with n-3 PUFAs can reverse endothelial dysfunction. METHODS: Subjects were selected on the basis of the following criteria: 1) reported chest pain syndrome, 2) significant ST-segment depression during an otherwise normal SE, 3) absence of angiographically-significant CAD. Subjects underwent a 4-month course of oral supplementation with commercially available n-3 PUFA, 1 g once a day. Normalization of endothelial dysfunction was defined, at the end of the supplementation period, by the absence of significant ST-segment depression during repeat SE. We tested the aforementioned hypothesis in a very small series of consecutive subjects, with the intent to produce a hypothesis-generating study. RESULTS: Seven out of the total nine subjects enrolled (77.8%) had normal ST-segment during repeat SE performed after the 4 month course of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A striking rate of reversion of SE-induced ST-segment depression after oral n-3 PUFAs suggests reversion of coronary endothelial dysfunction; nonetheless these data need to be validated in larger, placebo-controlled studies.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

The Bosnian version of the international self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, is reliable and valid in a variety of different adult samples affected by war.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to assess the internal consistency and discriminant and convergent validity of the Bosnian version of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PTDS). The PTDS yields both a PTSD diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM-IV) and a measure of symptom severity. METHODS: 812 people living in Sarajevo or in Banja Luka in Bosnia-Herzegovina, of whom the majority had experienced a high number of traumatic war events, were administered the PTDS and other measures of trauma-related psychopathology. The psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and principal components analysis, and its construct validity was assessed via Spearman correlation coefficients with the other instruments. RESULTS: The PTDS and its subscales demonstrated high internal consistency. The principal components revealed by an exploratory analysis are broadly consistent with the DSM-IV subscales except that they reproduce some previously reported difficulties with the "numbing" items from the avoidance subscale. The construct validity of the PTDS was supported by appropriate correlations with other relevant measures of trauma related psychopathology. CONCLUSION: The Bosnian version of the PTDS thus appears to be a time-economic and psychometrically sound measure for screening and assessing current PTSD. This self-report measure awaits further validation by interview methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Hypoxia and oxidative stress in breast cancer. Oxidative stress: its effects on the growth, metastatic potential and response to therapy of breast cancer.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage DNA, but the role of ROS in breast carcinoma may not be limited to the mutagenic activity that drives carcinoma initiation and progression. Carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo are frequently under persistent oxidative stress. In the present review, we outline potential causes of oxygen radical generation within carcinoma cells and explore the possible impact of oxidative stress on the clinical outcome of breast carcinoma.

Breast↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in the liver of patients with Wilson disease: hepatic manifestation in Wilson disease as a consequence of augmented oxidative stress.

The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of liver disease in Wilson disease (WD), a genetic disorder characterized by excess hepatic deposition of copper that generates free radicals, remains unclear. This study investigates oxidative stress on the liver and hepatic antioxidant responses in WD using liver specimens from affected patients showing mild liver damage (group I, n = 3), moderate or greater liver damage (group II, n = 5), and fulminant hepatic failure (group III, n = 5) and from asymptomatic carriers (n = 2). Decreased ratios of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), a lipid peroxidation product, were found in every affected patient, especially in group II and III patients. Activities and protein expressions of Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), CuZn-dependent superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), and catalase were decreased in all patients, especially in group III patients. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was decreased only in group III patients. Asymptomatic carriers without any clinical manifestations showed normal TBARS level and GSH/GSSG ratio with increases in both GSH and GSSG levels. Their CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and catalase activities were increased. These results suggest that excessive copper-derived oxidants contribute to development and progression of liver disease in WD.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on sleep, mood, stress and fatigue symptoms in cancer outpatients.

Sleep disturbance is a very common problem for cancer patients that has largely not been addressed in the clinical intervention literature. Mindfulness meditation has demonstrated clinical benefits for a variety of patient populations in other areas of functioning. This study examined the effects of an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on the sleep quality of a heterogeneous sample of 63 cancer patients. Overall sleep disturbance was significantly reduced (p < .001) and participants reported that their sleep quality had improved (p .001). There was also a significant reduction in stress (p < .001), mood disturbance (p = .001), and fatigue (p < .001). The associations among these changes and implications for improving quality of life of cancer patients are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Testing of total hip replacements: endurance tests and stress measurements. Part 2: Stress measurements.

Brittle lacquer techniques and electric resistance strain gauge rosettes were used to measure strains on the stems of total hip replacements while loaded according to three standards. The stresses in these locations were also calculated and good agreement was found between the measured and calculated values. The Sines equation was used to calculate the endurance limit stress. Again good agreement was found with observed results. Suggestions are made regarding the endurance testing of hip prostheses.

Hip Prosthesis↗
PubMed1985

State-dependent effects of beta-endorphin on core temperature in stressed and non-stressed rats.

beta-Endorphin, gamma-endorphin, delta-endorphin and morphine injected i.c.v. caused hyperthermia in non-stressed rats; however, the same dose of beta-endorphin and morphine caused hypothermia in stressed animals. These effects of beta-endorphin were antagonized by naloxone. The results suggest that effects of beta-endorphin are different depending on the animal's state and that these effects are mediated via opioid receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Stress-induced enhancement of auditory startle: an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder.

An innovative animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is proposed in which nonhabituation of the acoustic startle response is developed in rats subsequent to tailshock exposure. Subjects (n = 31) received 30 minutes of intermittent tail shock on 2 days followed by exposure to the tailshock apparatus on the third day. Compared to baseline startle reactions, 9 of 31 tailshock-exposed rats developed nonhabituation of startle response reactions during the subsequent 3 weeks of testing. No control rats developed nonhabituation of startle reactions over a similar time period. These data suggest that this system models useful aspects of clinical PTSD emphasizing nonhabituation of startle reactions as a dependent variable. The method consistently identifies a subgroup of rats that develop persistent nonhabituation of startle in response to a tailshock-stress paradigm.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Tool for measuring occupational stress: a nurses' stress inventory].

We present an exploratory study aiming at constructing an inventory to measure occupational stress in nurses ("Inventário de Estresse em Enfermeiros"--IEE). A set of items was initially constructed from previously defined categories based on interviews with nurses and then improved through semantic analysis by referees and a pilot-test with nursing students. A sample of 461 nurses--workers from the public services of the Federal District--who answered the IEE was used in the study. Factorial analysis indicated the presence of a second-order global factor and three first-order factors: Interpersonal Relationships, Stressful Career Roles and Intrinsic Job Factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Stress-associated concentrations of plasma cortisol cannot account for reduced lymphocyte function and changes in serum enzymes in lambs exposed to restraint and isolation stress.

Lambs were used to evaluate the effect of stress-associated plasma concentrations of cortisol on measures of immune function. Lambs given restraint and isolation stress (RIS) were isolated from visual and tactile contact with other lambs for 6 h on three consecutive days. Additional lambs were infused with cortisol (CORT) to increase plasma concentrations similar to those in lambs subjected to RIS. Control lambs (CON) were undisturbed. On the 1st and 3rd d of the experiment, plasma was obtained hourly during treatment for quantification of cortisol and ACTH. Blood mononuclear cells were obtained 24 h before the 1st d of treatment and daily at the conclusion of treatment for responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM); for production of interleukin 2 (IL2); and for identification of cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II antigens (MHCII). Combined fitted profiles of cortisol in RIS and CORT lambs differed (P < .005) from those in CON on both days evaluated. Fitted profiles of cortisol were similar between RIS and CORT lambs on the 1st d of treatment but differed (P < .005) on the 3rd d. Combined fitted profiles of ACTH from CON and CORT lambs differed from those of RIS lambs on both days of treatment (P < .005). Lymphocyte responses to PHA (P < .01), Con A (P < .01), and PWM (P < .07) were less in RIS than in CON but did not differ between CON and CORT. Treatment did not affect IL2 or MHCII. Increased plasma cortisol measured during RIS cannot alone account for reduced lymphocyte proliferative responses.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1982

Hydrodynamics of micturition in stress-incontinent women. Comparisons of pressure and flow at different micturition volumes in stress-incontinent and continent women.

The urethral flow, resistance and closure pressure and bladder pressures in 19 stress-incontinent but otherwise healthy women were compared with the same parameters in 19 healthy, continent women. The micturition studies were performed at three predetermined levels of bladder filling. The urethral closure pressure, the premicturition intravesical pressure and detrusor pressure at micturition were significantly lower in the stress-incontinent women than in the continent group. The intravesical opening pressure showed no intergroup difference. The urethral and bladder pressure measurements in the incontinent women indicated musculo-elastic tissue with greater compliance and less contractility than in normal women.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Touch-stress model and Alzheimer's disease: using touch intervention to alleviate patients' stress.

This article presents a theoretical model for future nursing research and practice on the use of touch intervention in patients with Alzheimer's disease. A theory synthesis was conducted that built on a base of previous research findings pertaining to the phenomenon of interest identified by two conceptual models: the Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold (PLST) model and the Touch model. The literature review was restricted to published articles in nursing and health services journals from 1970 through 2000. The Touch-Stress model formulated through theory synthesis can contribute to theory development, serve to improve care of patients with Alzheimer's disease suffering from emotional and behavioral disturbances, and increase the quality of life for the caregivers and families of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Study of the effect of interpersonal stress coping training on reducing stress response: a research of student nurses].

This study investigated, the effect of interpersonal stress coping training on reducing stress response of 100 student nurses. They were divided into two groups; the coping training (CT) group and the no training control (NT) group. During a three-week period, 50 participants in the CT group were required to adopt postponed-solution coping and keep daily records of how they coped with interpersonal distress. All participants were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire including measures of distress and coping strategies before and after the training, and also after a 18-week follow-up period. The CT group, compared with the NT group, significantly improved their postponed-solution coping after the training. The CT group was found to be significantly lower in distress than the NT group both after the training and after the follow-up period.

Adaptation, Psychological↗