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PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the oxygen supply to the skeletal muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats during starvation].

Peculiarities of oxygen supply of a skeletal muscle under normal alimentary conditions and under conditions of alimentary starvation have been studied on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive rats (NTR). Calculations of oxygen permeability through hematoparenchymatous barrier (HPB) have shown that it is higher (by 26%) in SHR than in NTR. This difference can be a result of higher content of arachidonic acid and intensity of lipid peroxidation in phospholipids of plasma membranes. After 5-day starvation tension of O2 in skeletal muscle of SHR increased due to a decrease of oxygen demand and increase of oxygen permeability through HPR. The observed modification of fatty-acid spectrum of plasma membrane phospholipids and a sharp decrease of cholesterol content in them can be responsible for an increase of oxygen permeability through HPB.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of starvation on animals with varying reactivity of the respiratory system].

Experiments were conducted on rats with high and low reactivity of the respiratory system to study the effect of starvation in tests with a hypoxic gas mixture containing 11% O2. Rats with high reactivity were more sensitive to starvation. Animals with low reactivity were marked by a more resistant regulation of energy metabolism, which was evidence of the significant role of individual reactivity of rats to reduced oxygen partial pressure in the inhaled gas mixture. The higher level of O2 tension in the muscle in unaltered oxygen consumption in rats with low reactivity after fasting for 3 days and breathing air may be the results of growth of the oxygen diffusion coefficient.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The relationship of damage to and death of ascitic tumor cells during starvation to the ATP and free calcium content in the cells].

Ascite tumor cells EL-4 were incubated in conditions of energy starvation (Hanks salt solution with rothenone and without glucose) at 37 degrees C for 3 hours. Under these conditions, some structural cell damages appeared within the first hours: enlarging and flattening of the cells, blebbing, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, nuclear chromatin condensation. Later on, a share of cells with obvious damage decreased, whereas that of the cells stained with trypan blue (dead cells) much increased (up to 90% after a 3 hour incubation). The cellular ATP decreased abruptly (up to 10% of the control) during the first 10 minutes of starvation. Free Ca2+ concentration increased within 1 hour of incubation more than two-fold. The conditions promoting Ca2+ influx (ionophore A23187 + Ca2+ in medium) accelerated the damage and cell death. However, the increase in free Ca2+ concentration did not trigger any damage in the energy-starved cells, since in the Ca2(+)-depleted medium (no increase in free Ca2(+)-concentration) the development of damages was not prevented. The damage initiation was irreversible: the addition of glucose to cell suspensions after 0.5-1 hour of their incubation in energy-starved condition did not prevent the development of damage, while ATP content in these cells was much increased.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Formation of free fatty acid pool in the liver of rats during starvation].

Absolute starvation during 2 days induces increased levels of taurine, phosphoethanolamine, ethanolamine, glycine, serine, threonine and decreased levels of aspartate, lysine, methionine and cystine in the rat liver. The ration of nonessential to essential, and glycogenic to ketogenic amino acids increased on the average by 30%. On day 4 of starvation the level of nonessential glycogenic amino acids is significantly lowered, while the concentration of essential ketogenic amino acids is increased. On day 6 essential ketogenic amino acid pool is more increased. On day 10 the shifts in the amino acid pool in the liver are retained, the reduction of alanine and serine content is most typical. The value of D2-Machalanobis, obtained during lineal discriminant analysis of amino acid pool and space distribution of the signs for the control and starving animals (during 10 days), was lower than that on day 4 and 6 of the experiment. The levels of glycine, serine lysine, leucine, glutamate, alanine and aspartate show the highest information content during such investigation of all the groups of animals.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of starvation during an early postnatal period on carbohydrate metabolism in the swine brain].

Metabolism of carbohydrates in the brain of 110-day-feti, newborns (before taking the colostrum), 1-day-old and 5-day-old piglets, grown under sows or starved for 24 hours has been studied. Examination of brain slices with the use of 1-14C glucose and 6-14C glucose and determination of the glycolysis-limiting enzymes activity have shown that glycolysis is the main pathway of glucose utilization in the central nervous system of pigs during the transition from prenatal to postnatal development. The major portion of NADPH in the brain of new born piglets is supplied by dehydrogenases of the pentose-phosphate pathway. The increased activities of NADP-dependent malate and citrate dehydrogenases are found in the cytoplasm of astrocytes during the neonatal period. The decreased intensity of glycolysis and pentose-phosphate pathway in the brain of 1-day-old piglets is associated with the increased rate of malate and isocitrate oxidation. Starvation for 24 hours causes changes in the carbohydrate metabolism rates in the brain of piglets. The pentose-phosphate pathway rate increases by 70-80 per cent in the brain structures of piglets of the both groups. Besides, the iso-CDG activity also rises in the brain of 5-day-old animals. The high level of oxidation-reduction processes in the brain of older piglets at active glycolysis is supposed to be one of the peculiarities of energy metabolism in the central nervous system of animals which are resistant to starvation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of starvation on respiratory reactivity in inbred rats].

The 5-day starvation, with water ad libitum, decreased the reactivity of the respiration system to acute hypoxic hypoxia (11% O2) in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and had no such effect in Krushinskiĭ-Molodkina (KM) rats. The difference in the responses of KM and SH rats to starvation and the action of hypoxic gas mixture shows that the respiratory system reactivity has an obvious genetic component.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of total and prolonged starvation on the acid soluble nucleotides in carp liver].

The composition of the acid soluble nucleotide pool of Carp liver was determined by column chromatography, and its changes were followed during prolonged total fast. Total prolonged starvation caused substantial changes in the distribution of hepatocyte free nucleotides. Eleven months of starvation caused a reduction in the concentration of di- and triphosphate nucleosides as well as a diminution of the oxido-reduction of the hepatocyte. Only pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates remained at concentration approaching those found in regularly fed Carp.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1989

Effect of 36-hour starvation on in vivo amino acid and glucose uptake by rat brown adipose tissue.

The effect of 36-hour starvation on the net uptake/release of amino acids and glucose by interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of the rat has been studied by means of the determination of the arterio-venous differences in their blood concentrations. Starvation induced a net release of non-essential amino acids by the tissue, mainly alanine, glutamine, glycine and citrulline. In food deprived animals there was not a net glucose uptake by the IBAT. The results obtained in this study are in accordance with a typical peripheral tissue metabolic pattern of IBAT under food deprivation situations.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1986

Colonization of the rectum of Triatoma infestans by Trypanosoma cruzi: influence of starvation studied by scanning electron microscopy.

The colonization of the different regions of the rectum of Triatoma infestans by a Trypanosoma cruzi strain (zymodeme I) originating from the same locality as the bugs was studied by scanning electron microscopy after different periods of starvation of the bugs. Throughout the first 16 weeks no changes in colonization pattern could be observed. Parasite density was always minimal at the midgut/rectal junction and highest on the rectal pads; it was at a similar level in the other three regions of the rectum. Twenty weeks after feeding, a proportion of the bugs had died and in the surviving larvae a decreasing colonization of the cuticle occurred. Nonetheless, despite other regions being flagellate-free, a residual T. cruzi population always remained attached to the rectal pads. No changes in the proportion of trypomastigotes to epimastigotes were observed as starvation progressed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reinduction of the cytochrome P-450 system of the liver in rats exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls during starvation].

Contents of cytochrome P-450 and b5, rates of oxidation of aniline, amidopyrine and dimethylaniline as well as activities of NADP-H- and ascorbate-dependent systems of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver microsomes five months after single administration of the mixture of polychlorinated diphenyls (PCD) significantly exceeded the control level. Starvation of the animals for 120 hours led to an additional increase of cytochrome P-450 content and LPO activation. The rat liver monooxygenase system retained the ability to respond to the inducing action of the mixture of PCD (500 mg/kg) during starvation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The effect of starvation and total parenteral nutrition on skeletal muscle amino acid content and membrane potential difference in normal man.

Skeletal muscle intracellular amino acids and transmembrane potential difference (Em) were measured in hospitalized volunteers during starvation and refeeding with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Healthy volunteers underwent extremity amino acid flux measurement, percutaneous skeletal muscle biopsy and determination of skeletal muscle Em after ten days of starvation (ST), and after a subsequent ten day period of TPN. ST produced a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in plasma essential amino acids when compared with normal ambulatory volunteers. Subsequent administration of TPN produced a significant extremity uptake of all essential amino acids except for threonine and uptake of the nonessential amino acids taurine, glutamate, tyrosine and arginine. ST produced a significant reduction in skeletal muscle free intracellular glutamine and a significant increase in isoleucine and leucine. These changes in free intracellular amino acids were not reversed by administration of TPN. At the conclusion of ten days of ST and ten days of TPN, there was a significant reduction (p less than 0.05) in skeletal muscle Em. The results demonstrate that abnormalities of intracellular amino acid concentrations and reduction of muscle Em are not specific to stress conditions, but rather they can be present during both unstressed ST and intravenous nutritional repletion.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Regulation of microautophagy and basal protein turnover in rat liver. Effects of short-term starvation.

Basal rates of long-lived (resident) protein degradation in rat liver, measured during perfusion after amino acid suppression of macroautophagy, were shown to be strongly regulated by caloric deprivation, decreasing 70% over 48 h in animals fed a high protein diet and 50% in normal controls. Intralysosomal pools of degradable protein correlated directly with basal turnover over this range, yielding a slope (0.09 min-1) that was virtually identical with previous estimates of macroautophagic turnover. The specific radioactivity of valine released from lysosomes in previously labeled livers was the same as that in plasma in both basal and deprivation-induced states. Quantitative electron microscopy revealed a significant decrease with starvation in the absolute volume of a class of secondary lysosome (type A) previously associated with basal or microautophagy. By contrast, the volumes of other microautophagic forms, which comprised roughly 10% of the total, did not change. Taking 0.087 min-1 as the turnover constant of degradable intralysosomal protein and assuming that the concentration of sequestered protein was the same in all vacuoles as that in cytoplasm, we obtained close agreement between predicted and observed rates of basal protein turnover over the range of regulation. The results support the view that the lysosomal system is the final step in the basal degradation of long-lived proteins in the hepatocyte and that a specific class of secondary lysosome (type A) plays a direct role in its regulation during caloric starvation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Comparative studies on starvation - and indomethacin - induced ulcerations in albino rats.

Experimental models of chronic and acute peptic ulcerations were produced in the albino rats by means of prolonged starvation and indomethacin administration. In the case of acute indomethacin-induced peptic ulceration, the effects of anticholinergic drugs on the ulcers produced were also studied. Starving the rats for a period of seven days produced gastric ulceration in all the rats used while indomethacin produced gastric ulceration within five hours in all the rats used. Severe ulceration of the degree found in human peptic ulcer disease was produced only by chronic starvation. Anticholinergic drugs ameliorated indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration, partly at least, by reducing intra-gastric acidity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Starvation and surgical intervention].

The metabolic processes under conditions of stress and starvation are not identical. Moreover, they have to be differentiated, as far as carbohydrate-, fat- and amino-acid-metabolism are concerned, because both situations are not compatible. It is therefore required, to avoid any kind of starvation and particularly to substitute for adequate substrates during the pre- and postoperative period.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of prolonged starvation and refeeding on fuel metabolism in rats.

Body and liver weights, Liver lipids, glycogen, aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and blood glucose levels were determined in starved and starved-refed rats. Decrease in body and liver weights was rapid during the initial stage of starvation and slowed down thereafter. Water was the major liver constituent lost in early fast. Following 10 days of starvation, body weight was reduced by nearly 20%, liver weight 43%, liver glycogen 93% and blood glucose 34%. Liver lipids and the activities of the two transaminases however, were increased by about 30-50%. On refeeding body weight and its water content increased and became nearly double of the initial fasting value on day 2. Blood glucose, liver glycogen, liver lipids and transaminases were significantly altered and got normalised within 5-8 days.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1979

[Ultrastructural changes in loose connective tissue histiocytes in dehydration and starvation].

Changes in the parameters of the volumetric fractions of the main cytoplasmic organellae were studied in the subcutaneous connective of albino rats subjected to experimental dehydration and starvation. There were some common features in the histiocytes reaction under these conditions, i. e. hypertrophy of the lysosomal apparatus and cell "infiltration" with lipids. At the same time the following differences are emphasized: dehydration caused an increase of the volumetric mitochondrial fractions and of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and starvation of the phagosomal fraction.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in hemopoietic cells of the bone marrow in normal rabbits and after hydrocortisone administration during starvation and alloxan diabetes].

Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in haematopoietic cells of bone marrow of rabbits was not affected during insular deficiency induced by starvation or alloxan diabetes as well as after intramuscular hydrocortisone administration. It is suggested that slight decrease in the activity of hexokinase detected during starvation and hydrocortisone administration might be accounted for by the presence of mature leukocytes in the population of isolated myelokaryocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The influence of sialoadenectomy, thymectomy and starvation on liver glycogen in the rat.

Hepatic glycogen was assayed in young and adult rats subjected to sialoadenectomy and/or thymectomy and starvation. Sialoadenectomy in young, but not in adult rats caused the rats to stop feeding. In young, but not in adult sialoadenectomized and starved rats the glycogen level was notably higher than in unoperated and starved rats, indicating active participation of salivary glucagon in immature animals in hepatic glycogenolysis under conditions of starvation. Simultaneous sialoadenectomy and thymectomy caused glycogen depletion in the liver of young rats in spite of the absence of the salivary glands. Acceleration of glycogenolysis in these rats was not due to thymectomy, being probably a result of excessive secretion of adrenal catecholamines.

Animals↗