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Self-verification and contextualized self-views.

Whereas most self-verification research has focused on people's desire to verify their global self-conceptions, the present studies examined self-verification with regard to contextualized selfviews-views of the self in particular situations and relationships. It was hypothesized that individuals whose core self-conceptions include contextualized self-views should seek to verify these self-views. In Study 1, the more individuals defined the self in dialectical terms, the more their judgments were biased in favor of verifying over nonverifying feedback about a negative, situation-specific self-view. In Study 2, consistent with research on gender differences in the importance of relationships to the self-concept, women but not men showed a similar bias toward feedback about a negative, relationship-specific self-view, a pattern not seen for global self-views. Together, the results support the notion that self-verification occurs for core self-conceptions, whatever form(s) they may take. Individual differences in self-verification and the nature of selfhood and authenticity are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗

Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

The Twenty Statements Test (TST) was administered in Seoul and New York, to 454 students from 2 cultures that emphasize collectivism and individualism, respectively. Responses, coded into 33 categories, were classified as either abstract or specific and as either autonomous or social. These 2 dichotomies were more independent in Seoul than in New York. The New York sample included Asian American whose spontaneous social identities differed. They either never listed ethnicity-nationality on the TST, or listed it once or twice. Unidentified Asian Americans' self-concepts resembled Euro-Americans' self-concepts, and twice identified Asian Americans' self-concepts resembled Koreans' self-concepts, in both abstractness-specificity and autonomy-sociality. Differential acculturation did not account for these results. Implications for social identity, self-categorization, and acculturation theory are discussed.

Acculturation↗

Self as subject: a formulation and an assessment strategy.

IN James' view the self has two components, the self as subject, the I-self, or the self as knower; and the self as object, the me-self, or the self as known (James 1968). They are the dynamic and imagistic aspects of the self, respectively. Until recently, as Harter emphasizes in her comprehensive review (Harter 1983), quantitative studies of the self have focused almost exclusively on the self as object. They have explored such aspects of self-concepts as the self as independent, likable, or competent; contrasts between real and ideal images of the self; and developmental changes in self-concepts.

Adolescent↗

[Cognitive performance and performance concepts of the elderly. A contribution to basic gerontologic research].

Three self-concepts of competence are investigated with a new instrument measuring different aspects of achievement in a total of 1983 subjects. Empirical data of 430 subjects aged 50 to 95 are presented pertaining to three self-concepts of competence and achievement in total and arranged into 4 chronological age groups. The new instrument employed for measuring self-concepts--FSKN--permits a priori the definition of marginal values for "positive" and "negative" concepts of achievement. Results of the cross-sectional study have failed to falsify the hypothesis (1): Elderly people (including those in retirement) have "positive" or "favourable" self-concepts of achievement--i.e. self-concepts characterized by socially desirable attributes. The three concepts of competence of elderly persons investigated (including individuals aged 80 to 95) show a favourability similar to those of 568 schoolchildren, 504 students and 481 persons aged 18 to 50. Correlation studies investigating the relationship of on the one hand elderly persons' cognitive capacity determined by nine different instruments and on the other hand the subjective self-concepts of competence and achievement failed to falsify the hypothesis (2): The higher the objectively measured degree of elderly persons' cognitive capacity, the more "favourable" or "positive" are also the subjective concepts of achievement. In the light of empirical data we may postulate an influence of the current objectively determined cognitive capacity of elderly persons on their subjective (positive) self-concepts of competence and achievement.

Achievement↗

Personality and object relations in patients with affective disorders: idiographic research by means of the repertory grid technique.

BACKGROUND: This paper presents an idiographic approach to evaluate the self concept and the self-object-relationship of patients suffering from affective disorders. METHODS: Significant dimensions of the personality and the object relations of 127 depressive patients and 34 orthopaedic patients were investigated with the repertory grid-technique. The self concept and the object relations were compared by means of nomothetically used idiographic results after recovery from manifest depression. RESULTS: 'Low self esteem' was frequently found in patients with a long lasting course of illness and the ICD-10-diagnoses of 'bipolar affective disorder' and 'dysthymia'. The object relations of the depressive sample were characterised by the dimension 'symbiotic near'; 'ambivalent' and 'indifferent' partnership relationships were found much more frequently in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The idiographic results help to differentiate the spectrum of affective disorders. They underline the importance of the interpersonal dimension of depression and may be used as a basis of a therapeutic appraisal. LIMITATIONS: The repertory grid-technique may not be used as a diagnostic instrument. However, the combination of idiographic results with further clinical informations enables the multidimensional assessment of the self concept and psychosocial coping mechanisms.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Comparative study of the factorial composition of femininity in alcoholic, schizophrenic and normal populations.

The Femininity Study (Thorne, 1965) was administered to a total of 329 women, which included alcoholic females, Skidmore College students, University of Alberta students, and institutionalized chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics. In the alcoholic women, the first five factors were labeled high interpersonal adaptability, heterosexual role inadaptability, female role ambivalence, female identification problems, and maternal role inadaptability. In the Skidmore College population, the first five factors were heterosexual role inadaptability, general female role inadaptability, physical and/or psychosomatic disabilities with low female self-concepts, positive female self-concepts and interests, and emancipated female role concepts. In the University of Alberta women, the first five factors were heterosexual and general social inadaptability, heterosexual interests and adaptability, homosexual tendencies, conflictual sexuality, and emancipated female role concepts. In the institutionalized schizophrenics, the five factors were homosexual conflicts, heterosexual adaptability, rejection of parental-caretaker roles, promiscuity, and negative sexual self-concepts.

Alcoholism↗

Prediction of nurses' job satisfaction level.

Indications are that job satisfaction of nurses in South Africa is at a low level. The need to determine factors related to this situation prompted a study in which an attempt was made to determine whether self-concept (measured by Vrey's self-concept Scale) and career orientation scores (determined by means of the Career Orientation Inventory (COI) developed by Schein) could predict the level of job satisfaction of nurses (measured by means of the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)). The instruments were applied to 86 professional nurses employed in an academic (teaching) hospital. The sample was divided into a high satisfaction group (N = 46) and a low satisfaction (N = 40) group. Hotelling's T2, MANOVA, Stepwise Multiple Regression and discriminant analyses were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that the two groups differed on several self-concept scales and on one career orientation scale. Eighteen per cent of the variance in job satisfaction could be explained by means of career orientation and self-concept scores. Sixty seven per cent of the respondents were placed in the correct group (in terms of their job satisfaction level) using self-concept and career orientation scores.

Adult↗

Conformity behavior of Afrikaans- and English-speaking adolescents in South Africa.

The conformity behaviors of 50 Afrikaans- and 48 English-speaking early adolescents (ages 12 to 14 years) were measured by a modified Asch experiment and then compared. The effects of sex, self-concept (measured by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale) and certain personality factors (measured by the High School Personality Questionnaire) were also examined. No significant differences between the conformity scores of the two groups were found, but boys and girls significantly differed with regard to their conformity scores. Although subjects with low self-concept scores did not have higher conformity scores than those with high self-concept scores, a significant difference between the self-concept scores of Afrikaans- and English-speaking adolescents was demonstrated. Low but significant correlations were found between personality factors (A, J, and Q2) and conformity scores.

Adolescent↗

Parent influences on children's self-esteem in economically disadvantaged families.

The purpose of this study was to test hypotheses from a transactional model of the self, related to parental influences on children's self-concepts and self-esteem, within economically disadvantaged families. Thirty-nine school-age children completed self-report instruments that assessed multiple dimensions of self-perceptions, perception of parental support, importance of specific domains, and family conflict. Parents completed similar ratings of their children's specific competencies and their importance, childrearing practices, and family conflict. The results supported a model in which parents (a) influence self-concepts by providing children with information on how well they perform in specific domains and which domains are important; and (b) influence self-esteem by their affective behavior. Children and parents clearly agreed on the children's competence in school, social acceptance, and behavior but not in athletics or physical appearance. Family members did not consistently agree in their importance ratings. Global self-worth was predicted by children's perceptions of parental support and perceived competence in domains that were important to the parents.

Affect↗

An examination of the self-care concept uncovers a new direction for healthcare reform.

The concept of self-care is multidimensional, with many defining elements. This paper describes the origin of this comprehensive concept. It examines the response of the nursing discipline to citizen self-care initiatives and the subsequent effects this response has had on the development of nursing knowledge. The evolution of self-care as a core concept within Canadian health policy is presented; the potential readiness fo citizens to accept self-care as an aspect of healthcare delivery is explored, identifying potential benefits and obstacles. The paper concludes with a proposed self-care approach to healthcare reform in Canada and the subsequent influence this approach may have on the discipline of nursing. The congruency between a self-care healthcare delivery system and the theoretical foundations and perspective of healthcare delivery held by the nursing discipline is discussed. The role nurses might assume in shaping a self-care healthcare delivery system is delineated.

Canada↗

The value of noncognitive factors in predicting students' first-year academic probation.

PURPOSE: To test the value of Sedlacek's Noncognitive Questionnaire (NQ) in predicting the risk of academic probation for first-year students at the College of Human Medicine at Michigan State University. METHOD: Ninety-six of 106 students completed the NQ during their first week of medical school. The NQ assesses the students in eight noncognitive domains such as academic positive self-concept and realistic self-appraisal. Using a previously derived grade-point average (GPA) and Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)-based risk-prediction equation, students were classified as high- or low-risk for first-year academic probation. At the end of their first year, students actually on probation were identified. RESULTS: High-risk students scored significantly higher than did low-risk students in both academic positive self-concept and realistic self-appraisal. The NQ factors alone predicted risk at a 70% accuracy rate, slightly lower than when the previously derived risk equation was used (74%). CONCLUSION: Sedlacek's noncognitive factors did not improve upon a prediction of academic probation based on GPA and MCAT scores. Sedlacek's NQ may lack the sensitivity required for use with medical students. Further research may identify more appropriate noncognitive factors.

Adult↗

Seizure drawings: insight into the self-image of children with epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that is associated with numerous psychological challenges, especially in children. Drawings have been underutilized as a method to obtain insight into psychological issues in children with epilepsy. We asked 105 children with epilepsy, ages 5 to 18 years, to draw a picture of what it is like to have a seizure. Across ages and epilepsy syndromes, the drawings showed evidence of impaired self-concept, low self-esteem, and a sense of helplessness and vulnerability. Overall, the drawings of human figures were less developed than expected for chronological age. In some drawings, indicators of underlying depression were found. When considered by epilepsy syndrome or seizure type, some specific artistic features were noted. Children with simple partial (motor) seizures drew distorted body parts, especially limbs. Those with complex partial seizures depicted sensory symptoms and mental status changes such as confusion. Children with generalized tonic-clonic seizures showed shaking extremities. Drawings by children with absence seizures illustrated mainly staring. In conclusion, drawings are a powerful method to examine the self-concept of children with epilepsy and gain insight into their feelings about themselves and their world.

Adolescent↗

Exploring violence exposure, stress, protective factors and behavioral problems among inner-city youth.

This study examined relationships between violence exposure, other stressors, family support, and self-concept on self-reported behavioral problems among 320 urban adolescents (aged 11-18) referred for mental health treatment. Overall, participants reported high levels of violence exposure, with a median of six past encounters with violence as a witness, victim, or through the experiences of associates. All forms of violence exposure (witnessing, being a victim, knowing of victims) were correlated with internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems for males and females. Total violence exposure predicted behavioral problems among participants, even after controlling for the effects of other risk, demographic and protective factors. Family support and self-concept moderated the influence of life stress and cumulative risk on problem behavior outcomes, but these protective variables did not significantly moderate violence exposure.

Adolescent↗

Factors related to the treatment success of drug addicts enrolled in a residential rehabilitation facility.

Twenty-one young adult drug addicts stipulated to a residential treatment center and judged to have successfully completed the center's therapeutic program were compared with another group from the same center who had failed to successfully complete the program. The two groups were matched as closely as possible on sex, race, age at admission, and marital status, and they were compared, using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), on the dimensions of family instability, criminal record, severity of drug use, prior treatment, educational level, self concept, and family self concept. Analysis revealed that two groups significantly differed as a function of the dependent measures, with educational level and prior treatment accounting for most of the difference.

Adolescent↗

[Self-medication: concept and "users'" profile].

Self-medication constitutes one of the most modern expressions of the always present need of men and women for care of their health. However, in contrast to other expressions of selfcare, the self-medication includes, for a good part of population and the most of the doctors, negative connotations. Contrary to this vision, the WHO marks the existence of a valid role for self-medication in developed societies. This article has two objectives: to revise the different concepts of self-medication proposed in literature; and to revise the socio-demographic and socio-medical factors connected with the practice of self-medication.

Adolescent↗

The Purpose-in-Life test in an inmate population: an empirical investigation.

This study examined the relationship of the Purpose-in-Life test to a number of variables in a sample of 48 inmates. The PIL was shown to be a reliable and valid instrument and correlated significantly and positively with measures of the self-concept, self-esteem, internal locus of control, and two EPI scales: Plans and Organizes Things and Carefree. Also found were significant relationships between PIL scores and age, IQ, and family relations. When compared to normal samples, inmates scored significantly lower on meaning and purpose in life. These data support the continued use of the PIL in research and applied settings.

Adult↗

Mental health in adolescence: is America's youth flourishing?

A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence of mental health, described as flourishing, and the absence of mental health, characterized as languishing, are proposed and applied to data from the second wave of the Child Development Supplement (CDS-II) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), in which a comprehensive set of subjective well-being items were administered to a sample of 1,234 youth ages 12-18. Flourishing was the most prevalent diagnosis among youth ages 12-14; moderate mental health was the most prevalent diagnosis among youth ages 15-18. Depressive symptoms decreased as mental health increased. Prevalence of conduct problems (arrested, skipped school, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and marijuana use) also decreased and measures of psychosocial functioning (global self-concept, self-determination, closeness to others, and school integration) increased as mental health increased. Findings suggest the importance of positive mental health in future research on adolescent development.

Adolescent↗

The self and schizophrenia: a cultural perspective.

Much of what is known about schizophrenia necessarily reflects and deals with what is expected of and known about the self and human subjectivity. Schizophrenia is a disorder that by definition affects individual perception and cognition, and compromises social identity and functioning. The changes wrought by schizophrenia affect the self in a broad context, encompassing such things as self-concepts, self-awareness, self-functioning, and self-career. Thus, schizophrenia erodes and undermines the organization and functioning of the self, and because of this, schizophrenia and self/subjectivity are integrally linked. However, our knowledge of self and human subjectivity is a Western European-influenced knowledge. A basic assumption of this article is that there exist other, non-Western varieties of selves and human subjectivities that provide essential information for understanding human psychological and social behavior. The aim of this article is to show how an account of such alternative psychologies through cross-cultural anthropological studies may contribute to a fuller understanding of schizophrenia and the self in a cultural and cross-cultural perspective.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗