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PubMed2006

Health-risk behaviors and health promotion in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors.

A diagnosis of cancer during adolescence, a period characterized by experimentation and risk-taking behaviors, has the potential to derail critical developmental tasks required for successful transition into adulthood. Health professionals caring for adolescents and young adults have an opportunity to influence behavioral practices by correcting knowledge deficits, addressing factors that enhance the survivor's sense of vulnerability to health problems, and providing personalized health counseling that encourages the practice of health promoting behaviors. The approach to health counseling in childhood cancer survivors should consider their unique educational needs related to their cancer experience. Previous investigations of adolescent and young adult survivor health behavior indicate that survivors perceive themselves as more vulnerable to health problems than their peers without cancer and recognize a need to protect their health. However, these perceptions of health vulnerability do not always correlate with health promoting behavioral practices, suggesting that factors other than health perceptions should be investigated to motivate behavioral change. Very few studies have been undertaken to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of health promotion programs in adolescent and young adult survivors of cancer. The scarcity of knowledge in the issue of health promotion after childhood cancer underscores the need for more research to define 1) the optimal timing of health counseling; 2) the influence of developmental status and neurocognitive function; 3) the most effective methods and venues for health education; 4) the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of health promotion strategies; and 5) psychosocial and economic impediments to practice of healthy behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Sexual abuse history and associated multiple risk behavior in adolescent runaways.

Relationships between sexual abuse and sexual risk, substance use, emotional distress, and conduct problems were examined among 190 runaways. Those who had been abused were significantly more likely than nonabused peers to engage in unprotected sex, have more sexual partners, and use alcohol and drugs, but did not differ in emotional distress. Those abused after age 13 were more often engaged in sex work than nonabused peers. Males abused before age 13 had more sexual partners than those not abused, and runaway males were significantly more likely to have been sexually abused than has been reported in prior research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

HIV/STD risk behaviors and perceptions among rural-to-urban migrants in China.

Data from 2,153 sexually active rural-to-urban migrants in China were analyzed to examine the relationship between the movement of rural-to-urban migration and increased HIV/STD (sexually transmitted disease) risk and the applicability of constructs of a Western-based theory of behavioral change to the study population. Measurements included migrant mobility, sexual risk, and the seven constructs of the protection motivation theory (PMT). Data in the current study suggest that high mobility among rural-to-urban migrants was associated with increased sexual risk. The PMT constructs are applicable in identifying perceptions and attitudes associated with sexual risk behaviors in this culturally distinct population. Increased sexual risk was associated with increased perceptions of extrinsic rewards, intrinsic rewards, and response cost. Also consistent with PMT, increased sexual risk was associated with perceptions of decreased severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, and self-efficacy. After controlling for a number of key confounding factors, all seven PMT constructs were associated with sexual risk in the manner posited by the theory. The association between mobility and sexual risk underscores the importance of effective HIV/STD prevention efforts among this vulnerable population. The social cognitive theories including the PMT may form a logical base for prevention intervention programs targeting rural-to-urban migrants in China.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Writing about risk: use of daily diaries in understanding drug-user risk behaviors.

As part of a larger syringe access and HIV risk study, a subsample of 23 current injection drug users completed daily diaries, highlighting activities related to syringe acquisition, use, and discard. Diaries have been previously utilized in a variety of psychological, public health, and nutrition studies to assess risk as well as correlated behaviors. We piloted the diary methodology in three northeastern U.S. cities (Hartford and New Haven, CT, and Springfield, MA) to learn about correlates of HIV risk. We discovered that the method provided advantages over several other qualitative and ethnographic methods. Results indicate that daily diaries elucidated (1) patterns of injection drug use, (2) sporadic and high-risk events, (3) HIV and hepatitis risk related to the syringe life cycle, and (4) emotional correlates of drug use. Furthermore, we witnessed an unexpected intervention effect that the diary may have in the lives of drug users.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

HIV-risk behaviors of sterilized and nonsterilized women in drug-treatment programs--Philadelphia, 1989-1991.

From June 1981 through December 1991, 34% of all reported cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among women in the United States were attributed to heterosexual transmission, and that proportion has been increasing steadily (1). Factors associated with an increased risk for heterosexual transmission include unprotected sexual intercourse (2), multiple sex partners, and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (1). Women who have been surgically sterilized and who are sexually active and/or use injecting drugs may need the same prevention services for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other STDs as similar nonsterilized women; however, the specific needs of sterilized women have not been well characterized. This report compares findings from surveys of surgically sterilized and nonsterilized women in drug-treatment programs in Philadelphia on their drug use and HIV/STD-risk behaviors and assesses changes in risk behaviors among these women after a 9-month period during which family-planning counseling and/or gynecologic services were offered.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

The role of family therapy in decreasing HIV high-risk behaviors among adolescents.

Adolescence is a critical time for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and both the prevention and treatment of high-risk-for-HIV behaviors such as drug abuse and unprotected sex. Family therapy appears to be a promising, yet neglected, source of influence in the prevention of HIV. In this paper, the authors identify HIV risk factors among adolescents and provide a rationale for the use of family therapy to prevent high-risk-for-HIV behaviors among adolescents. Also included are the components of one promising family therapy model for addressing risk reduction in adolescents. An illustrative case example is provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence and correlates of cutting behavior: risk for HIV transmission.

The prevalence of cutting behavior among a population of 76 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents was found to be 61.2%. The frequency ranged from a single occasion to over 50 instances, with a mean of 9.9 occasions. Increased self-mutilation was not found to be associated with gender, age, ethnicity, or primary psychiatric diagnosis. A significant association was identified between adolescents who report forced sex and those who report cutting behavior. Approximately 26.7% of those reporting this behavior also report sharing cutting implements with other adolescents. This article raises concern about this behavior as it relates to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and makes recommendations for clinicians treating this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Implicit cognition and HIV risk behavior.

Implicit cognition theory differs from most other approaches to health behavior in that it emphasizes neurobiologically plausible and experimentally documented memory association processes rather than rational decisions, considerations of pros and cons, or beliefs. The present study of adults from a community population investigated the predictive effects of implicit cognition, as well as behavioral and personality variables (sensation seeking, hostility, conscientiousness, and polydrug use), on risky sexual behaviors (lack of condom use, sex after drug use, and multiple sexual partners). In addition, this study simultaneously investigated the predictors in both a high-risk and a low-risk sample. Results showed that the implicit cognition indicator was a significant, independent predictor of lack of condom use in the high-risk sample. Polydrug use and sensation seeking also had important predictive effects. The results encourage more research on implicit cognition in health behavior and further document links among drug use, personality, and HIV risk behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

AIDS risk behaviors and knowledge among heterosexual alcoholics and non-injecting drug users.

The disinhibitory effects of abusable substances on sexual behavior and the increasing HIV prevalence among heterosexuals suggest that alcoholics and non-injection drug users may be at risk for HIV infection. We examined alcohol and non-injection drug use as AIDS risk factors, AIDS risk knowledge, and the effect of AIDS education upon voluntary HIV testing among 91 heterosexual male inpatients in a VA alcohol rehabilitation program. Questionnaire data revealed relationships between age, the use of alcohol, marijuana and intranasal cocaine just prior to sex and an increase in the number of female sexual partners. Use of alcohol just prior to sex was also associated with an increased number of unprotected sexual behaviors. AIDS risk knowledge in our sample was comparable to norms from previous studies. Inpatients received education concerning alcohol and sexuality either with or without an AIDS component. AIDS education and offer of HIV testing were associated with increased requests for HIV testing.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Gender differences in HIV risk behaviors among young injectors and their social network members.

Using epidemiological and social network research methods, this study examines gender differences in HIV risk and protective behaviors and social network characteristics among 193 young injection drug users (IDUs) and 127 referred members of their social networks. Respondents reported on their drug use, sexual behavior, and relationships within three types of social networks: hang out (i.e., friendship); drug use; and sexual networks. Most respondents were homeless and had experienced numerous life stressors. Females' social networks consisted more predominantly of drug injectors, and members more frequently appeared multiple networks. Females reported needle sharing more frequently than males, but also reported more protective behaviors such as needle exchange use and carrying clean syringes. Young female IDUs may compound their risk by having sex and injecting with higher risk partners. However, their propensity to practice protective behaviors may provide an opening for interventions to reduce their HIV risk and that of their social network members.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sexual behavior at risk for HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases in male patients with psychotic disorders].

INTRODUCTION: To assess sexual risk behavior for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in males with psychotic disorders and to compare it to that of the patients without these disorders. METHODS: We used a structured interview to collect information regarding sexual risk behavior, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, history of STD and drug use. We included 106 patients with psychotic disorders from a psychiatric institution and 89 control medical out-patients from a general hospital. RESULTS: Among psychotic patients, 70.8% declared that they had had sexual intercourse at some time in their lives and 37.7% during the last year. The psychotic patients had significantly less knowledge about HIV/AIDS than the controls and they had a smaller proportion of stable sexual partners and greater frequency of sexual risk behaviors, such as inconsistent condom use and sexual intercourse with prostitutes. In psychotic patients, inconsistent condom use was associated with more hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS: Although patients with psychotic disorders have reduced sexual activity, they present greater frequency of sexual risk behaviors that predispose them to acquire HIV infection and other STD.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Risk behaviors for pesticide exposure among pregnant women living in farmworker households in Salinas, California.

BACKGROUND: Farmworkers and their families are at risk for pesticide exposure, however, little is known about behaviors that increase their risk. We determined the frequency of risky behaviors among pregnant farmworkers and characterized those at greatest risk. METHODS: Participants included 153 pregnant farmworkers and 248 pregnant non-farmworkers who resided with farmworkers from the CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas) study. We examined risky behaviors relating to handwashing, bathing, protective clothing, house cleaning, laundering of work clothes, wearing of work clothes and shoes into the home, and eating produce from the fields. RESULTS: Between 25 and 60% of women demonstrated risky behavior on each item. Practices of households with pregnant farmworkers and non-farmworkers did not differ. Women who lived in the United States longer, and in crowded households demonstrated the most risky behavior overall. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant farmworkers and those living with farmworkers need to be educated to reduce potential take-home pesticide exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Social and emotional learning: a framework for promoting mental health and reducing risk behavior in children and youth.

Many programs have been developed to help schools enhance students' health and reduce the prevalence of drug use, violence, and high-risk sexual behaviors. How should educators choose among these? This article describes selection criteria based on theory, research, and best educational practice that identify key social and emotional learning (SEL) competencies and program features. The SEL competencies for students include 17 skills and attitudes organized into four groups: awareness of self and others; positive attitudes and values; responsible decision making; and social interaction skills. The 11 program features critical to the success of school-based SEL programs emphasize curriculum design, coordination with larger systems, educator preparation and support, and program evaluation. Developed by the Collaborative to Advance Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL), the SEL framework can be used to guide selection of research-based prevention programs that address health, substance abuse, violence prevention, sexuality, character, and social skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Solving a linear model of nonfatal risk behavior and injuries in school children.

A calculating method and computer program have been developed for solving an overdetermined system of linear equations. It was applied for calculation of group risk exposure of school children (10-15 years) to nonfatal injuries in sport recreation and playing (SRP). Interviewed non-injured school children were separated into non-overlapping groups of risky behavior. Data on interviewed non-injured and non-interviewed injured children were put into a linear system of equations consisting of a 4 x 3 matrix scheme. Each equation represents children of the same age and sex and consists of the percentage of interviewed children grouped into high medium or low risk behavior and of the percentage of injured children. Four methods of calculating the matrix system were evaluated and the best implemented as a new developed computer program. The resulting linear group risk factors enable the prediction of behavior outcome. Data on interviewed injured children were compared with the results obtained. The validation procedure is proposed by testing the sensitivity and robustness of the method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Determinants associated wtih the presence of risk behaviors in HIV infected patients].

BACKGROUND: Determinants associated with risk behaviours are evaluated in a known HIV-infected population not belonging to the great metropolitan nuclei. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 110 unselected HIV+ patients were interviewed, including 77 variables. Their association with sharing needles, and unprotected sex is analysed. RESULTS: Sharing needles was associated to: low academic achievement (p = 0.045), no children (p = 0.045), any physical limitation (p = 0.004), previous admission to detoxification unit (p = 0.014), and depression. With unprotected sex were associated: low academic achievement (p = 0.005), lesser time of HIV infection (p = 0.009), no family support (p = 0.005), and scanty information about HIV transmission (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: A cohort of HIV-infected subjects who persist with risk practices is remaining. Some easily recognizable variables may be useful for their early recognition.

Adult↗