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PubMed1988

Serial position curves for item (spatial location) information: role of the dorsal hippocampal formation and medial septum.

Animals were trained on an item recognition memory task for a list of 5 spatial locations. After reaching criterion performance the animals sustained small or medium-size dorsal hippocampal formation lesions, small or large medial septal lesions, or served as sham-operated or cortical controls. Following recovery from surgery, animals were retested for item recognition memory. Sham-operated and cortical control animals showed no deficits in performance. In contrast, animals with small dorsal hippocampal formation or medial septal lesions displayed a deficit for the early items, but had excellent memory for the last item of the list. Animals with medium-size dorsal hippocampal formation or large medial septal lesions displayed a deficit for both early and late items within the list. Because residual short-term memory capacity can be seen only with small hippocampal formation or medial septal lesions, it is suggested that the hippocampal formation and cholinergic input into the hippocampal formation via the medial septum code spatial information within a continuous extended time frame.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Lateralization of olfactory cognitive functions: effects of rhinal side of stimulation.

This study investigated differences in olfactory cognitive functions, in 40 healthy young right-handed participants, with respect to side of rhinal stimulation. The targeted functions were: perceived familiarity, episodic recognition memory, free identification and repetition priming in identification. The results showed that odors presented to the right nostril were rated as more familiar than odors presented to the left nostril and also showed significant effects of repetition priming in identification. However, no differences were found between nostrils in episodic recognition memory or free identification. These latter results indicate a rather extensive inter-hemispheric interaction in higher-order cognitive functions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Profile of neurocognitive impairments associated with female in-patients with anorexia nervosa.

BACKGROUND: Although many studies have reported impairments of neurocognitive performance in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), these have involved a wide range of assessment methods and some findings are inconsistent. METHOD: Twenty-five female in-patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of AN, identified from three units specializing in the treatment of eating disorders, volunteered for the study. Twenty-five non-clinical control subjects were recruited, matched for age, gender and estimated IQ. Subjects were assessed with a range of computer-administered neurocognitive tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), which has been validated in many studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. RESULTS: The patient group showed significant but moderate impairments (i.e. less than one standard deviation below the mean performance of the control group) on tests of spatial recognition memory, a planning task and rapid visual information processing, while a subgroup of patients (n = 14) showed greater degrees of impairments on at least one of these tests. The degrees of impairments did not correlate with body mass index (BMI). No impairments were observed on tests of spatial span, pattern recognition memory, spatial working memory, matching-to-sample, paired associates learning and set-shifting. CONCLUSIONS: The findings, in relation to a mean BMI of 15.3, are compatible with, in general, subtle impairments in neurocognition in AN. However, in those patients with relatively severe degrees of impairments, these may have adverse effects on complex tasks of social and occupational functioning. Further research is needed on the nature of relevant causal mechanisms, including the effects of potentially confounding variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Memorability judgments for high- and low-frequency words.

Five experiments were conducted in order to examine subjects' judgments of the memorability of high- (HF) and low-frequency (LF) words in the context of a recognition memory task. In Experiment 1, the subjects were provided study/test experience with a list of HF and LF words prior to making memorability judgments for a new list of HF and LF items. The findings were consistent with previous evidence (Greene & Thapar, 1994; Wixted, 1992) suggesting that subjects are not explicitly aware of the greater recognition memorability of LF words. Experiments 2-5 embedded the memorability judgment task within the recognition test itself. In these experiments, the subjects consistently gave higher memorability ratings to LF items. The contrast between the pattern of results found when the subjects made their judgments at the time of list presentation (Experiment 1) and that when they made their judgments during the recognition test (Experiments 2-5) is consistent with recent evidence that even seemingly highly related metamnemonic judgments (e.g., ease of learning judgments vs. judgments of learning for the same items) may be based on very different factors if they occur at different points in the study/test cycle. The present findings are also consistent with the possibility that very rapid retrieval of memorability information for HF and LF words may affect recognition decisions and may contribute to the recognition memory word frequency effect.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Lag-sensitive repetition suppression effects in the anterior parahippocampal gyrus.

Single-unit recording studies of monkeys have shown that neurons in perirhinal and entorhinal cortex exhibit activity reductions following stimulus repetition, and some have suggested that these "repetition suppression" effects may represent neural signals that support recognition memory. Critically, repetition suppression effects are most pronounced at short intervals between stimulus repetitions. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify repetition suppression effects in the human medial temporal lobe and determine whether these effects are sensitive to the length of the interval between repetitions. Twenty-one participants were scanned while performing a continuous recognition memory task in which the interval between item repetitions was parametrically varied from 2 to 32 intervening items. We found evidence of repetition suppression in the anterior parahippocampal gyrus, but only when the repetition interval was relatively short. Moreover, bilateral hippocampal regions showed lag-sensitive repetition effects. Our results demonstrate that activity in the human medial temporal cortex, like that of monkeys, exhibits repetition suppression effects that are sensitive to the length of the interval between repetitions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of left inferior prefrontal stimulation on episodic memory formation: a two-stage fMRI-rTMS study.

Successful recovery of words from episodic memory relies strongly on semantic processes at the time of encoding. Evidence from several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies has shown that changes in neural activity in the left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPFC) during semantic encoding predict subsequent memory performance. This evidence has been taken to suggest that LIPFC plays a critical role in memory formation. Functional neuroimaging findings, however, do not establish a causal brain-behavior relationship. To determine whether there is a causal link between LIPFC involvement at encoding and subsequent success in memory performance, we conducted a two-part study in which we first used fMRI to localize encoding-related activation in LIPFC and then employed repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to manipulate neural processes in LIPFC during semantic encoding. To demonstrate the neuroanatomical specificity of any observed effect and to control for nonspecific rTMS side effects, we also stimulated neural processes in two control sites. Using frameless stereotaxy, we positioned the stimulation coil to target (1) the LIPF region that was activated during fMRI (mean xyz = -48 35 5); (2) the homologous right-hemisphere region; and (3) an additional left parietal control site. At each site, "stimulated" items (600 msec of 7-Hz rTMS with Cadwell Round Coil) were intermixed with items presented without concurrent stimulation. Subsequently, subjects performed a recognition memory task for the words encountered. We found support for the predicted causal brain-behavior relationship, which was specific to LIPFC. When comparing recognition scores for stimulated items, normalized for variations in performance on nonstimulated trials, we found that words encoded under LIPFC stimulation were subsequently recognized with higher accuracy than words encoded under stimulation in the two cortical control sites. By contrast, no performance difference emerged when the two control sites were compared with each other. Based on additional analyses of the rTMS effects observed directly at the time of encoding (i.e., on semantic-decision performance), we suggest that LIPFC stimulation may have produced its effect on recognition memory, at least in part, through the triggering of more extensive processing of the stimulated items and an ensuing gain in item distinctiveness. Physiological processes of facilitation probably also contributed to the observed memory benefit. Together, these findings suggest that LIPFC does play a causal role in episodic memory formation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The cognitive failures questionnaire in psychiatry.

As a self-report questionnaire, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) was originally devised to measure perception, memory, and motor lapses in daily life. CFQ scores have been found to correlate with some psychiatric symptoms associated with stress; hence, high scores on the CFQ are considered by some as an indicator of increased vulnerability to stress. Attempts to identify a stable factor structure for the CFQ have produced disparate results. However, there is a measure of agreement with regard to the presence of a "general cognitive" factor that includes loadings from most items and accounts for the lion's share of the variance. Not enough is known about the performance of the CFQ in clinical populations to use it as a measure of change. The current study sought to explore the performance of the CFQ in three groups of patients, organic (n = 209), mixed (n = 115), and functional (n = 322), and to identify correlations with measures of psychiatric morbidity (General Health Questionnaire [GHQ]), depression (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]), and recognition memory (Signal Detection Memory Test). In the organic and functional samples, the CFQ score significantly correlated with the BDI and GHQ but not with the recognition memory measure. Three factors were found to be common to the organic and functional samples: cognitive, dissociation, and clumsiness. No characteristic pattern of CFQ item endorsement to differentiate between the organic and functional samples was found. Seven items of the CFQ performed badly because of ceiling or floor effects. The "negative" results reported herein are of relevance to researchers who may be planning to use the CFQ in clinical research. The CFQ remains a promising instrument, particularly on account of its "ecological" features, but far more investigation is needed before it is used as a standard measure in clinical practice.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1990

Interference with visual short-term memory.

Working memory (Baddeley and Hitch 1974) incorporates the notion of a visuo-spatial sketch pad; a mechanism thought to be specialized for short-term storage of visuo-spatial material. However, the nature and characteristics of this hypothesized mechanism are as yet unclear. Two experiments are reported which examined selective interference in short-term visual memory. Experiment 1 contrasted recognition memory span for visual matrix patterns with that for visually presented letter sequences. These two span tasks were combined with concurrent arithmetic or a concurrent task which involved manipulation of visuo-spatial material. Results suggested that although there was a small, significant disruption by concurrent arithmetic of span for the matrix patterns, there was a substantially larger disruption of the letter span task. The converse was true for the secondary visuo-spatial task. Experiment 2 combined the span tasks with two established tasks developed by Brooks (1967). Span for matrix patterns was disrupted by a visuo-spatial task but not by a secondary verbal task. The converse was true for letter span. These results suggest that the impairment in short-term visual memory resulting from secondary arithmetic reflects a small general processing load, but that the selective interference due to mode of processing is by far the stronger effect. Results are interpreted as being entirely consistent with the notion of a specialized visuo-spatial mechanism in working memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Priming in perceptual identification of pseudowords is normal in Alzheimer's disease.

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have deficits in recall and recognition memory, and show dissociable performance in repetition priming tasks: They exhibit impaired priming in word-completion and word-generation tasks, but normal priming is perceptual identification of words. In order to examine whether AD patients can show normal priming with novel, unfamiliar stimuli, the present study examined their performance in perceptual identification of pseudowords. Despite impaired recognition memory performance, AD patients showed normal priming in perceptual identification of pseudowords. These results extend the boundaries of intact repetition priming in AD, demonstrating that such priming is not limited to stimuli that are pre-morbidly represented in long-term knowledge. Preserved repetition priming in AD may reflect the operation of perceptual processes localized to posterior visual circuits that are relatively spared in AD.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Cognitive characteristics of the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern.

Recent findings indicate that Type As attend more to tasks defined as central, and less to tasks defined as peripheral, than do Type Bs. If this A-B difference in allocation of attention occurs naturally, as well as in response to experimental instructions, it would have implications for other phenomena, such as the process of creating a category from a series of perceptual events. It was reasoned that across a series of acquisition stimuli, Type As, compared to Type Bs, would be more responsive to the development of central tendencies in the frequency of appearance of the attributes that comprise the stimuli. That is, Type As should be more attentive to frequently occurring attributes (by virtue of their centrality in the evolving category definition) and less attentive to rarely occurring attributes. This difference in attention should lead to a difference in encoding. On a subsequent recognition-memory task, then, Type As should report with greater certainty than Type Bs that they had seen stimuli composed of frequently observed attributes and should report with greater certainty that they had not seen stimuli composed of rarely observed attributes. In a test of this reasoning, students classified as As and Bs completed a concept-formation and recognition-memory task under one of four levels of situational challenge. The predicted patterns occurred among subjects in whom moderate and high levels of challenge had been induced. The findings thus support the arguments that As and Bs process information differently and that this processing difference must be elicited by situational challenge.

Attention↗
PubMed1976

Memory scanning of organized visual material.

A recognition memory experiment investigated memory scanning when stimuli were organized but not easily labeled verbally. Subjects were shown a series of three, four, or five pictures followed by a probe stimulus in a paradigm similar to that introduced by Sternberg. Reaction time to the test stimulus served as the dependent measure. The principle findings indicated that the organization of the to-be-remembered sets had a pronounced influence on performance. When sets were disorganized, the retrieval appeared to be a serial process, since reaction time increased with set size. With organized sets, reaction time was independent of set size, suggesting a parallel search.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

The nature and development of nonverbal implicit memory.

The study investigated the course of developmental changes in performance on nonverbal implicit and explicit memory tests and examined the degree to which implicit memory performance is dependent upon the storage of specific perceptual information. Four-, 5-, and 10-year-old children were required to name fragmented pictures of common objects or to name and answer general knowledge questions about complete versions of the same pictures. After a 48-h retention interval, all subjects were presented with a fragmented picture identification task containing pictures identical to those present during encoding (old), pictures which were from the same basic category as the study items but which varied in their perceptual similarity to those items (same), and novel pictures which were visually and semantically unrelated to the study items (new). The amount of visual information needed to name each item (picture identification threshold) was recorded. Following identification, subjects were asked whether or not they had been shown the picture previously. All age groups showed significant priming such that the picture identification threshold for the old items was lower than that of the new pictures. A smaller but significant priming effect was obtained for the same-name items. This effect was maximized when the same-name items were perceptually similar to the study items. The magnitude of these priming effects did not vary as a function of age, but greater priming was found for those children who identified picture fragments during the study phase. In contrast, the sensitivity of recognition memory performance increased from 4 to 10 years of age. These results suggest that the processes that subserve pictorial repetition priming and recognition memory develop at different rates and that such priming is dependent upon access to specific perceptual representations of studied objects.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

The primate amygdala and reinforcement: a dissociation between rule-based and associatively-mediated memory revealed in neuronal activity.

To investigate the role of the primate amygdala in stimulus-reinforcement association learning, the activity of single amygdala neurons was recorded in macaques during two memory tasks. In a visual discrimination task, a population of neurons (17/659) was analyzed which responded differentially to a visual stimulus which always indicated that the primary reinforcer fruit juice could be obtain if the monkey licked, and a different visual stimulus that indicated that the primary reinforcer aversive saline would be obtained if the monkey licked. Most (16/17) of these neurons responded more to the reward-related than the aversive visual stimulus. In a recognition memory task, the majority (12/14 analyzed) of these neurons responded equally well to the trial unique stimuli when they were shown as novel and the monkey had to not lick in order to avoid saline, and when they were shown a second time as familiar and the monkey used the rule that if he licked, fruit juice would be obtained. The responses of these amygdala neurons thus reflect the direct associations of stimuli with reinforcement, but do not reflect the reward value of the stimuli when this must be assessed based on a rule (in the recognition memory task, that a stimulus will be punished the first time it is shown, and rewarded the second). This finding also shows that these amygdala neurons respond to relatively novel stimuli in the same way as they do to stimuli that have become rewarding by stimulus-reinforcement association learning. This provides a neural basis for relatively novel stimuli to be treated as rewarding, and approached.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Infantile amnesia: through a glass darkly.

Memory for former preschool classmates was examined in 9- and 10-year-old children using measures of both explicit and implicit memory. Yes-no recognition of faces was at low levels but was significantly above chance. Skin conductance data showed similarly low but above-chance differentiation between classmates and controls. A median split of children based on their recognition memory scores showed that children with little evidence of explicit memory for classmates were as likely to show differential skin conductance responding to faces of former classmates as were children with higher recognition scores. Infantile amnesia, like the clinical syndrome for which it is named, may not always involve complete loss of encoded information.

Amnesia↗
PubMed2005

Study repetition and the rejection of conjunction lures.

Four experiments were conducted to provide further support for a dual-process approach to conjunction errors in recognition memory over a single-process approach. In Experiments 1, 2a, and 2b study words were repeated once (2 presentations) or several times (8 or 16 presentations), and a response signal delay (RSD) was manipulated (short vs long). Short RSD groups produced lower hit rates but higher conjunction error rates compared to long RSD groups. Repetition effects on conjunction errors occurred for short RSD but not long RSD groups. In Experiment 3, additional judgements on new items were solicited to show that the "null" effects for long RSD groups in the earlier experiments were, in fact, illusory. Together, the experiments provide evidence for recollection-based rejections of conjunction lures and support a dual-process theory of recognition memory over a single-process model.

Cognition↗
PubMed1992

Equivalent forgetting rates in long-term memory for diencephalic and medial temporal lobe amnesia.

Amnesia can result from damage to either the midline diencephalon or the medial temporal lobe. An important related question has been whether these two forms of amnesia result in similar or different kinds of memory impairment. Earlier studies raised the possibility that differences might exist in the rate of forgetting within long-term memory, specifically, that the forgetting rate is normal in diencephalic amnesia but abnormally rapid in medial temporal lobe amnesia. In the present study, forgetting was studied in five amnesic patients with damage to the medial temporal lobe, six amnesic patients with damage to the diencephalon, and 10 normal subjects. One hundred twenty pictures were presented to the control subjects for 1 sec each and to the amnesic patients for 8 sec each. Retention was then tested after 10 min, 2 hr, and 30-32 hr using four different procedures for testing recognition memory. The different exposure times for the pictures succeeded in matching the performance scores of both groups of amnesic patients and the control subjects at the 10 min retention interval. Both groups of amnesic patients also performed similarly to control subjects at retention delays of 2 hr and 30-32 hr. In addition, performance was nearly identical, regardless whether recognition memory was assessed by asking subjects to select the new items or the old items. The findings emphasize the similarities between medial temporal lobe and diencephalic amnesia.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Memory deficit and reduced anxiety in young adult rats given repeated intermittent MDMA treatment during the periadolescent period.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or "Ecstasy") is a popular recreational drug among adolescents that is often taken primarily on weekends. The goals of this study were to develop a model of the typical intermittent pattern of human MDMA use in periadolescent rats and to determine the behavioral consequences of MDMA exposure in this model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received s.c. injections of 10 mg/kg of MDMA or saline twice daily with an interdose interval of 4 h. Treatments were given every fifth day from postnatal day (PD) 35 to PD 60. Beginning at PD 65, the animals were tested for open-field activity, object recognition memory, and anxiety-related behaviors in the elevated plus-maze. Brain tissues were collected at PD 70 for determination of radiolabeled paroxetine binding to the serotonin transporter (SERT) in the neocortex and hippocampus. Repeated MDMA administration led to a reduced rate of weight gain that was evident by PD 50. There was no treatment effect on ambulatory behavior in the open-field. However, the MDMA group displayed an impairment of object recognition memory and reduced anxiety as indicated by a twofold increase in open-arm duration in the elevated plus-maze. Only modest decreases in SERT binding were observed, although there was a significant negative correlation between hippocampal SERT levels and open-arm duration within the MDMA group. These findings demonstrate that intermittent MDMA exposure during the adolescent period of development can influence subsequent cognitive and affective functioning in the absence of severe serotonergic damage.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

L-dopa withdrawal in Parkinson's disease selectively impairs cognitive performance in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction.

A group of ten patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) was tested on a series of automated tests of learning, memory, planning and attention whilst either on or off L-dopa medication. Controlled withdrawal of L-dopa interfered with aspects of performance on three of the tests that had previously been shown to be sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction; a spatial working memory task, the Tower of London planning test, and a visual discrimination paradigm that also included intra- and extra-dimensional shift tests of selective attention. More specifically, errors were increased in the spatial working memory test, and both the accuracy and latency of thinking were impaired. Thinking time was significantly slowed following L-dopa withdrawal, even though the possible contaminating effects on motor slowing were fully controlled by a yoked control procedure. Nine out of ten patients reached a further stage of the visual discrimination, set-shifting paradigm when on, rather than off, L-dopa medication. Spatial span was also impaired off medication, but there were no effects of L-dopa withdrawal on tests of pattern and spatial recognition memory, simultaneous and delayed matching to sample or visuospatial conditional associative learning. Comparisons with a large control group confirmed previous findings that PD is associated with deficits on the majority of these tests. The results are discussed in terms of the fronto-striatal, dopamine dependent nature of some of the cognitive deficits found in PD, but the apparent dopamine-independent nature of deficits in other aspects of cognitive functioning, notably in tests of visual recognition memory and associative learning.

Brain Diseases↗